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ST. AUGUSTIN'S CITY OF GOD

Book 10

Argument—In this book Augustin teaches that the good angels wish God alone, whom they
themselves serve, to receive that divine honor which is rendered by sacrifice, and which is called
“latreia.” He then goes on to dispute against Porphyry about the principle and way of the soul’s
cleansing and deliverance.
Chapter 1.—That the Platonists Themselves Have Determined that God Alone Can Confer Happiness
Either on Angels or Men, But that It Yet Remains a Question Whether Those Spirits Whom
They Direct Us to Worship, that We May Obtain Happiness, Wish Sacrifice to Be Offered to
Themselves, or to the One God Only.
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It is the decided opinion of all who use their brains, that all men desire to be happy. But who
are happy, or how they become so, these are questions about which the weakness of human
understanding stirs endless and angry controversies, in which philosophers have wasted their
strength and expended their leisure. To adduce and discuss their various opinions would be tedious,
and is unnecessary. The reader may remember what we said in the eighth book, while making a
selection of the philosophers with whom we might discuss the question regarding the future life of
happiness, whether we can reach it by paying divine honors to the one true God, the Creator of all
gods, or by worshipping many gods, and he will not expect us to repeat here the same argument,
especially as, even if he has forgotten it, he may refresh his memory by reperusal. For we made
selection of the Platonists, justly esteemed the noblest of the philosophers, because they had the
wit to perceive that the human soul, immortal and rational, or intellectual, as it is, cannot be happy
except by partaking of the light of that God by whom both itself and the world were made; and also
that the happy life which all men desire cannot be reached by any who does not cleave with a pure
and holy love to that one supreme good, the unchangeable God. But as even these philosophers,
whether accommodating to the folly and ignorance of the people, or, as the apostle says, “becoming
vain in their imaginations,”369 supposed or allowed others to suppose that many gods should be
worshipped, so that some of them considered that divine honor by worship and sacrifice should be
rendered even to the demons (an error I have already exploded), we must now, by God’s help,
ascertain what is thought about our religious worship and piety by those immortal and blessed
spirits, who dwell in the heavenly places among dominations, principalities, powers, whom the
Platonists call gods, and some either good demons, or, like us, angels,—that is to say, to put it more
plainly, whether the angels desire us to offer sacrifice and worship, and to consecrate our possessions
and ourselves, to them or only to God, theirs and ours.
For this is the worship which is due to the Divinity, or, to speak more accurately, to the Deity;
and, to express this worship in a single word as there does not occur to me any Latin term sufficiently
exact, I shall avail myself, whenever necessary, of a Greek word. Λατρεία, whenever it occurs in
Scripture, is rendered by the word service. But that service which is due to men, and in reference
to which the apostle writes that servants must be subject to their own masters,370 is usually designated
by another word in Greek,371 whereas the service which is paid to God alone by worship, is always,
or almost always, called λατρεία in the usage of those who wrote from the divine oracles. This
cannot so well be called simply “cultus,” for in that case it would not seem to be due exclusively
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to God; for the same word is applied to the respect we pay either to the memory or the living
369 Rom. i. 21.
370 Eph. vi. 5.
371 Namely, δουλεία: comp. Quæst in Exod. 94; Quæst. in Gen. 21; Contra Faustum, 15. 9, etc.
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presence of men. From it, too, we derive the words agriculture, colonist, and others.372 And the
heathen call their gods “coelicolæ,” not because they worship heaven, but because they dwell in it,
and as it were colonize it,—not in the sense in which we call those colonists who are attached to
their native soil to cultivate it under the rule of the owners, but in the sense in which the great master
of the Latin language says, “There was an ancient city inhabited by Tyrian colonists.”373 He called
them colonists, not because they cultivated the soil, but because they inhabited the city. So, too,
cities that have hived off from larger cities are called colonies. Consequently, while it is quite true
that, using the word in a special sense, “cult” can be rendered to none but God, yet, as the word is
applied to other things besides, the cult due to God cannot in Latin be expressed by this word alone.
The word “religion” might seem to express more definitely the worship due to God alone, and
therefore Latin translators have used this word to represent θρησκεία; yet, as not only the uneducated,
but also the best instructed, use the word religion to express human ties, and relationships, and
affinities, it would inevitably introduce ambiguity to use this word in discussing the worship of
God, unable as we are to say that religion is nothing else than the worship of God, without
contradicting the common usage which applies this word to the observance of social relationships.
“Piety,” again, or, as the Greeks say, εὐσέβεια, is commonly understood as the proper designation
of the worship of God. Yet this word also is used of dutifulness to parents. The common people,
too, use it of works of charity, which, I suppose, arises from the circumstance that God enjoins the
performance of such works, and declares that He is pleased with them instead of, or in preference
to sacrifices. From this usage it has also come to pass that God Himself is called pious,374 in which
sense the Greeks never use εὐσεβεῖν, though εὐσέβεια is applied to works of charity by their common
people also. In some passages of Scripture, therefore, they have sought to preserve the distinction
by using not εὐσέβεια, the more general word, but θεοσέβεια, which literally denotes the worship
of God. We, on the other hand, cannot express either of these ideas by one word. This worship,
then, which in Greek is called λατρεία, and in Latin “servitus” [service], but the service due to God
only; this worship, which in Greek is called θρησκεία, and in Latin “religio,” but the religion by
which we are bound to God only; this worship, which they call θεοσέβεια, but which we cannot
express in one word, but call it the worship of God,—this, we say, belongs only to that God who
is the true God, and who makes His worshippers gods.375 And therefore, whoever these immortal
and blessed inhabitants of heaven be, if they do not love us, and wish us to be blessed, then we
ought not to worship them; and if they do love us and desire our happiness, they cannot wish us to
be made happy by any other means than they themselves have enjoyed,—for how could they wish
our blessedness to flow from one source, theirs from another?
372 Agricolæ, coloni, incolæ.
373 Virgil, Æn., i. 12.
374 2 Chron. xxx. 9; Eccl. xi. 13; Judith vii. 20.
375 Ps. lxxxii. 6.
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Chapter 2.—The Opinion of Plotinus the Platonist Regarding Enlightenment from Above.
But with these more estimable philosophers we have no dispute in this matter. For they
perceived, and in various forms abundantly expressed in their writings, that these spirits have the
same source of happiness as ourselves,—a certain intelligible light, which is their God, and is
different from themselves, and illumines them that they may be penetrated with light, and enjoy
perfect happiness in the participation of God. Plotinus, commenting on Plato, repeatedly and
strongly asserts that not even the soul which they believe to be the soul of the world, derives its
blessedness from any other source than we do, viz., from that Light which is distinct from it and
created it, and by whose intelligible illumination it enjoys light in things intelligible. He also
compares those spiritual things to the vast and conspicuous heavenly bodies, as if God were the
sun, and the soul the moon; for they suppose that the moon derives its light from the sun. That
great Platonist, therefore, says that the rational soul, or rather the intellectual soul,—in which class
he comprehends the souls of the blessed immortals who inhabit heaven,—has no nature superior
to it save God, the Creator of the world and the soul itself, and that these heavenly spirits derive
their blessed life, and the light of truth from their blessed life, and the light of truth, the source as
ourselves, agreeing with the gospel where we read, “There was a man sent from God whose name
was John; the same came for a witness to bear witness of that Light, that through Him all might
believe. He was not that Light, but that he might bear witness of the Light. That was the true Light
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which lighteth every man that cometh into the world;”376 a distinction which sufficiently proves
that the rational or intellectual soul such as John had cannot be its own light, but needs to receive
illumination from another, the true Light. This John himself avows when he delivers his witness:
“We have all received of His fullness.”377
Chapter 3.—That the Platonists, Though Knowing Something of the Creator of the Universe, Have
Misunderstood the True Worship of God, by Giving Divine Honor to Angels, Good or Bad.
This being so, if the Platonists, or those who think with them, knowing God, glorified Him as
God and gave thanks, if they did not become vain in their own thoughts, if they did not originate
or yield to the popular errors, they would certainly acknowledge that neither could the blessed
immortals retain, nor we miserable mortals reach, a happy condition without worshipping the one
God of gods, who is both theirs and ours. To Him we owe the service which is called in Greek
λατρεία, whether we render it outwardly or inwardly; for we are all His temple, each of us severally
376 John i. 6–9.
377 Ibid. 16.
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and all of us together, because He condescends to inhabit each individually and the whole harmonious
body, being no greater in all than in each, since He is neither expanded nor divided. Our heart
when it rises to Him is His altar; the priest who intercedes for us is His Only-begotten; we sacrifice
to Him bleeding victims when we contend for His truth even unto blood; to Him we offer the
sweetest incense when we come before Him burning with holy and pious love; to Him we devote
and surrender ourselves and His gifts in us; to Him, by solemn feasts and on appointed days, we
consecrate the memory of His benefits, lest through the lapse of time ungrateful oblivion should
steal upon us; to Him we offer on the altar of our heart the sacrifice of humility and praise, kindled
by the fire of burning love. It is that we may see Him, so far as He can be seen; it is that we may
cleave to Him, that we are cleansed from all stain of sins and evil passions, and are consecrated in
His name. For He is the fountain of our happiness, He the end of all our desires. Being attached
to Him, or rather let me say, re-attached,—for we had detached ourselves and lost hold of
Him,—being, I say, re-attached to Him,378 we tend towards Him by love, that we may rest in Him,
and find our blessedness by attaining that end. For our good, about which philosophers have so
keenly contended, is nothing else than to be united to God. It is, if I may say so, by spiritually
embracing Him that the intellectual soul is filled and impregnated with true virtues. We are enjoined
to love this good with all our heart, with all our soul, with all our strength. To this good we ought
to be led by those who love us, and to lead those we love. Thus are fulfilled those two
commandments on which hang all the law and the prophets: “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God
with all thy heart, and with all thy mind, and with all thy soul;” and “Thou shalt love thy neighbor
as thyself.”379 For, that man might be intelligent in his self-love, there was appointed for him an
end to which he might refer all his actions, that he might be blessed. For he who loves himself
wishes nothing else than this. And the end set before him is “to draw near to God.”380 And so,
when one who has this intelligent self-love is commanded to love his neighbor as himself, what
else is enjoined than that he shall do all in his power to commend to him the love of God? This is
the worship of God, this is true religion, this right piety, this the service due to God only. If any
immortal power, then, no matter with what virtue endowed, loves us as himself, he must desire that
we find our happiness by submitting ourselves to Him, in submission to whom he himself finds
happiness. If he does not worship God, he is wretched, because deprived of God; if he worships
God, he cannot wish to be worshipped in God’s stead. On the contrary, these higher powers
acquiesce heartily in the divine sentence in which it is written, “He that sacrificeth unto any god,
save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed.”381
378 Augustin here remarks, in a clause that cannot be given in English, that the word religio is derived from religere.—So
Cicero, De Nat. Deor. ii. 28.
379 Matt. xxii. 37–40.
380 Ps. lxxiii. 28.
381 Ex. xxii. 20.
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Chapter 4.—That Sacrifice is Due to the True God Only.
But, putting aside for the present the other religious services with which God is worshipped,
certainly no man would dare to say that sacrifice is due to any but God. Many parts, indeed, of
divine worship are unduly used in showing honor to men, whether through an excessive humility
or pernicious flattery; yet, while this is done, those persons who are thus worshipped and venerated,
or even adored, are reckoned no more than human; and who ever thought of sacrificing save to one
whom he knew, supposed, or feigned to be a god? And how ancient a part of God’s worship
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sacrifice is, those two brothers, Cain and Abel, sufficiently show, of whom God rejected the elder’s
sacrifice, and looked favorably on the younger’s.
Chapter 5.—Of the Sacrifices Which God Does Not Require, But Wished to Be Observed for the
Exhibition of Those Things Which He Does Require.
And who is so foolish as to suppose that the things offered to God are needed by Him for some
uses of His own? Divine Scripture in many places explodes this idea. Not to be wearisome, suffice
it to quote this brief saying from a psalm: “I have said to the Lord, Thou art my God: for Thou
needest not my goodness.”382 We must believe, then, that God has no need, not only of cattle, or
any other earthly and material thing, but even of man’s righteousness, and that whatever right
worship is paid to God profits not Him, but man. For no man would say he did a benefit to a
fountain by drinking, or to the light by seeing. And the fact that the ancient church offered animal
sacrifices, which the people of God now-a-days read of without imitating, proves nothing else than
this, that those sacrifices signified the things which we do for the purpose of drawing near to God,
and inducing our neighbor to do the same. A sacrifice, therefore, is the visible sacrament or sacred
sign of an invisible sacrifice. Hence that penitent in the psalm, or it may be the Psalmist himself,
entreating God to be merciful to his sins, says, “If Thou desiredst sacrifice, I would give it: Thou
delightest not in whole burnt-offerings. The sacrifice of God is a broken heart: a heart contrite
and humble God will not despise.”383 Observe how, in the very words in which he is expressing
God’s refusal of sacrifice, he shows that God requires sacrifice. He does not desire the sacrifice
of a slaughtered beast, but He desires the sacrifice of a contrite heart. Thus, that sacrifice which
he says God does not wish, is the symbol of the sacrifice which God does wish. God does not wish
sacrifices in the sense in which foolish people think He wishes them, viz., to gratify His own
pleasure. For if He had not wished that the sacrifices He requires, as, e.g., a heart contrite and
382 Ps. xvi. 2.
383 Ps. li. 16, 17.
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humbled by penitent sorrow, should be symbolized by those sacrifices which He was thought to
desire because pleasant to Himself, the old law would never have enjoined their presentation; and
they were destined to be merged when the fit opportunity arrived, in order that men might not
suppose that the sacrifices themselves, rather than the things symbolized by them, were pleasing
to God or acceptable in us. Hence, in another passage from another psalm, he says, “If I were
hungry, I would not tell thee; for the world is mine and the fullness thereof. Will I eat the flesh of
bulls, or drink the blood of goats?”384 as if He should say, Supposing such things were necessary
to me, I would never ask thee for what I have in my own hand. Then he goes on to mention what
these signify: “Offer unto God the sacrifice of praise, and pay thy vows unto the Most High. And
call upon me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shall glorify me.”385 So in another
prophet: “Wherewith shall I come before the Lord, and bow myself before the High God? Shall
I come before Him with burnt-offerings, with calves of a year old? Will the Lord be pleased with
thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my first-born for my
transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? Hath He showed thee, O man, what is
good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk
humbly with thy God?”386 In the words of this prophet, these two things are distinguished and set
forth with sufficient explicitness, that God does not require these sacrifices for their own sakes,
and that He does require the sacrifices which they symbolize. In the epistle entitled “To the
Hebrews” it is said, “To do good and to communicate, forget not: for with such sacrifices God is
well pleased.”387 And so, when it is written, “I desire mercy rather than sacrifice,”388 nothing else
is meant than that one sacrifice is preferred to another; for that which in common speech is called
sacrifice is only the symbol of the true sacrifice. Now mercy is the true sacrifice, and therefore it
is said, as I have just quoted, “with such sacrifices God is well pleased.” All the divine ordinances,
therefore, which we read concerning the sacrifices in the service of the tabernacle or the temple,
we are to refer to the love of God and our neighbor. For “on these two commandments,” as it is
written, “hang all the law and the prophets.”389
Chapter 6.—Of the True and Perfect Sacrifice.
384 Ps. l. 12, 13.
385 Ps. l. 14, 15.
386 Micah vi. 6–8.
387 Heb. xiii. 16.
388 Hos. vi. 6.
389 Matt. xxii. 40.
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Thus a true sacrifice is every work which is done that we may be united to God in holy
fellowship, and which has a reference to that supreme good and end in which alone we can be truly
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blessed.390 And therefore even the mercy we show to men, if it is not shown for God’s sake, is not
a sacrifice. For, though made or offered by man, sacrifice is a divine thing, as those who called it
sacrifice391 meant to indicate. Thus man himself, consecrated in the name of God, and vowed to
God, is a sacrifice in so far as he dies to the world that he may live to God. For this is a part of that
mercy which each man shows to himself; as it is written, “Have mercy on thy soul by pleasing
God.”392 Our body, too, as a sacrifice when we chasten it by temperance, if we do so as we ought,
for God’s sake, that we may not yield our members instruments of unrighteousness unto sin, but
instruments of righteousness unto God.393 Exhorting to this sacrifice, the apostle says, “I beseech
you, therefore, brethren, by the mercy of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy,
acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service.”394 If, then, the body, which, being inferior,
the soul uses as a servant or instrument, is a sacrifice when it is used rightly, and with reference to
God, how much more does the soul itself become a sacrifice when it offers itself to God, in order
that, being inflamed by the fire of His love, it may receive of His beauty and become pleasing to
Him, losing the shape of earthly desire, and being remoulded in the image of permanent loveliness?
And this, indeed, the apostle subjoins, saying, “And be not conformed to this world; but be ye
transformed in the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable,
and perfect will of God.”395 Since, therefore, true sacrifices are works of mercy to ourselves or
others, done with a reference to God, and since works of mercy have no other object than the relief
of distress or the conferring of happiness, and since there is no happiness apart from that good of
which it is said, “It is good for me to be very near to God,”396 it follows that the whole redeemed
city, that is to say, the congregation or community of the saints, is offered to God as our sacrifice
through the great High Priest, who offered Himself to God in His passion for us, that we might be
members of this glorious head, according to the form of a servant. For it was this form He offered,
in this He was offered, because it is according to it He is Mediator, in this He is our Priest, in this
the Sacrifice. Accordingly, when the apostle had exhorted us to present our bodies a living sacrifice,
holy, acceptable to God, our reasonable service, and not to be conformed to the world, but to be
transformed in the renewing of our mind, that we might prove what is that good, and acceptable,
and perfect will of God, that is to say, the true sacrifice of ourselves, he says, “For I say, through
390 On the service rendered to the Church by this definition, see Waterland’s Works, v. 124.
391 Literally, a sacred action.
392 Ecclus. xxx. 24.
393 Rom. vi. 13.
394 Rom. xii. 1.
395 Rom. xii. 2.
396 Ps. lxxiii. 28.
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the grace of God which is given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself
more highly than he ought to think, but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man
the measure of faith. For, as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the
same office, so we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another,
having gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us.”397 This is the sacrifice of Christians:
we, being many, are one body in Christ. And this also is the sacrifice which the Church continually
celebrates in the sacrament of the altar, known to the faithful, in which she teaches that she herself
is offered in the offering she makes to God.
Chapter 7.—Of the Love of the Holy Angels, Which Prompts Them to Desire that We Worship
the One True God, and Not Themselves.
It is very right that these blessed and immortal spirits, who inhabit celestial dwellings, and
rejoice in the communications of their Creator’s fullness, firm in His eternity, assured in His truth,
holy by His grace, since they compassionately and tenderly regard us miserable mortals, and wish
us to become immortal and happy, do not desire us to sacrifice to themselves, but to Him whose
sacrifice they know themselves to be in common with us. For we and they together are the one
city of God, to which it is said in the psalm, “Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God;”398
the human part sojourning here below, the angelic aiding from above. For from that heavenly city,
in which God’s will is the intelligible and unchangeable law, from that heavenly
council-chamber,—for they sit in counsel regarding us,—that holy Scripture, descended to us by
the ministry of angels, in which it is written, “He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the Lord
only, he shall be utterly destroyed,”399—this Scripture, this law, these precepts, have been confirmed
by such miracles, that it is sufficiently evident to whom these immortal and blessed spirits, who
desire us to be like themselves, wish us to sacrifice.
185 Chapter 8.—Of the Miracles Which God Has Condescended to Adhibit Through the Ministry of
Angels, to His Promises for the Confirmation of the Faith of the Godly.
I should seem tedious were I to recount all the ancient miracles, which were wrought in attestation
of God’s promises which He made to Abraham thousands of years ago, that in his seed all the
397 Rom. xii. 3–6.
398 Ps. lxxxvii. 3.
399 Ex. xxii. 20.
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nations of the earth should be blessed.400 For who can but marvel that Abraham’s barren wife should
have given birth to a son at an age when not even a prolific woman could bear children; or, again,
that when Abraham sacrificed, a flame from heaven should have run between the divided parts;401
or that the angels in human form, whom he had hospitably entertained, and who had renewed God’s
promise of offspring, should also have predicted the destruction of Sodom by fire from heaven;402
and that his nephew Lot should have been rescued from Sodom by the angels as the fire was just
descending, while his wife, who looked back as she went, and was immediately turned into salt,
stood as a sacred beacon warning us that no one who is being saved should long for what he is
leaving? How striking also were the wonders done by Moses to rescue God’s people from the yoke
of slavery in Egypt, when the magi of the Pharaoh, that is, the king of Egypt, who tyrannized over
this people, were suffered to do some wonderful things that they might be vanquished all the more
signally! They did these things by the magical arts and incantations to which the evil spirits or
demons are addicted; while Moses, having as much greater power as he had right on his side, and
having the aid of angels, easily conquered them in the name of the Lord who made heaven and
earth. And, in fact, the magicians failed at the third plague; whereas Moses, dealing out the miracles
delegated to him, brought ten plagues upon the land, so that the hard hearts of Pharaoh and the
Egyptians yielded, and the people were let go. But, quickly repenting, and essaying to overtake
the departing Hebrews, who had crossed the sea on dry ground, they were covered and overwhelmed
in the returning waters. What shall I say of those frequent and stupendous exhibitions of divine
power, while the people were conducted through the wilderness?—of the waters which could not
be drunk, but lost their bitterness, and quenched the thirsty, when at God’s command a piece of
wood was cast into them? of the manna that descended from heaven to appease their hunger, and
which begat worms and putrefied when any one collected more than the appointed quantity, and
yet, though double was gathered on the day before the Sabbath (it not being lawful to gather it on
that day), remained fresh? of the birds which filled the camp, and turned appetite into satiety when
they longed for flesh, which it seemed impossible to supply to so vast a population? of the enemies
who met them, and opposed their passage with arms, and were defeated without the loss of a single
Hebrew, when Moses prayed with his hands extended in the form of a cross? of the seditious persons
who arose among God’s people, and separated themselves from the divinely-ordered community,
and were swallowed up alive by the earth, a visible token of an invisible punishment? of the rock
struck with the rod, and pouring out waters more than enough for all the host? of the deadly serpents’
bites, sent in just punishment of sin, but healed by looking at the lifted brazen serpent, so that not
only were the tormented people healed, but a symbol of the crucifixion of death set before them in
this destruction of death by death? It was this serpent which was preserved in memory of this event,
400 Gen. xviii. 18.
401 Gen. xv. 17. In his Retractations, ii. 43, Augustin says that he should not have spoken of this as miraculous, because it
was an appearance seen in sleep.
402 Gen. xviii.
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and was afterwards worshipped by the mistaken people as an idol, and was destroyed by the pious
and God-fearing king Hezekiah, much to his credit.
Chapter 9.—Of the Illicit Arts Connected with Demonolatry, and of Which the Platonist Porphyry
Adopts Some, and Discards Others.
These miracles, and many others of the same nature, which it were tedious to mention, were
wrought for the purpose of commending the worship of the one true God, and prohibiting the
worship of a multitude of false gods. Moreover, they were wrought by simple faith and godly
confidence, not by the incantations and charms composed under the influence of a criminal tampering
with the unseen world, of an art which they call either magic, or by the more abominable title
necromancy,403 or the more honorable designation theurgy; for they wish to discriminate between
those whom the people call magicians, who practise necromancy, and are addicted to illicit arts
and condemned, and those others who seem to them to be worthy of praise for their practice of
theurgy,—the truth, however, being that both classes are the slaves of the deceitful rites of the
demons whom they invoke under the names of angels.
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For even Porphyry promises some kind of purgation of the soul by the help of theurgy, though
he does so with some hesitation and shame, and denies that this art can secure to any one a return
to God; so that you can detect his opinion vacillating between the profession of philosophy and an
art which he feels to be presumptuous and sacrilegious. For at one time he warns us to avoid it as
deceitful, and prohibited by law, and dangerous to those who practise it; then again, as if in deference
to its advocates, he declares it useful for cleansing one part of the soul, not, indeed, the intellectual
part, by which the truth of things intelligible, which have no sensible images, is recognized, but
the spiritual part, which takes cognizance of the images of things material. This part, he says, is
prepared and fitted for intercourse with spirits and angels, and for the vision of the gods, by the
help of certain theurgic consecrations, or, as they call them, mysteries. He acknowledges, however,
that these theurgic mysteries impart to the intellectual soul no such purity as fits it to see its God,
and recognize the things that truly exist. And from this acknowledgment we may infer what kind
of gods these are, and what kind of vision of them is imparted by theurgic consecrations, if by it
one cannot see the things which truly exist. He says, further, that the rational, or, as he prefers
calling it, the intellectual soul, can pass into the heavens without the spiritual part being cleansed
by theurgic art, and that this art cannot so purify the spiritual part as to give it entrance to immortality
and eternity. And therefore, although he distinguishes angels from demons, asserting that the
habitation of the latter is in the air, while the former dwell in the ether and empyrean, and although
he advises us to cultivate the friendship of some demon, who may be able after our death to assist
403 Goetia.
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us, and elevate us at least a little above the earth,—for he owns that it is by another way we must
reach the heavenly society of the angels,—he at the same time distinctly warns us to avoid the
society of demons, saying that the soul, expiating its sin after death, execrates the worship of demons
by whom it was entangled. And of theurgy itself, though he recommends it as reconciling angels
and demons, he cannot deny that it treats with powers which either themselves envy the soul its
purity, or serve the arts of those who do envy it. He complains of this through the mouth of some
Chaldæan or other: “A good man in Chaldæa complains,” he says, “that his most strenuous efforts
to cleanse his soul were frustrated, because another man, who had influence in these matters, and
who envied him purity, had prayed to the powers, and bound them by his conjuring not to listen to
his request. Therefore,” adds Porphyry, “what the one man bound, the other could not loose.” And
from this he concludes that theurgy is a craft which accomplishes not only good but evil among
gods and men; and that the gods also have passions, and are perturbed and agitated by the emotions
which Apuleius attributed to demons and men, but from which he preserved the gods by that
sublimity of residence, which, in common with Plato, he accorded to them.
Chapter 10.—Concerning Theurgy, Which Promises a Delusive Purification of the Soul by the
Invocation of Demons.
But here we have another and a much more learned Platonist than Apuleius, Porphyry, to wit,
asserting that, by I know not what theurgy, even the gods themselves are subjected to passions and
perturbations; for by adjurations they were so bound and terrified that they could not confer purity
of soul,—were so terrified by him who imposed on them a wicked command, that they could not
by the same theurgy be freed from that terror, and fulfill the righteous behest of him who prayed
to them, or do the good he sought. Who does not see that all these things are fictions of deceiving
demons, unless he be a wretched slave of theirs, and an alien from the grace of the true Liberator?
For if the Chaldæan had been dealing with good gods, certainly a well-disposed man, who sought
to purify his own soul, would have had more influence with them than an evil-disposed man seeking
to hinder him. Or, if the gods were just, and considered the man unworthy of the purification he
sought, at all events they should not have been terrified by an envious person, nor hindered, as
Porphyry avows, by the fear of a stronger deity, but should have simply denied the boon on their
own free judgment. And it is surprising that that well-disposed Chaldæan, who desired to purify
his soul by theurgical rites, found no superior deity who could either terrify the frightened gods
still more, and force them to confer the boon, or compose their fears, and so enable them to do good
without compulsion,—even supposing that the good theurgist had no rites by which he himself
might purge away the taint of fear from the gods whom he invoked for the purification of his own
soul. And why is it that there is a god who has power to terrify the inferior gods, and none who
has power to free them from fear? Is there found a god who listens to the envious man, and frightens
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the gods from doing good? and is there not found a god who listens to the well-disposed man, and
removes the fear of the gods that they may do him good? O excellent theurgy! O admirable
purification of the soul!—a theurgy in which the violence of an impure envy has more influence
than the entreaty of purity and holiness. Rather let us abominate and avoid the deceit of such wicked
spirits, and listen to sound doctrine. As to those who perform these filthy cleansings by sacrilegious
rites, and see in their initiated state (as he further tells us, though we may question this vision)
certain wonderfully lovely appearances of angels or gods, this is what the apostle refers to when
he speaks of “Satan transforming himself into an angel of light.”404 For these are the delusive
appearances of that spirit who longs to entangle wretched souls in the deceptive worship of many
and false gods, and to turn them aside from the true worship of the true God, by whom alone they
are cleansed and healed, and who, as was said of Proteus, “turns himself into all shapes,”405 equally
hurtful, whether he assaults us as an enemy, or assumes the disguise of a friend.
Chapter 11.—Of Porphyry’s Epistle to Anebo, in Which He Asks for Information About the
Differences Among Demons.
It was a better tone which Porphyry adopted in his letter to Anebo the Egyptian, in which,
assuming the character of an inquirer consulting him, he unmasks and explodes these sacrilegious
arts. In that letter, indeed, he repudiates all demons, whom he maintains to be so foolish as to be
attracted by the sacrificial vapors, and therefore residing not in the ether, but in the air beneath the
moon, and indeed in the moon itself. Yet he has not the boldness to attribute to all the demons all
the deceptions and malicious and foolish practices which justly move his indignation. For, though
he acknowledges that as a race demons are foolish, he so far accommodates himself to popular
ideas as to call some of them benignant demons. He expresses surprise that sacrifices not only
incline the gods, but also compel and force them to do what men wish; and he is at a loss to
understand how the sun and moon, and other visible celestial bodies,—for bodies he does not doubt
that they are,—are considered gods, if the gods are distinguished from the demons by their
incorporeality; also, if they are gods, how some are called beneficent and others hurtful, and how
they, being corporeal, are numbered with the gods, who are incorporeal. He inquires further, and
still as one in doubt, whether diviners and wonderworkers are men of unusually powerful souls, or
whether the power to do these things is communicated by spirits from without. He inclines to the
latter opinion, on the ground that it is by the use of stones and herbs that they lay spells on people,
and open closed doors, and do similar wonders. And on this account, he says, some suppose that
there is a race of beings whose property it is to listen to men,—a race deceitful, full of contrivances,
404 2 Cor. xi. 14.
405 Virgil, Georg. iv. 411.
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capable of assuming all forms, simulating gods, demons, and dead men,—and that it is this race
which bring about all these things which have the appearance of good or evil, but that what is really
good they never help us in, and are indeed unacquainted with, for they make wickedness easy, but
throw obstacles in the path of those who eagerly follow virtue; and that they are filled with pride
and rashness, delight in sacrificial odors, are taken with flattery. These and the other characteristics
of this race of deceitful and malicious spirits, who come into the souls of men and delude their
senses, both in sleep and waking, he describes not as things of which he is himself convinced, but
only with so much suspicion and doubt as to cause him to speak of them as commonly received
opinions. We should sympathize with this great philosopher in the difficulty he experienced in
acquainting himself with and confidently assailing the whole fraternity of devils, which any Christian
old woman would unhesitatingly describe and most unreservedly detest. Perhaps, however, he
shrank from offending Anebo, to whom he was writing, himself the most eminent patron of these
mysteries, or the others who marvelled at these magical feats as divine works, and closely allied
to the worship of the gods.
However, he pursues this subject, and, still in the character of an inquirer, mentions some things
which no sober judgment could attribute to any but malicious and deceitful powers. He asks why,
after the better class of spirits have been invoked, the worse should be commanded to perform the
wicked desires of men; why they do not hear a man who has just left a woman’s embrace, while
they themselves make no scruple of tempting men to incest and adultery; why their priests are
commanded to abstain from animal food for fear of being polluted by the corporeal exhalations,
while they themselves are attracted by the fumes of sacrifices and other exhalations; why the initiated
are forbidden to touch a dead body, while their mysteries are celebrated almost entirely by means
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of dead bodies; why it is that a man addicted to any vice should utter threats, not to a demon or to
the soul of a dead man, but to the sun and moon, or some of the heavenly bodies, which he
intimidates by imaginary terrors, that he may wring from them a real boon,—for he threatens that
he will demolish the sky, and such like impossibilities,—that those gods, being alarmed, like silly
children, with imaginary and absurd threats, may do what they are ordered. Porphyry further relates
that a man, Chæremon, profoundly versed in these sacred or rather sacrilegious mysteries, had
written that the famous Egyptian mysteries of Isis and her husband Osiris had very great influence
with the gods to compel them to do what they were ordered, when he who used the spells threatened
to divulge or do away with these mysteries, and cried with a threatening voice that he would scatter
the members of Osiris if they neglected his orders. Not without reason is Porphyry surprised that
a man should utter such wild and empty threats against the gods,—not against gods of no account,
but against the heavenly gods, and those that shine with sidereal light,—and that these threats should
be effectual to constrain them with resistless power, and alarm them so that they fulfill his wishes.
Not without reason does he, in the character of an inquirer into the reasons of these surprising
things, give it to be understood that they are done by that race of spirits which he previously described
as if quoting other people’s opinions,—spirits who deceive not, as he said, by nature, but by their
own corruption, and who simulate gods and dead men, but not, as he said, demons, for demons
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they really are. As to his idea that by means of herbs, and stones, and animals, and certain
incantations and noises, and drawings, sometimes fanciful, and sometimes copied from the motions
of the heavenly bodies, men create upon earth powers capable of bringing about various results,
all that is only the mystification which these demons practise on those who are subject to them, for
the sake of furnishing themselves with merriment at the expense of their dupes. Either, then,
Porphyry was sincere in his doubts and inquiries, and mentioned these things to demonstrate and
put beyond question that they were the work, not of powers which aid us in obtaining life, but of
deceitful demons; or, to take a more favorable view of the philosopher, he adopted this method
with the Egyptian who was wedded to these errors, and was proud of them, that he might not offend
him by assuming the attitude of a teacher, nor discompose his mind by the altercation of a professed
assailant, but, by assuming the character of an inquirer, and the humble attitude of one who was
anxious to learn, might turn his attention to these matters, and show how worthy they are to be
despised and relinquished. Towards the conclusion of his letter, he requests Anebo to inform him
what the Egyptian wisdom indicates as the way to blessedness. But as to those who hold intercourse
with the gods, and pester them only for the sake of finding a runaway slave, or acquiring property,
or making a bargain of a marriage, or such things, he declares that their pretensions to wisdom are
vain. He adds that these same gods, even granting that on other points their utterances were true,
were yet so ill-advised and unsatisfactory in their disclosures about blessedness, that they cannot
be either gods or good demons, but are either that spirit who is called the deceiver, or mere fictions
of the imagination.
Chapter 12.—Of the Miracles Wrought by the True God Through the Ministry of the Holy Angels.
Since by means of these arts wonders are done which quite surpass human power, what choice
have we but to believe that these predictions and operations, which seem to be miraculous and
divine, and which at the same time form no part of the worship of the one God, in adherence to
whom, as the Platonists themselves abundantly testify, all blessedness consists, are the pastime of
wicked spirits, who thus seek to seduce and hinder the truly godly? On the other hand, we cannot
but believe that all miracles, whether wrought by angels or by other means, so long as they are so
done as to commend the worship and religion of the one God in whom alone is blessedness, are
wrought by those who love us in a true and godly sort, or through their means, God Himself working
in them. For we cannot listen to those who maintain that the invisible God works no visible miracles;
for even they believe that He made the world, which surely they will not deny to be visible.
Whatever marvel happens in this world, it is certainly less marvellous than this whole world itself,—I
mean the sky and earth, and all that is in them,—and these God certainly made. But, as the Creator
Himself is hidden and incomprehensible to man, so also is the manner of creation. Although,
therefore, the standing miracle of this visible world is little thought of, because always before us,
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yet, when we arouse ourselves to contemplate it, it is a greater miracle than the rarest and most
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unheard-of marvels. For man himself is a greater miracle than any miracle done through his
instrumentality. Therefore God, who made the visible heaven and earth, does not disdain to work
visible miracles in heaven or earth, that He may thereby awaken the soul which is immersed in
things visible to worship Himself, the Invisible. But the place and time of these miracles are
dependent on His unchangeable will, in which things future are ordered as if already they were
accomplished. For He moves things temporal without Himself moving in time, He does not in one
way know things that are to be, and, in another, things that have been; neither does He listen to
those who pray otherwise than as He sees those that will pray. For, even when His angels hear us,
it is He Himself who hears us in them, as in His true temple not made with hands, as in those men
who are His saints; and His answers, though accomplished in time, have been arranged by His
eternal appointment.
Chapter 13.—Of the Invisible God, Who Has Often Made Himself Visible, Not as He Really Is,
But as the Beholders Could Bear the Sight.
Neither need we be surprised that God, invisible as He is, should often have appeared visibly
to the patriarchs. For as the sound which communicates the thought conceived in the silence of
the mind is not the thought itself, so the form by which God, invisible in His own nature, became
visible, was not God Himself. Nevertheless it is He Himself who was seen under that form, as that
thought itself is heard in the sound of the voice; and the patriarchs recognized that, though the
bodily form was not God, they saw the invisible God. For, though Moses conversed with God, yet
he said, “If I have found grace in Thy sight, show me Thyself, that I may see and know Thee.”406
And as it was fit that the law, which was given, not to one man or a few enlightened men, but to
the whole of a populous nation, should be accompanied by awe-inspiring signs, great marvels were
wrought, by the ministry of angels, before the people on the mount where the law was being given
to them through one man, while the multitude beheld the awful appearances. For the people of
Israel believed Moses, not as the Lacedæmonians believed their Lycurgus, because he had received
from Jupiter or Apollo the laws he gave them. For when the law which enjoined the worship of
one God was given to the people, marvellous signs and earthquakes, such as the divine wisdom
judged sufficient, were brought about in the sight of all, that they might know that it was the Creator
who could thus use creation to promulgate His law.
406 Ex. xxxiii. 13.
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Chapter 14.—That the One God is to Be Worshipped Not Only for the Sake of Eternal Blessings,
But Also in Connection with Temporal Prosperity, Because All Things are Regulated by His
Providence.
The education of the human race, represented by the people of God, has advanced, like that of
an individual, through certain epochs, or, as it were, ages, so that it might gradually rise from earthly
to heavenly things, and from the visible to the invisible. This object was kept so clearly in view,
that, even in the period when temporal rewards were promised, the one God was presented as the
object of worship, that men might not acknowledge any other than the true Creator and Lord of the
spirit, even in connection with the earthly blessings of this transitory life. For he who denies that
all things, which either angels or men can give us, are in the hand of the one Almighty, is a madman.
The Platonist Plotinus discourses concerning providence, and, from the beauty of flowers and
foliage, proves that from the supreme God, whose beauty is unseen and ineffable, providence
reaches down even to these earthly things here below; and he argues that all these frail and perishing
things could not have so exquisite and elaborate a beauty, were they not fashioned by Him whose
unseen and unchangeable beauty continually pervades all things.407 This is proved also by the Lord
Jesus, where He says, “Consider the lilies, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin. And
yet I say unto you that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. But if God so
clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the oven, how much more
shall He clothe you, O ye of little faith.!”408 It was best, therefore, that the soul of man, which was
still weakly desiring earthly things, should be accustomed to seek from God alone even these petty
temporal boons, and the earthly necessaries of this transitory life, which are contemptible in
comparison with eternal blessings, in order that the desire even of these things might not draw it
aside from the worship of Him, to whom we come by despising and forsaking such things.
190 Chapter 15.—Of the Ministry of the Holy Angels, by Which They Fulfill the Providence of God.
And so it has pleased Divine Providence, as I have said, and as we read in the Acts of the
Apostles,409 that the law enjoining the worship of one God should be given by the disposition of
angels. But among them the person of God Himself visibly appeared, not, indeed, in His proper
substance, which ever remains invisible to mortal eyes, but by the infallible signs furnished by
creation in obedience to its Creator. He made use, too, of the words of human speech, uttering
407 Plotin. Ennead. III. ii. 13.
408 Matt. vi. 28–30.
409 Acts vii. 53.
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them syllable by syllable successively, though in His own nature He speaks not in a bodily but in
a spiritual way; not to sense, but to the mind; not in words that occupy time, but, if I may so say,
eternally, neither beginning to speak nor coming to an end. And what He says is accurately heard,
not by the bodily but by the mental ear of His ministers and messengers, who are immortally blessed
in the enjoyment of His unchangeable truth; and the directions which they in some ineffable way
receive, they execute without delay or difficulty in the sensible and visible world. And this law
was given in conformity with the age of the world, and contained at the first earthly promises, as
I have said, which, however, symbolized eternal ones; and these eternal blessings few understood,
though many took a part in the celebration of their visible signs. Nevertheless, with one consent
both the words and the visible rites of that law enjoin the worship of one God,—not one of a crowd
of gods, but Him who made heaven and earth, and every soul and every spirit which is other than
Himself. He created; all else was created; and, both for being and well-being, all things need Him
who created them.
Chapter 16.—Whether Those Angels Who Demand that We Pay Them Divine Honor, or Those
Who Teach Us to Render Holy Service, Not to Themselves, But to God, are to Be Trusted
About the Way to Life Eternal.
What angels, then, are we to believe in this matter of blessed and eternal life?—those who wish
to be worshipped with religious rites and observances, and require that men sacrifice to them; or
those who say that all this worship is due to one God, the Creator, and teach us to render it with
true piety to Him, by the vision of whom they are themselves already blessed, and in whom they
promise that we shall be so? For that vision of God is the beauty of a vision so great, and is so
infinitely desirable, that Plotinus does not hesitate to say that he who enjoys all other blessings in
abundance, and has not this, is supremely miserable.410 Since, therefore, miracles are wrought by
some angels to induce us to worship this God, by others, to induce us to worship themselves; and
since the former forbid us to worship these, while the latter dare not forbid us to worship God,
which are we to listen to? Let the Platonists reply, or any philosophers, or the theurgists, or rather,
periurgists,411—for this name is good enough for those who practise such arts. In short, let all men
answer,—if, at least, there survives in them any spark of that natural perception which, as rational
beings, they possess when created,—let them, I say, tell us whether we should sacrifice to the gods
or angels who order us to sacrifice to them, or to that One to whom we are ordered to sacrifice by
those who forbid us to worship either themselves or these others. If neither the one party nor the
other had wrought miracles, but had merely uttered commands, the one to sacrifice to themselves,
410 Ennead. 1. vi. 7.
411 Meaning, officious meddlers.
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the other forbidding that, and ordering us to sacrifice to God, a godly mind would have been at no
loss to discern which command proceeded from proud arrogance, and which from true religion. I
will say more. If miracles had been wrought only by those who demand sacrifice for themselves,
while those who forbade this, and enjoined sacrificing to the one God only, thought fit entirely to
forego the use of visible miracles, the authority of the latter was to be preferred by all who would
use, not their eyes only, but their reason. But since God, for the sake of commending to us the
oracles of His truth, has, by means of these immortal messengers, who proclaim His majesty and
not their own pride, wrought miracles of surpassing grandeur, certainty, and distinctness, in order
that the weak among the godly might not be drawn away to false religion by those who require us
to sacrifice to them and endeavor to convince us by stupendous appeals to our senses, who is so
utterly unreasonable as not to choose and follow the truth, when he finds that it is heralded by even
more striking evidences than falsehood?
As for those miracles which history ascribes to the gods of the heathen,—I do not refer to those
prodigies which at intervals happen from some unknown physical causes, and which are arranged
and appointed by Divine Providence, such as monstrous births, and unusual meteorological
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phenomena, whether startling only, or also injurious, and which are said to be brought about and
removed by communication with demons, and by their most deceitful craft,—but I refer to these
prodigies which manifestly enough are wrought by their power and force, as, that the household
gods which Æneas carried from Troy in his flight moved from place to place; that Tarquin cut a
whetstone with a razor; that the Epidaurian serpent attached himself as a companion to Æsculapius
on his voyage to Rome; that the ship in which the image of the Phrygian mother stood, and which
could not be moved by a host of men and oxen, was moved by one weak woman, who attached her
girdle to the vessel and drew it, as proof of her chastity; that a vestal, whose virginity was questioned,
removed the suspicion by carrying from the Tiber a sieve full of water without any of it dropping:
these, then, and the like, are by no means to be compared for greatness and virtue to those which,
we read, were wrought among God’s people. How much less can we compare those marvels, which
even the laws of heathen nations prohibit and punish,—I mean the magical and theurgic marvels,
of which the great part are merely illusions practised upon the senses, as the drawing down of the
moon, “that,” as Lucan says, “it may shed a stronger influence on the plants?”412 And if some of
these do seem to equal those which are wrought by the godly, the end for which they are wrought
distinguishes the two, and shows that ours are incomparably the more excellent. For those miracles
commend the worship of a plurality of gods, who deserve worship the less the more they demand
it; but these of ours commend the worship of the one God, who, both by the testimony of His own
Scriptures, and by the eventual abolition of sacrifices, proves that He needs no such offerings. If,
therefore, any angels demand sacrifice for themselves, we must prefer those who demand it, not
for themselves, but for God, the Creator of all, whom they serve. For thus they prove how sincerely
they love us, since they wish by sacrifice to subject us, not to themselves, but to Him by the
412 Pharsal. vi. 503.
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contemplation of whom they themselves are blessed, and to bring us to Him from whom they
themselves have never strayed. If, on the other hand, any angels wish us to sacrifice, not to one,
but to many, not, indeed, to themselves, but to the gods whose angels they are, we must in this case
also prefer those who are the angels of the one God of gods, and who so bid us to worship Him as
to preclude our worshipping any other. But, further, if it be the case, as their pride and deceitfulness
rather indicate, that they are neither good angels nor the angels of good gods, but wicked demons,
who wish sacrifice to be paid, not to the one only and supreme God, but to themselves, what better
protection against them can we choose than that of the one God whom the good angels serve, the
angels who bid us sacrifice, not to themselves, but to Him whose sacrifice we ourselves ought to
be?
Chapter 17.—Concerning the Ark of the Covenant, and the Miraculous Signs Whereby God
Authenticated the Law and the Promise.
On this account it was that the law of God, given by the disposition of angels, and which
commanded that the one God of gods alone receive sacred worship, to the exclusion of all others,
was deposited in the ark, called the ark of the testimony. By this name it is sufficiently indicated,
not that God, who was worshipped by all those rites, was shut up and enclosed in that place, though
His responses emanated from it along with signs appreciable by the senses, but that His will was
declared from that throne. The law itself, too, was engraven on tables of stone, and, as I have said,
deposited in the ark, which the priests carried with due reverence during the sojourn in the wilderness,
along with the tabernacle, which was in like manner called the tabernacle of the testimony; and
there was then an accompanying sign, which appeared as a cloud by day and as a fire by night;
when the cloud moved, the camp was shifted, and where it stood the camp was pitched. Besides
these signs, and the voices which proceeded from the place where the ark was, there were other
miraculous testimonies to the law. For when the ark was carried across Jordan, on the entrance to
the land of promise, the upper part of the river stopped in its course, and the lower part flowed on,
so as to present both to the ark and the people dry ground to pass over. Then, when it was carried
seven times round the first hostile and polytheistic city they came to, its walls suddenly fell down,
though assaulted by no hand, struck by no battering-ram. Afterwards, too, when they were now
resident in the land of promise, and the ark had, in punishment of their sin, been taken by their
enemies, its captors triumphantly placed it in the temple of their favorite god, and left it shut up
there, but, on opening the temple next day, they found the image they used to pray to fallen to the
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ground and shamefully shattered. Then, being them selves alarmed by portents, and still more
shamefully punished, they restored the ark of the testimony to the people from whom they had
taken it. And what was the manner of its restoration? They placed it on a wagon, and yoked to it
cows from which they had taken the calves, and let them choose their own course, expecting that
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in this way the divine will would be indicated; and the cows without any man driving or directing
them, steadily pursued the way to the Hebrews, without regarding the lowing of their calves, and
thus restored the ark to its worshippers. To God these and such like wonders are small, but they
are mighty to terrify and give wholesome instruction to men. For if philosophers, and especially
the Platonists, are with justice esteemed wiser than other men, as I have just been mentioning,
because they taught that even these earthly and insignificant things are ruled by Divine Providence,
inferring this from the numberless beauties which are observable not only in the bodies of animals,
but even in plants and grasses, how much more plainly do these things attest the presence of divinity
which happen at the time predicted, and in which that religion is commended which forbids the
offering of sacrifice to any celestial, terrestrial, or infernal being, and commands it to be offered
to God only, who alone blesses us by His love for us, and by our love to Him, and who, by arranging
the appointed times of those sacrifices, and by predicting that they were to pass into a better sacrifice
by a better Priest, testified that He has no appetite for these sacrifices, but through them indicated
others of more substantial blessing,—and all this not that He Himself may be glorified by these
honors, but that we may be stirred up to worship and cleave to Him, being inflamed by His love,
which is our advantage rather than His?
Chapter 18.—Against Those Who Deny that the Books of the Church are to Be Believed About
the Miracles Whereby the People of God Were Educated.
Will some one say that these miracles are false, that they never happened, and that the records
of them are lies? Whoever says so, and asserts that in such matters no records whatever can be
credited, may also say that there are no gods who care for human affairs. For they have induced
men to worship them only by means of miraculous works, which the heathen histories testify, and
by which the gods have made a display of their own power rather than done any real service. This
is the reason why we have not undertaken in this work, of which we are now writing the tenth book,
to refute those who either deny that there is any divine power, or contend that it does not interfere
with human affairs, but those who prefer their own god to our God, the Founder of the holy and
most glorious city, not knowing that He is also the invisible and unchangeable Founder of this
visible and changing world, and the truest bestower of the blessed life which resides not in things
created, but in Himself. For thus speaks His most trustworthy prophet: “It is good for me to be
united to God.”413 Among philosophers it is a question, what is that end and good to the attainment
of which all our duties are to have a relation? The Psalmist did not say, It is good for me to have
great wealth, or to wear imperial insignia, purple, sceptre, and diadem; or, as some even of the
philosophers have not blushed to say, It is good for me to enjoy sensual pleasure; or, as the better
413 Ps. lxxiii. 28.
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men among them seemed to say, My good is my spiritual strength; but, “It is good for me to be
united to God.” This he had learned from Him whom the holy angels, with the accompanying
witness of miracles, presented as the sole object of worship. And hence he himself became the
sacrifice of God, whose spiritual love inflamed him, and into whose ineffable and incorporeal
embrace he yearned to cast himself. Moreover, if the worshippers of many gods (whatever kind
of gods they fancy their own to be) believe that the miracles recorded in their civil histories, or in
the books of magic, or of the more respectable theurgy, were wrought by these gods, what reason
have they for refusing to believe the miracles recorded in those writings, to which we owe a credence
as much greater as He is greater to whom alone these writings teach us to sacrifice?
Chapter 19.—On the Reasonableness of Offering, as the True Religion Teaches, a Visible Sacrifice
to the One True and Invisible God.
As to those who think that these visible sacrifices are suitably offered to other gods, but that
invisible sacrifices, the graces of purity of mind and holiness of will, should be offered, as greater
and better, to the invisible God, Himself greater and better than all others, they must be oblivious
that these visible sacrifices are signs of the invisible, as the words we utter are the signs of things.
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And therefore, as in prayer or praise we direct intelligible words to Him to whom in our heart we
offer the very feelings we are expressing, so we are to understand that in sacrifice we offer visible
sacrifice only to Him to whom in our heart we ought to present ourselves an invisible sacrifice. It
is then that the angels, and all those superior powers who are mighty by their goodness and piety,
regard us with pleasure, and rejoice with us and assist us to the utmost of their power. But if we
offer such worship to them, they decline it; and when on any mission to men they become visible
to the senses, they positively forbid it. Examples of this occur in holy writ. Some fancied they
should, by adoration or sacrifice, pay the same honor to angels as is due to God, and were prevented
from doing so by the angels themselves, and ordered to render it to Him to whom alone they know
it to be due. And the holy angels have in this been imitated by holy men of God. For Paul and
Barnabas, when they had wrought a miracle of healing in Lycaonia, were thought to be gods, and
the Lycaonians desired to sacrifice to them, and they humbly and piously declined this honor, and
announced to them the God in whom they should believe. And those deceitful and proud spirits,
who exact worship, do so simply because they know it to be due to the true God. For that which
they take pleasure in is not, as Porphyry says and some fancy, the smell of the victims, but divine
honors. They have, in fact, plenty odors on all hands, and if they wished more, they could provide
them for themselves. But the spirits who arrogate to themselves divinity are delighted not with the
smoke of carcasses but with the suppliant spirit which they deceive and hold in subjection, and
hinder from drawing near to God, preventing him from offering himself in sacrifice to God by
inducing him to sacrifice to others.
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Chapter 20.—Of the Supreme and True Sacrifice Which Was Effected by the Mediator Between
God and Men.
And hence that true Mediator, in so far as, by assuming the form of a servant, He became the
Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, though in the form of God He received
sacrifice together with the Father, with whom He is one God, yet in the form of a servant He chose
rather to be than to receive a sacrifice, that not even by this instance any one might have occasion
to suppose that sacrifice should be rendered to any creature. Thus He is both the Priest who offers
and the Sacrifice offered. And He designed that there should be a daily sign of this in the sacrifice
of the Church, which, being His body, learns to offer herself through Him. Of this true Sacrifice
the ancient sacrifices of the saints were the various and numerous signs; and it was thus variously
figured, just as one thing is signified by a variety of words, that there may be less weariness when
we speak of it much. To this supreme and true sacrifice all false sacrifices have given place.
Chapter 21 .—Of the Power Delegated to Demons for the Trial and Glorification of the Saints,
Who Conquer Not by Propitiating the Spirits of the Air, But by Abiding in God.
The power delegated to the demons at certain appointed and well-adjusted seasons, that they
may give expression to their hostility to the city of God by stirring up against it the men who are
under their influence, and may not only receive sacrifice from those who willingly offer it, but may
also extort it from the unwilling by violent persecution;—this power is found to be not merely
harmless, but even useful to the Church, completing as it does the number of martyrs, whom the
city of God esteems as all the more illustrious and honored citizens, because they have striven even
to blood against the sin of impiety. If the ordinary language of the Church allowed it, we might
more elegantly call these men our heroes. For this name is said to be derived from Juno, who in
Greek is called Hêrê, and hence, according to the Greek myths, one of her sons was called Heros.
And these fables mystically signified that Juno was mistress of the air, which they suppose to be
inhabited by the demons and the heroes, understanding by heroes the souls of the well-deserving
dead. But for a quite opposite reason would we call our martyrs heroes,—supposing, as I said, that
the usage of ecclesiastical language would admit of it,—not because they lived along with the
demons in the air, but because they conquered these demons or powers of the air, and among them
Juno herself, be she what she may, not unsuitably represented, as she commonly is by the poets,
as hostile to virtue, and jealous of men of mark aspiring to the heavens. Virgil, however, unhappily
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gives way, and yields to her; for, though he represents her as saying, “I am conquered by Æneas,”414
Helenus gives Æneas himself this religious advice:
“Pay vows to Juno: overbear
Her queenly soul with gift and prayer.”415
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In conformity with this opinion, Porphyry— expressing, however, not so much his own views
as other people’s—says that a good god or genius cannot come to a man unless the evil genius has
been first of all propitiated, implying that the evil deities had greater power than the good; for, until
they have been appeased and give place, the good can give no assistance; and if the evil deities
oppose, the good can give no help; whereas the evil can do injury without the good being able to
prevent them. This is not the way of the true and truly holy religion; not thus do our martyrs conquer
Juno, that is to say, the powers of the air, who envy the virtues of the pious. Our heroes, if we
could so call them, overcome Hêrê, not by suppliant gifts, but by divine virtues. As Scipio, who
conquered Africa by his valor, is more suitably styled Africanus than if he had appeased his enemies
by gifts, and so won their mercy.
Chapter 22.—Whence the Saints Derive Power Against Demons and True Purification of Heart.
It is by true piety that men of God cast out the hostile power of the air which opposes godliness;
it is by exorcising it, not by propitiating it; and they overcome all the temptations of the adversary
by praying, not to him, but to their own God against him. For the devil cannot conquer or subdue
any but those who are in league with sin; and therefore he is conquered in the name of Him who
assumed humanity, and that without sin, that Himself being both Priest and Sacrifice, He might
bring about the remission of sins, that is to say, might bring it about through the Mediator between
God and men, the man Christ Jesus, by whom we are reconciled to God, the cleansing from sin
being accomplished. For men are separated from God only by sins, from which we are in this life
cleansed not by our own virtue, but by the divine compassion; through His indulgence, not through
our own power. For, whatever virtue we call our own is itself bestowed upon us by His goodness.
And we might attribute too much to ourselves while in the flesh, unless we lived in the receipt of
pardon until we laid it down. This is the reason why there has been vouchsafed to us, through the
Mediator, this grace, that we who are polluted by sinful flesh should be cleansed by the likeness
of sinful flesh. By this grace of God, wherein He has shown His great compassion toward us, we
are both governed by faith in this life, and, after this life, are led onwards to the fullest perfection
by the vision of immutable truth.
414 Æn., vii. 310.
415 Æn., iii. 438, 439.
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Chapter 23.—Of the Principles Which, According to the Platonists, Regulate the Purification of
the Soul.
Even Porphyry asserts that it was revealed by divine oracles that we are not purified by any
sacrifices416 to sun or moon, meaning it to be inferred that we are not purified by sacrificing to any
gods. For what mysteries can purify, if those of the sun and moon, which are esteemed the chief
of the celestial gods, do not purify? He says, too, in the same place, that “principles” can purify,
lest it should be supposed, from his saying that sacrificing to the sun and moon cannot purify, that
sacrificing to some other of the host of gods might do so. And what he as a Platonist means by
“principles,” we know.417 For he speaks of God the Father and God the Son, whom he calls (writing
in Greek) the intellect or mind of the Father;418 but of the Holy Spirit he says either nothing, or
nothing plainly, for I do not understand what other he speaks of as holding the middle place between
these two. For if, like Plotinus in his discussion regarding the three principal substances,419 he
wished us to understand by this third the soul of nature, he would certainly not have given it the
middle place between these two, that is, between the Father and the Son. For Plotinus places the
soul of nature after the intellect of the Father, while Porphyry, making it the mean, does not place
it after, but between the others. No doubt he spoke according to his light, or as he thought expedient;
but we assert that the Holy Spirit is the Spirit not of the Father only, nor of the Son only, but of
both. For philosophers speak as they have a mind to, and in the most difficult matters do not scruple
to offend religious ears; but we are bound to speak according to a certain rule, lest freedom of
speech beget impiety of opinion about the matters themselves of which we speak.
Chapter 24.—Of the One Only True Principle Which Alone Purifies and Renews Human Nature.
416 Teletis.
417 The Platonists of the Alexandrian and Athenian schools, from Plotinus to Proclus, are at one in recognizing in God three
principles or hypostases: 1st, the One or the Good, which is the Father; 2nd, the Intelligence or Word, which is the Son; 3rd,
the Soul, which is the universal principle of life. But as to the nature and order of these hypostases, the Alexandrians are no
longer at one with the school of Athens. On the very subtle differences between the Trinity of Plotinus and that of Porphyry,
consult M. Jules Simon, ii. 110, and M. Vacherot, ii. 37.—Saisset.
418 See below, c. 28.
419 Ennead. v. 1.
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Accordingly, when we speak of God, we do not affirm two or three principles, no more than
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we are at liberty to affirm two or three gods; although, speaking of each, of the Father, or of the
Son, or of the Holy Ghost, we confess that each is God: and yet we do not say, as the Sabellian
heretics say, that the Father is the same as the Son, and the Holy Spirit the same as the Father and
the Son; but we say that the Father is the Father of the Son, and the Son the Son of the Father, and
that the Holy Spirit of the Father and the Son is neither the Father nor the Son. It was therefore
truly said that man is cleansed only by a Principle, although the Platonists erred in speaking in the
plural of principles. But Porphyry, being under the dominion of these envious powers, whose
influence he was at once ashamed of and afraid to throw off, refused to recognize that Christ is the
Principle by whose incarnation we are purified. Indeed he despised Him, because of the flesh itself
which He assumed, that He might offer a sacrifice for our purification,—a great mystery,
unintelligible to Porphyry’s pride, which that true and benignant Redeemer brought low by His
humility, manifesting Himself to mortals by the mortality which He assumed, and which the
malignant and deceitful mediators are proud of wanting, promising, as the boon of immortals, a
deceptive assistance to wretched men. Thus the good and true Mediator showed that it is sin which
is evil, and not the substance or nature of flesh; for this, together with the human soul, could without
sin be both assumed and retained, and laid down in death, and changed to something better by
resurrection. He showed also that death itself, although the punishment of sin, was submitted to
by Him for our sakes without sin, and must not be evaded by sin on our part, but rather, if opportunity
serves, be borne for righteousness’ sake. For he was able to expiate sins by dying, because He both
died, and not for sin of His own. But He has not been recognized by Porphyry as the Principle,
otherwise he would have recognized Him as the Purifier. The Principle is neither the flesh nor the
human soul in Christ but the Word by which all things were made. The flesh, therefore, does not
by its own virtue purify, but by virtue of the Word by which it was assumed, when “the Word
became flesh and dwelt among us.”420 For speaking mystically of eating His flesh, when those who
did not understand Him were offended and went away, saying, “This is an hard saying, who can
hear it?” He answered to the rest who remained, “It is the Spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth
nothing.”421 The Principle, therefore, having assumed a human soul and flesh, cleanses the soul
and flesh of believers. Therefore, when the Jews asked Him who He was, He answered that He
was the Principle.422 And this we carnal and feeble men, liable to sin, and involved in the darkness
of ignorance, could not possibly understand, unless we were cleansed and healed by Him, both by
means of what we were, and of what we were not. For we were men, but we were not righteous;
whereas in His incarnation there was a human nature, but it was righteous, and not sinful. This is
the mediation whereby a hand is stretched to the lapsed and fallen; this is the seed “ordained by
420 John i. 14.
421 John vi. 60–64.
422 John viii. 25; or “the beginning,” following a different reading from ours.
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angels,” by whose ministry the law also was given enjoining the worship of one God, and promising
that this Mediator should come.
Chapter 25.—That All the Saints, Both Under the Law and Before It, Were Justified by Faith in
the Mystery of Christ’s Incarnation.
It was by faith in this mystery, and godliness of life, that purification was attainable even by
the saints of old, whether before the law was given to the Hebrews (for God and the angels were
even then present as instructors), or in the periods under the law, although the promises of spiritual
things, being presented in figure, seemed to be carnal, and hence the name of Old Testament. For
it was then the prophets lived, by whom, as by angels, the same promise was announced; and among
them was he whose grand and divine sentiment regarding the end and supreme good of man I have
just now quoted, “It is good for me to cleave to God.”423 In this psalm the distinction between the
Old and New Testaments is distinctly announced. For the Psalmist says, that when he saw that the
carnal and earthly promises were abundantly enjoyed by the ungodly, his feet were almost gone,
his steps had well-nigh slipped; and that it seemed to him as if he had served God in vain, when he
saw that those who despised God increased in that prosperity which he looked for at God’s hand.
He says, too, that, in investigating this matter with the desire of understanding why it was so, he
had labored in vain, until he went into the sanctuary of God, and understood the end of those whom
he had erroneously considered happy. Then he understood that they were cast down by that very
thing, as he says, which they had made their boast, and that they had been consumed and perished
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for their inequities; and that that whole fabric of temporal prosperity had become as a dream when
one awaketh, and suddenly finds himself destitute of all the joys he had imaged in sleep. And, as
in this earth or earthy city they seemed to themselves to be great, he says, “O Lord, in Thy city
Thou wilt reduce their image to nothing.” He also shows how beneficial it had been for him to
seek even earthly blessings only from the one true God, in whose power are all things, for he says,
“As a beast was I before Thee, and I am always with Thee.” “As a beast,” he says, meaning that
he was stupid. For I ought to have sought from Thee such things as the ungodly could not enjoy
as well as I, and not those things which I saw them enjoying in abundance, and hence concluded I
was serving Thee in vain, because they who declined to serve Thee had what I had not. Nevertheless,
“I am always with Thee,” because even in my desire for such things I did not pray to other gods.
And consequently he goes on, “Thou hast holden me by my right hand, and by Thy counsel Thou
hast guided me, and with glory hast taken me up;” as if all earthly advantages were left-hand
blessings, though, when he saw them enjoyed by the wicked, his feet had almost gone. “For what,”
he says, “have I in heaven, and what have I desired from Thee upon earth?” He blames himself,
423 Ps. lxxiii. 28.
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and is justly displeased with himself; because, though he had in heaven so vast a possession (as he
afterwards understood), he yet sought from his God on earth a transitory and fleeting happiness;—a
happiness of mire, we may say. “My heart and my flesh,” he says, “fail, O God of my heart.”
Happy failure, from things below to things above! And hence in another psalm He says, “My soul
longeth, yea, even faileth, for the courts of the Lord.”424 Yet, though he had said of both his heart
and his flesh that they were failing, he did not say, O God of my heart and my flesh, but, O God
of my heart; for by the heart the flesh is made clean. Therefore, says the Lord, “Cleanse that which
is within, and the outside shall be clean also.”425 He then says that God Himself,—not anything
received from Him, but Himself,—is his portion. “The God of my heart, and my portion for ever.”
Among the various objects of human choice, God alone satisfied him. “For, lo,” he says, “they
that are far from Thee shall perish: Thou destroyest all them that go a-whoring from Thee,”—that
is, who prostitute themselves to many gods. And then follows the verse for which all the rest of
the psalm seems to prepare: “It is good for me to cleave to God,”—not to go far off; not to go
a-whoring with a multitude of gods. And then shall this union with God be perfected, when all
that is to be redeemed in us has been redeemed. But for the present we must, as he goes on to say,
“place our hope in God.” “For that which is seen,” says the apostle, “is not hope. For what a man
sees, why does he yet hope for? But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait
for it.”426 Being, then, for the present established in this hope, let us do what the Psalmist further
indicates, and become in our measure angels or messengers of God, declaring His will, and praising
His glory and His grace. For when he had said, “To place my hope in God,” he goes on, “that I
may declare all Thy praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion.” This is the most glorious city of
God; this is the city which knows and worships one God: she is celebrated by the holy angels, who
invite us to their society, and desire us to become fellow-citizens with them in this city; for they
do not wish us to worship them as our gods, but to join them in worshipping their God and ours;
nor to sacrifice to them, but, together with them, to become a sacrifice to God. Accordingly,
whoever will lay aside malignant obstinacy, and consider these things, shall be assured that all
these blessed and immortal spirits, who do not envy us (for if they envied they were not blessed),
but rather love us, and desire us to be as blessed as themselves, look on us with greater pleasure,
and give us greater assistance, when we join them in worshipping one God, Father, Son, and Holy
Ghost, than if we were to offer to themselves sacrifice and worship.
424 Ps. lxxxiv. 2.
425 Matt. xxiii. 26.
426 Rom. viii. 24, 25.
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Chapter 26.—Of Porphyry’s Weakness in Wavering Between the Confession of the True God and
the Worship of Demons.
I know not how it is so, but it seems to me that Porphyry blushed for his friends the theurgists;
for he knew all that I have adduced, but did not frankly condemn polytheistic worship. He said,
in fact, that there are some angels who visit earth, and reveal divine truth to theurgists, and others
who publish on earth the things that belong to the Father, His height and depth. Can we believe,
then, that the angels whose office it is to declare the will of the Father, wish us to be subject to any
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but Him whose will they declare? And hence, even this Platonist himself judiciously observes
that we should rather imitate than invoke them. We ought not, then, to fear that we may offend
these immortal and happy subjects of the one God by not sacrificing to them; for this they know
to be due only to the one true God, in allegiance to whom they themselves find their blessedness,
and therefore they will not have it given to them, either in figure or in the reality, which the mysteries
of sacrifice symbolized. Such arrogance belongs to proud and wretched demons, whose disposition
is diametrically opposite to the piety of those who are subject to God, and whose blessedness
consists in attachment to Him. And, that we also may attain to this bliss, they aid us, as is fit, with
sincere kindliness, and usurp over us no dominion, but declare to us Him under whose rule we are
then fellow-subjects. Why, then, O philosopher, do you still fear to speak freely against the powers
which are inimical both to true virtue and to the gifts of the true God? Already you have
discriminated between the angels who proclaim God’s will, and those who visit theurgists, drawn
down by I know not what art. Why do you still ascribe to these latter the honor of declaring divine
truth? If they do not declare the will of the Father, what divine revelations can they make? Are
not these the evil spirits who were bound over by the incantations of an envious man,427 that they
should not grant purity of soul to another, and could not, as you say, be set free from these bonds
by a good man anxious for purity, and recover power over their own actions? Do you still doubt
whether these are wicked demons; or do you, perhaps, feign ignorance, that you may not give
offence to the theurgists, who have allured you by their secret rites, and have taught you, as a mighty
boon, these insane and pernicious devilries? Do you dare to elevate above the air, and even to
heaven, these envious powers, or pests, let me rather call them, less worthy of the name of sovereign
than of slave, as you yourself own; and are you not ashamed to place them even among your sidereal
gods, and so put a slight upon the stars themselves?
Chapter 27.—Of the Impiety of Porphyry, Which is Worse Than Even the Mistake of Apuleius.
427 See above, c. 9.
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How much more tolerable and accordant with human feeling is the error of your Platonist
co-sectary Apuleius! for he attributed the diseases and storms of human passions only to the demons
who occupy a grade beneath the moon, and makes even this avowal as by constraint regarding gods
whom he honors; but the superior and celestial gods, who inhabit the ethereal regions, whether
visible, as the sun, moon, and other luminaries, whose brilliancy makes them conspicuous, or
invisible, but believed in by him, he does his utmost to remove beyond the slightest stain of these
perturbations. It is not, then, from Plato, but from your Chaldæan teachers you have learned to
elevate human vices to the ethereal and empyreal regions of the world and to the celestial firmament,
in order that your theurgists might be able to obtain from your gods divine revelations; and yet you
make yourself superior to these divine revelations by your intellectual life, which dispenses with
these theurgic purifications as not needed by a philosopher. But, by way of rewarding your teachers,
you recommend these arts to other men, who, not being philosophers, may be persuaded to use
what you acknowledge to be useless to yourself, who are capable of higher things; so that those
who cannot avail themselves of the virtue of philosophy, which is too arduous for the multitude,
may, at your instigation, betake themselves to theurgists by whom they may be purified, not, indeed,
in the intellectual, but in the spiritual part of the soul. Now, as the persons who are unfit for
philosophy form incomparably the majority of mankind, more may be compelled to consult these
secret and illicit teachers of yours than frequent the Platonic schools. For these most impure demons,
pretending to be ethereal gods, whose herald and messenger you have become, have promised that
those who are purified by theurgy in the spiritual part of their soul shall not indeed return to the
Father, but shall dwell among the ethereal gods above the aerial regions. But such fancies are not
listened to by the multitudes of men whom Christ came to set free from the tyranny of demons.
For in Him they have the most gracious cleansing, in which mind, spirit, and body alike participate.
For, in order that He might heal the whole man from the plague of sin, He took without sin the
whole human nature. Would that you had known Him, and would that you had committed yourself
for healing to Him rather than to your own frail and infirm human virtue, or to pernicious and
curious arts! He would not have deceived you; for Him your own oracles, on your own showing,
acknowledged holy and immortal. It is of Him, too, that the most famous poet speaks, poetically
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indeed, since he applies it to the person of another, yet truly, if you refer it to Christ , saying,
“Under thine auspices, if any traces of our crimes remain, they shall be obliterated, and earth freed
from its perpetual fear.”428 By which he indicates that, by reason of the infirmity which attaches
to this life, the greatest progress in virtue and righteousness leaves room for the existence, if not
of crimes, yet of the traces of crimes, which are obliterated only by that Saviour of whom this verse
speaks. For that he did not say this at the prompting of his own fancy, Virgil tells us in almost the
last verse of that 4th Eclogue, when he says, “The last age predicted by the Cumæan sibyl has now
arrived;” whence it plainly appears that this had been dictated by the Cumæan sibyl. But those
theurgists, or rather demons, who assume the appearance and form of gods, pollute rather than
428 Virgil, Eclog. iv. 13, 14.
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purify the human spirit by false appearances and the delusive mockery of unsubstantial forms.
How can those whose own spirit is unclean cleanse the spirit of man? Were they not unclean, they
would not be bound by the incantations of an envious man, and would neither be afraid nor grudge
to bestow that hollow boon which they promise. But it is sufficient for our purpose that you
acknowledge that the intellectual soul, that is, our mind, cannot be justified by theurgy; and that
even the spiritual or inferior part of our soul cannot by this act be made eternal and immortal, though
you maintain that it can be purified by it. Christ, however, promises life eternal; and therefore to
Him the world flocks, greatly to your indignation, greatly also to your astonishment and confusion.
What avails your forced avowal that theurgy leads men astray, and deceives vast numbers by its
ignorant and foolish teaching, and that it is the most manifest mistake to have recourse by prayer
and sacrifice to angels and principalities, when at the same time, to save yourself from the charge
of spending labor in vain on such arts, you direct men to the theurgists, that by their means men,
who do not live by the rule of the intellectual soul, may have their spiritual soul purified?
Chapter 28.—How It is that Porphyry Has Been So Blind as Not to Recognize the True
Wisdom—Christ.
You drive men, therefore, into the most palpable error. And yet you are not ashamed of doing
so much harm, though you call yourself a lover of virtue and wisdom. Had you been true and
faithful in this profession, you would have recognized Christ, the virtue of God and the wisdom of
God, and would not, in the pride of vain science, have revolted from His wholesome humility.
Nevertheless you acknowledge that the spiritual part of the soul can be purified by the virtue of
chastity without the aid of those theurgic arts and mysteries which you wasted your time in learning.
You even say, sometimes, that these mysteries do not raise the soul after death, so that, after the
termination of this life, they seem to be of no service even to the part you call spiritual; and yet you
recur on every opportunity to these arts, for no other purpose, so far as I see, than to appear an
accomplished theurgist, and gratify those who are curious in illicit arts, or else to inspire others
with the same curiosity. But we give you all praise for saying that this art is to be feared, both on
account of the legal enactments against it, and by reason of the danger involved in the very practice
of it. And would that in this, at least, you were listened to by its wretched votaries, that they might
be withdrawn from entire absorption in it, or might even be preserved from tampering with it at
all! You say, indeed, that ignorance, and the numberless vices resulting from it, cannot be removed
by any mysteries, but only by the πατρικὸς νοῦς, that is, the Father’s mind or intellect conscious
of the Father’s will. But that Christ is this mind you do not believe; for Him you despise on account
of the body He took of a woman and the shame of the cross; for your lofty wisdom spurns such
low and contemptible things, and soars to more exalted regions. But He fulfills what the holy
prophets truly predicted regarding Him: “I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and bring to nought
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the prudence of the prudent.”429 For He does not destroy and bring to nought His own gift in them,
but what they arrogate to themselves, and do not hold of Him. And hence the apostle, having quoted
this testimony from the prophet, adds, “Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer
of this world? Hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? For after that, in the wisdom
of God, the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save
them that believe. For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom; but we preach
Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, and unto the Greeks foolishness; but unto them
which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. Because
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the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men.”430 This
is despised as a weak and foolish thing by those who are wise and strong in themselves; yet this is
the grace which heals the weak, who do not proudly boast a blessedness of their own, but rather
humbly acknowledge their real misery.
Chapter 29.—Of the Incarnation of Our Lord Jesus Christ, Which the Platonists in Their Impiety
Blush to Acknowledge.
You proclaim the Father and His Son, whom you call the Father’s intellect or mind, and between
these a third, by whom we suppose you mean the Holy Spirit, and in your own fashion you call
these three Gods. In this, though your expressions are inaccurate, you do in some sort, and as
through a veil, see what we should strive towards; but the incarnation of the unchangeable Son of
God, whereby we are saved, and are enabled to reach the things we believe, or in part understand,
this is what you refuse to recognize. You see in a fashion, although at a distance, although with
filmy eye, the country in which we should abide; but the way to it you know not. Yet you believe
in grace, for you say it is granted to few to reach God by virtue of intelligence. For you do not say,
“Few have thought fit or have wished,” but, “It has been granted to few,”—distinctly acknowledging
God’s grace, not man’s sufficiency. You also use this word more expressly, when, in accordance
with the opinion of Plato, you make no doubt that in this life a man cannot by any means attain to
perfect wisdom, but that whatever is lacking is in the future life made up to those who live
intellectually, by God’s providence and grace. Oh, had you but recognized the grace of God in
Jesus Christ our Lord, and that very incarnation of His, wherein He assumed a human soul and
body, you might have seemed the brightest example of grace!431 But what am I doing? I know it
is useless to speak to a dead man,—useless, at least, so far as regards you, but perhaps not in vain
for those who esteem you highly, and love you on account of their love of wisdom or curiosity
429 Isa. xxix. 14.
430 1 Cor. i. 19–25.
431 According to another reading, “You might have seen it to be,” etc.
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about those arts which you ought not to have learned; and these persons I address in your name.
The grace of God could not have been more graciously commended to us than thus, that the only
Son of God, remaining unchangeable in Himself, should assume humanity, and should give us the
hope of His love, by means of the mediation of a human nature, through which we, from the
condition of men, might come to Him who was so far off,—the immortal from the mortal; the
unchangeable from the changeable; the just from the unjust; the blessed from the wretched. And,
as He had given us a natural instinct to desire blessedness and immortality, He Himself continuing
to be blessed; but assuming mortality, by enduring what we fear, taught us to despise it, that what
we long for He might bestow upon us.
But in order to your acquiescence in this truth, it is lowliness that is requisite, and to this it is
extremely difficult to bend you. For what is there incredible, especially to men like you, accustomed
to speculation, which might have predisposed you to believe in this,—what is there incredible, I
say, in the assertion that God assumed a human soul and body? You yourselves ascribe such
excellence to the intellectual soul, which is, after all, the human soul, that you maintain that it can
become consubstantial with that intelligence of the Father whom you believe in as the Son of God.
What incredible thing is it, then, if some one soul be assumed by Him in an ineffable and unique
manner for the salvation of many? Moreover, our nature itself testifies that a man is incomplete
unless a body be united with the soul. This certainly would be more incredible, were it not of all
things the most common; for we should more easily believe in a union between spirit and spirit,
or, to use your own terminology, between the incorporeal and the incorporeal, even though the one
were human, the other divine, the one changeable and the other unchangeable, than in a union
between the corporeal and the incorporeal. But perhaps it is the unprecedented birth of a body
from a virgin that staggers you? But, so far from this being a difficulty, it ought rather to assist
you to receive our religion, that a miraculous person was born miraculously. Or, do you find a
difficulty in the fact that, after His body had been given up to death, and had been changed into a
higher kind of body by resurrection, and was now no longer mortal but incorruptible, He carried it
up into heavenly places? Perhaps you refuse to believe this, because you remember that Porphyry,
in these very books from which I have cited so much, and which treat of the return of the soul, so
frequently teaches that a body of every kind is to be escaped from, in order that the soul may dwell
in blessedness with God. But here, in place of following Porphyry, you ought rather to have
corrected him, especially since you agree with him in believing such incredible things about the
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soul of this visible world and huge material frame. For, as scholars of Plato, you hold that the
world is an animal, and a very happy animal, which you wish to be also everlasting. How, then,
is it never to be loosed from a body, and yet never lose its happiness, if, in order to the happiness
of the soul, the body must be left behind? The sun, too, and the other stars, you not only acknowledge
to be bodies, in which you have the cordial assent of all seeing men, but also, in obedience to what
you reckon a profounder insight, you declare that they are very blessed animals, and eternal, together
with their bodies. Why is it, then, that when the Christian faith is pressed upon you, you forget, or
pretend to ignore, what you habitually discuss or teach? Why is it that you refuse to be Christians,
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on the ground that you hold opinions which, in fact, you yourselves demolish? Is it not because
Christ came in lowliness, and ye are proud? The precise nature of the resurrection bodies of the
saints may sometimes occasion discussion among those who are best read in the Christian Scriptures;
yet there is not among us the smallest doubt that they shall be everlasting, and of a nature exemplified
in the instance of Christ’s risen body. But whatever be their nature, since we maintain that they
shall be absolutely incorruptible and immortal, and shall offer no hindrance to the soul’s
contemplation, by which it is fixed in God, and as you say that among the celestials the bodies of
the eternally blessed are eternal, why do you maintain that, in order to blessedness, every body
must be escaped from? Why do you thus seek such a plausible reason for escaping from the Christian
faith, if not because, as I again say, Christ is humble and ye proud? Are ye ashamed to be corrected?
This is the vice of the proud. It is, forsooth, a degradation for learned men to pass from the school
of Plato to the discipleship of Christ, who by His Spirit taught a fisherman to think and to say, “In
the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was
in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made
that was made. In Him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness;
and the darkness comprehended it not.”432 The old saint Simplicianus, afterwards bishop of Milan,
used to tell me that a certain Platonist was in the habit of saying that this opening passage of the
holy gospel, entitled, According to John, should be written in letters of gold, and hung up in all
churches in the most conspicuous place. But the proud scorn to take God for their Master, because
“the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us.”433 So that, with these miserable creatures, it is
not enough that they are sick, but they boast of their sickness, and are ashamed of the medicine
which could heal them. And, doing so, they secure not elevation, but a more disastrous fall.
Chapter 30.—Porphyry’s Emendations and Modifications of Platonism.
If it is considered unseemly to emend anything which Plato has touched, why did Porphyry
himself make emendations, and these not a few? for it is very certain that Plato wrote that the souls
of men return after death to the bodies of beasts.434 Plotinus also, Porphyry’s teacher, held this
opinion;435 yet Porphyry justly rejected it. He was of opinion that human souls return indeed into
human bodies, but not into the bodies they had left, but other new bodies. He shrank from the other
opinion, lest a woman who had returned into a mule might possibly carry her own son on her back.
432 John i. 1–5.
433 John i. 14.
434 Comp. Euseb. Præp. Evan. xiii. 16.
435 Ennead, iii. 4, 2.
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He did not shrink, however, from a theory which admitted the possibility of a mother coming back
into a girl and marrying her own son. How much more honorable a creed is that which was taught
by the holy and truthful angels, uttered by the prophets who were moved by God’s Spirit, preached
by Him who was foretold as the coming Saviour by His forerunning heralds, and by the apostles
whom He sent forth, and who filled the whole world with the gospel,—how much more honorable,
I say, is the belief that souls return once for all to their own bodies, than that they return again and
again to divers bodies? Nevertheless Porphyry, as I have said, did considerably improve upon this
opinion, in so far, at least, as he maintained that human souls could transmigrate only into human
bodies, and made no scruple about demolishing the bestial prisons into which Plato had wished to
cast them. He says, too, that God put the soul into the world that it might recognize the evils of
matter, and return to the Father, and be for ever emancipated from the polluting contact of matter.
And although here is some inappropriate thinking (for the soul is rather given to the body that it
may do good; for it would not learn evil unless it did it), yet he corrects the opinion of other
Platonists, and that on a point of no small importance, inasmuch as he avows that the soul, which
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is purged from all evil and received to the Father’s presence, shall never again suffer the ills of
this life. By this opinion he quite subverted the favorite Platonic dogma, that as dead men are made
out of living ones, so living men are made out of dead ones; and he exploded the idea which Virgil
seems to have adopted from Plato, that the purified souls which have been sent into the Elysian
fields (the poetic name for the joys of the blessed) are summoned to the river Lethe, that is, to the
oblivion of the past,
“That earthward they may pass once more,
Remembering not the things before,
And with a blind propension yearn
To fleshly bodies to return.”436
This found no favor with Porphyry, and very justly; for it is indeed foolish to believe that souls
should desire to return from that life, which cannot be very blessed unless by the assurance of its
permanence, and to come back into this life, and to the pollution of corruptible bodies, as if the
result of perfect purification were only to make defilement desirable. For if perfect purification
effects the oblivion of all evils, and the oblivion of evils creates a desire for a body in which the
soul may again be entangled with evils, then the supreme felicity will be the cause of infelicity,
and the perfection of wisdom the cause of foolishness, and the purest cleansing the cause of
defilement. And, however long the blessedness of the soul last, it cannot be founded on truth, if,
in order to be blessed, it must be deceived. For it cannot be blessed unless it be free from fear.
But, to be free from fear, it must be under the false impression that it shall be always blessed,—the
false impression, for it is destined to be also at some time miserable. How, then, shall the soul
rejoice in truth, whose joy is founded on falsehood? Porphyry saw this, and therefore said that the
436 Æneid, vi. 750, 751.
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purified soul returns to the Father, that it may never more be entangled in the polluting contact with
evil. The opinion, therefore, of some Platonists, that there is a necessary revolution carrying souls
away and bringing them round again to the same things, is false. But, were it true, what were the
advantage of knowing it? Would the Platonists presume to allege their superiority to us, because
we were in this life ignorant of what they themselves were doomed to be ignorant of when perfected
in purity and wisdom in another and better life, and which they must be ignorant of if they are to
be blessed? If it were most absurd and foolish to say so, then certainly we must prefer Porphyry’s
opinion to the idea of a circulation of souls through constantly alternating happiness and misery.
And if this is just, here is a Platonist emending Plato, here is a man who saw what Plato did not
see, and who did not shrink from correcting so illustrious a master, but preferred truth to Plato.
Chapter 31.—Against the Arguments on Which the Platonists Ground Their Assertion that the
Human Soul is Co-Eternal with God.
Why, then, do we not rather believe the divinity in those matters, which human talent cannot
fathom? Why do we not credit the assertion of divinity, that the soul is not co-eternal with God,
but is created, and once was not? For the Platonists seemed to themselves to allege an adequate
reason for their rejection of this doctrine, when they affirmed that nothing could be everlasting
which had not always existed. Plato, however, in writing concerning the world and the gods in it,
whom the Supreme made, most expressly states that they had a beginning and yet would have no
end, but, by the sovereign will of the Creator, would endure eternally. But, by way of interpreting
this, the Platonists have discovered that he meant a beginning, not of time, but of cause. “For as
if a foot,” they say, “had been always from eternity in dust, there would always have been a print
underneath it; and yet no one would doubt that this print was made by the pressure of the foot, nor
that, though the one was made by the other, neither was prior to the other; so,” they say, “the world
and the gods created in it have always been, their Creator always existing, and yet they were made.”
If, then, the soul has always existed, are we to say that its wretchedness has always existed? For
if there is something in it which was not from eternity, but began in time, why is it impossible that
the soul itself, though not previously existing, should begin to be in time? Its blessedness, too,
which, as he owns, is to be more stable, and indeed endless, after the soul’s experience of evils,—this
undoubtedly has a beginning in time, and yet is to be always, though previously it had no existence.
This whole argumentation, therefore, to establish that nothing can be endless except that which has
had no beginning, falls to the ground. For here we find the blessedness of the soul, which has a
beginning, and yet has no end. And, therefore, let the incapacity of man give place to the authority
of God; and let us take our belief regarding the true religion from the ever-blessed spirits, who do
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not seek for themselves that honor which they know to be due to their God and ours, and who do
not command us to sacrifice save only to Him, whose sacrifice, as I have often said already, and
must often say again, we and they ought together to be, offered through that Priest who offered
Himself to death a sacrifice for us, in that human nature which He assumed, and according to which
He desired to be our Priest.
Chapter 32.—Of the Universal Way of the Soul’s Deliverance, Which Porphyry Did Not Find
Because He Did Not Rightly Seek It, and Which the Grace of Christ Has Alone Thrown Open.
This is the religion which possesses the universal way for delivering the soul; for except by this
way, none can be delivered. This is a kind of royal way, which alone leads to a kingdom which
does not totter like all temporal dignities, but stands firm on eternal foundations. And when Porphyry
says, towards the end of the first book De Regressu Animoe, that no system of doctrine which
furnishes the universal way for delivering the soul has as yet been received, either from the truest
philosophy, or from the ideas and practices of the Indians, or from the reasoning437 of the Chaldæans,
or from any source whatever, and that no historical reading had made him acquainted with that
way, he manifestly acknowledges that there is such a way, but that as yet he was not acquainted
with it. Nothing of all that he had so laboriously learned concerning the deliverance of the soul,
nothing of all that he seemed to others, if not to himself, to know and believe, satisfied him. For
he perceived that there was still wanting a commanding authority which it might be right to follow
in a matter of such importance. And when he says that he had not learned from any truest philosophy
a system which possessed the universal way of the soul’s deliverance, he shows plainly enough,
as it seems to me, either that the philosophy of which he was a disciple was not the truest, or that
it did not comprehend such a way. And how can that be the truest philosophy which does not
possess this way? For what else is the universal way of the soul’s deliverance than that by which
all souls universally are delivered, and without which, therefore, no soul is delivered? And when
he says, in addition, “or from the ideas and practices of the Indians, or from the reasoning of the
Chaldæans, or from any source whatever,” he declares in the most unequivocal language that this
universal way of the soul’s deliverance was not embraced in what he had learned either from the
Indians or the Chaldæans; and yet he could not forbear stating that it was from the Chaldæans he
had derived these divine oracles of which he makes such frequent mention. What, therefore, does
he mean by this universal way of the soul’s deliverance, which had not yet been made known by
any truest philosophy, or by the doctrinal systems of those nations which were considered to have
great insight in things divine, because they indulged more freely in a curious and fanciful science
and worship of angels? What is this universal way of which he acknowledges his ignorance, if not
437 Inductio.
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a way which does not belong to one nation as its special property, but is common to all, and divinely
bestowed? Porphyry, a man of no mediocre abilities, does not question that such a way exists; for
he believes that Divine Providence could not have left men destitute of this universal way of
delivering the soul. For he does not say that this way does not exist, but that this great boon and
assistance has not yet been discovered, and has not come to his knowledge. And no wonder; for
Porphyry lived in an age when this universal way of the soul’s deliverance,—in other words, the
Christian religion,—was exposed to the persecutions of idolaters and demon-worshippers, and
earthly rulers,438 that the number of martyrs or witnesses for the truth might be completed and
consecrated, and that by them proof might be given that we must endure all bodily sufferings in
the cause of the holy faith, and for the commendation of the truth. Porphyry, being a witness of
these persecutions, concluded that this way was destined to a speedy extinction, and that it, therefore,
was not the universal way of the soul’s deliverance, and did not see that the very thing that thus
moved him, and deterred him from becoming a Christian, contributed to the confirmation and more
effectual commendation of our religion.
This, then, is the universal way of the soul’s deliverance, the way that is granted by the divine
compassion to the nations universally. And no nation to which the knowledge of it has already
come, or may hereafter come, ought to demand, Why so soon? or, Why so late?—for the design
of Him who sends it is impenetrable by human capacity. This was felt by Porphyry when he
confined himself to saying that this gift of God was not yet received, and had not yet come to his
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knowledge. For though this was so, he did not on that account pronounce that the way it self had
no existence. This, I say, is the universal way for the deliverance of believers, concerning which
the faithful Abraham received the divine assurance, “In thy seed shall all nations be blessed.”439
He, indeed, was by birth a Chaldæan; but, that he might receive these great promises, and that there
might be propagated from him a seed “disposed by angels in the hand of a Mediator,”440 in whom
this universal way, thrown open to all nations for the deliverance of the soul, might be found, he
was ordered to leave his country, and kindred, and father’s house. Then was he himself, first of
all, delivered from the Chaldæan superstitions, and by his obedience worshipped the one true God,
whose promises he faithfully trusted. This is the universal way, of which it is said in holy prophecy,
“God be merciful unto us, and bless us, and cause His face to shine upon us; that Thy way may be
known upon earth, Thy saving health among all nations.”441 And hence, when our Saviour, so long
after, had taken flesh of the seed of Abraham, He says of Himself, “I am the way, the truth, and
the life.”442 This is the universal way, of which so long before it had been predicted, “And it shall
come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the Lord’s house shall be established in the top
438 Namely, under Diocletian and Maximian.
439 Gen. xxii. 18.
440 Gal. iii. 19.
441 Ps. lxvii. 1, 2.
442 John xiv. 6.
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of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. And many
people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the
God of Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths: for out of Sion
shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.”443 This way, therefore, is not the
property of one, but of all nations. The law and the word of the Lord did not remain in Zion and
Jerusalem, but issued thence to be universally diffused. And therefore the Mediator Himself, after
His resurrection, says to His alarmed disciples, “These are the words which I spake unto you while
I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses, and in
the prophets, and in the Psalms, concerning me. Then opened He their understandings that they
might understand the Scriptures, and said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ
to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day: and that repentance and remission of sins should
be preached in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.”444 This is the universal way
of the soul’s deliverance, which the holy angels and the holy prophets formerly disclosed where
they could among the few men who found the grace of God, and especially in the Hebrew nation,
whose commonwealth was, as it were, consecrated to prefigure and fore-announce the city of God
which was to be gathered from all nations, by their tabernacle, and temple, and priesthood, and
sacrifices. In some explicit statements, and in many obscure foreshadowings, this way was declared;
but latterly came the Mediator Himself in the flesh, and His blessed apostles, revealing how the
grace of the New Testament more openly explained what had been obscurely hinted to preceding
generations, in conformity with the relation of the ages of the human race, and as it pleased God
in His wisdom to appoint, who also bore them witness with signs and miracles some of which I
have cited above. For not only were there visions of angels, and words heard from those heavenly
ministrants, but also men of God, armed with the word of simple piety, cast out unclean spirits
from the bodies and senses of men, and healed deformities and sicknesses; the wild beasts of earth
and sea, the birds of air, inanimate things, the elements, the stars, obeyed their divine commands;
the powers of hell gave way before them, the dead were restored to life. I say nothing of the miracles
peculiar and proper to the Saviour’s own person, especially the nativity and the resurrection; in the
one of which He wrought only the mystery of a virgin maternity, while in the other He furnished
an instance of the resurrection which all shall at last experience. This way purifies the whole man,
and prepares the mortal in all his parts for immortality. For, to prevent us from seeking for one
purgation for the part which Porphyry calls intellectual, and another for the part he calls spiritual,
and another for the body itself, our most mighty and truthful Purifier and Saviour assumed the
whole human nature. Except by this way, which has been present among men both during the
period of the promises and of the proclamation of their fulfillment, no man has been delivered, no
man is delivered, no man shall be delivered.
443 Isa. ii. 2, 3.
444 Luke xxiv. 44–47.
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As to Porphyry’s statement that the universal way of the soul’s deliverance had not yet come
to his knowledge by any acquaintance he had with history, I would ask, what more remarkable
history can be found than that which has taken possession of the whole world by its authoritative
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voice? or what more trustworthy than that which narrates past events, and predicts the future with
equal clearness, and in the unfulfilled predictions of which we are constrained to believe by those
that are already fulfilled? For neither Porphyry nor any Platonists can despise divination and
prediction, even of things that pertain to this life and earthly matters, though they justly despise
ordinary soothsaying and the divination that is connected with magical arts. They deny that these
are the predictions of great men, or are to be considered important, and they are right; for they are
founded, either on the foresight of subsidiary causes, as to a professional eye much of the course
of a disease is foreseen by certain pre-monitory symptoms, or the unclean demons predict what
they have resolved to do, that they may thus work upon the thoughts and desires of the wicked with
an appearance of authority, and incline human frailty to imitate their impure actions. It is not such
things that the saints who walk in the universal way care to predict as important, although, for the
purpose of commending the faith, they knew and often predicted even such things as could not be
detected by human observation, nor be readily verified by experience. But there were other truly
important and divine events which they predicted, in so far as it was given them to know the will
of God. For the incarnation of Christ, and all those important marvels that were accomplished in
Him, and done in His name; the repentance of men and the conversion of their wills to God; the
remission of sins, the grace of righteousness, the faith of the pious, and the multitudes in all parts
of the world who believe in the true divinity; the overthrow of idolatry and demon worship, and
the testing of the faithful by trials; the purification of those who persevered, and their deliverance
from all evil; the day of judgment, the resurrection of the dead, the eternal damnation of the
community of the ungodly, and the eternal kingdom of the most glorious city of God, ever-blessed
in the enjoyment of the vision of God,—these things were predicted and promised in the Scriptures
of this way; and of these we see so many fulfilled, that we justly and piously trust that the rest will
also come to pass. As for those who do not believe, and consequently do not understand, that this
is the way which leads straight to the vision of God and to eternal fellowship with Him, according
to the true predictions and statements of the Holy Scriptures, they may storm at our position, but
they cannot storm it.
And therefore, in these ten books, though not meeting, I dare say, the expectation of some, yet
I have, as the true God and Lord has vouchsafed to aid me, satisfied the desire of certain persons,
by refuting the objections of the ungodly, who prefer their own gods to the Founder of the holy
city, about which we undertook to speak. Of these ten books, the first five were directed against
those who think we should worship the gods for the sake of the blessings of this life, and the second
five against those who think we should worship them for the sake of the life which is to be after
death. And now, in fulfillment of the promise I made in the first book, I shall go on to say, as God
shall aid me, what I think needs to be said regarding the origin, history, and deserved ends of the
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two cities, which, as already remarked, are in this world commingled and implicated with one
another.

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