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HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

by Simon M. Dubnow
translated from Russian by Israel Friedlander
© 1916 by The Jewish Publication Society of America
© 2000 by Avotaynu, Inc.
Originally published Philadelphia: the Jewish Publication Society of American, 1918

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Table of Contents:

• Volume 1: From the Beginning Until the Death of Alexander I (1825)
  • Translator's Preface
  • Chapter 1: The Jewish Diaspora in Eastern Europe
    • 1. The Jewish Settlements on the Shores of the Black Sea
    • 2. The Kingdom of the Khazars
    • 3. The Jews in the Early Russian Principalities and in the Tataric Khanate of the Crimea
  • Chapter 2: The Jewish Colonies in Poland and Lithuania
    • 1. The Immigration from Western Europe During the Period of the Crusades
    • 2. The Charter of Prince Boleslav and the Canons of the Church
    • 3. Rise of Polish Jewry Under Casimir the Great
    • 4. Polish Jewry during the Reign of Yaghello
    • 5. The Jews of Lithuania during the Reign of Vitovt
    • 6. The Conflict between Royalty and Clergy under Casimir IV. and His Sons
  • Chapter 3: The Autonomous Center in Poland at Its Zenith (1501-1648)
    • 1. Social and Economic Conditions
    • 2. The Liberal Regime of Sigismund I
    • 3. Liberalism and Reaction in the Reigns of Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Batory
    • 4. Shlakhta and Royalty in the Reigns of Sigismund III and Vladislav IV
  • Chapter 4: The Inner Life of Polish Jewry at its Zenith
    • 1. Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets
    • 2. The Instruction of the Young
    • 3. The High-Water Mark of Rabbinic Learning
    • 4. Secular Sciences, Philosophy, Cabala, and Apologetics
  • Chapter 5: The Autonomous Center in Poland During Its Decline (1648-1772)
    • 1. Economic and National Antagonism in the Ukraina
    • 2. The Pogroms and Massacres of 1648-1649
    • 3. The Russian and Swedish Invasions (1654-1658)
    • 4. The Restoration (1658-1697)
    • 5. Social and Political Dissolution
    • 6. A Frenzy of Blood Accusations
    • 7. The Massacre of Uman and the First Partition of Poland
  • Chapter 6: The Inner Life of Polish Jewry During the Period of Decline
    • 1. Jewish Self-Government
    • 2. Rabbinical and Mystical Literature
    • 3. The Sabbatian Movement
    • 4. The Frankist Sect
    • 5. The Rise of Hasidism and Israel Baal-Shem-Tob
    • 6. The Hasidic Propaganda and the Growth of Tzaddikism
    • 7. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and the Forerunners of Enlightenment
  • Chapter 7: The Russian Quarantine Against Jews (Till 1772)
    • 1. The Anti-Jewish Attitude of Muscovy During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    • 2. The Jews Under Peter I and His Successors
    • 3. Elizabeth Petrovna and the First Years of Catherine II
  • Chapter 8: Polish Jewry During the Period of the Partitions
    • 1. The Jews of Poland after the First Partition
    • 2. The Period of the Quadrennial Diet (1788-1791)
    • 3. The Last Two Partitions and Berek Yoselovich
    • 4. The Duchy of Warsaw and the Reaction Under Napoleon
  • Chapter 9: The Beginnings of the Russian Regime
    • 1. The Jewish Policy of Catherine II (1772-1796)
    • 2. Jewish Legislative Schemes during the Reign of Paul I
    • 3. Dyerzhavin's "Opinion" on the Jewish Problem
  • Chapter 10: The "Enlightened Absolutism" of Alexander I
    • 1. "The Committee for the Amelioration of the Jews"
    • 2. The "Jewish Constitution" of 1804
    • 3. The Projected Expulsion from the Villages
    • 4. The Patriotic Attitude of Russian Jewry during the War of 1812
    • 5. Economic and Agricultural Experiments
  • Chapter 11: The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Period of "Enlightened Absolutism"
    • 1. Kahal Autonomy and City Government
    • 2. The Hasidic Schism and the Intervention of the Government
    • 3. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and Enlightened "Berlinerdom"
  • Chapter 12: The Last Years of Alexander I
    • 1. "The Deputation of the Jewish People"
    • 2. Christianizing Endeavors
    • 3. "Judaizing" Sects in Russia
    • 4. Recrudescence of Anti-Jewish Legislation
    • 5. The Russian Revolutionaries and the Jews

• Volume 2
  • Translator's Preface
  • Chapter 13: The Military Despotism of Nicholas I
    • 1. Military Service as Means of De-Judaization
    • 2. The Recruiting Ukase of 1827 and Juvenile Conscription
    • 3. Military Martyrdom
    • 4. The Policy of Expulsions
    • 5. The Codification of Jewish Disabilities
    • 6. The Russian Censorship and Conversionist Endeavors
  • Chapter 14: Compulsory Enlightenment and Increased Oppression
    • 1. Enlightenment as a Means of Assimilation
    • 2. Uvarov and Lilienthal
    • 3. The Abolition of Jewish Autonomy and Renewed Persecutions
    • 4. Intercession of Western European Jewry
    • 5. The Economic Plight of Russian Jewry and Agricultural Experiments
    • 6. The Ritual Murder Trial of Velizh
    • 7. The Mstislavl Affair
  • Chapter 15: The Jews in the Kingdom of Poland
    • 1. Plans of Jewish Emancipation
    • 2. Political Reaction and Literary Anti-Semitism
    • 3. Assimilationist Tendencies Among the Jews of Poland
    • 4. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1831
  • Chapter 16: The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Period of Military Despotism
    • 1. The Uncompromising Attitude of Rabbinism
    • 2. The Stagnation of Hasidism
    • 3. The Russian Mendelssohn (Isaac Baer Levinsohn)
    • 4. The Rise of Neo-Hebraic Culture
    • 5. The Jews and the Russian People
  • Chapter 17: The Last Years of Nicholas I
    • 1. The "Assortment" of the Jews
    • 2. Compulsory Assimilation
    • 3. New Conscription Horrors
    • 4. The Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov
  • Chapter 18: The Era of Reforms Under Alexander II
    • 1. The Abolition of Juvenile Conscription
    • 2. "Homoeopathic" Emancipation and the Policy of "Fusion"
    • 3. The Extension of the Right of Residence
    • 4. Further Alleviations and Attempts at Russification
    • 5. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1863
  • Chapter 19: The Reaction Under Alexander II
    • 1. Change of Attitude Toward the Jewish Problem
    • 2. The Informer Jacob Brafman
    • 3. The Fight Against Jewish "Separatism"
    • 4. The Drift Toward Oppression
  • Chapter 20: The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Reign of Alexander II
    • 1. The Russification of the Jewish Intelligenzia
    • 2. The Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment
    • 3. The Jewish Press
    • 4. The Jews and the Revolutionary Movement
    • 5. The Neo-Hebraic Renaissance
    • 6. The Harbinger of Jewish Nationalism (Perez Smolenskin)
    • 7. Jewish Literature in the Russian Language
  • Chapter 21: The Accession of Alexander III and the Inauguration of Pogroms
    • 1. The Triumph of Autocracy
    • 2. The Initiation of the Pogrom Policy
    • 3. The Pogrom at Kiev
    • 4. Further Outbreaks in South Russia
  • Chapter 22: The Anti-Jewish Policies of Ignatyev
    • 1. The Vacillating Attitude of the Authorities
    • 2. The Pogrom Panic and the Beginning of the Exodus
    • 3. The Gubernatorial Commissions
    • 4. The Spread of Anti-Semitism
    • 5. The Pogrom at Warsaw
  • Chapter 23: New Measures of Oppression and Public Protests
    • 1. The Despair of Russian Jewry
    • 2. The Voice of England and America
    • 3. The Problem of Emigration and the Pogrom at Balta
    • 4. The Conference of Jewish Notables at St. Petersburg
  • Chapter 24: Legislative Pogroms
    • 1. The "Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882
    • 2. Abandonment of the Pogrom Policy
    • 3. Disabilities and Emigration
  • Chapter 25: Inner Upheavals
    • 1. Disillusionment of the Intelligenzia and the National Revival
    • 2. Pinsker's "Autoemancipation"
    • 3. Miscarried Religious Reforms
  • Chapter 26: Increased Jewish Disabilities
    • 1. The Pahlen Commission and New Schemes of Oppression
    • 2. Jewish Disabilities Outside the Pale
    • 3. Restrictions in Education and in the Legal Profession
    • 4. Discrimination in Military Service
  • Chapter 27: Russian Reaction and Jewish Emigration
    • 1. Aftermath of the Pogrom Policy
    • 2. The Conclusions of the Pahlen Commission
    • 3. The Triumph of Reaction
    • 4. American and Palestinian Emigration
  • Chapter 28: Judaeophobia Triumphant
    • 1. Intensified Reaction
    • 2. Continued Harassing
    • 3. The Guildhall Meeting in London
    • 4. The Protest of America
  • Chapter 29: The Expulsion from Moscow
    • 1. Preparing the Blow
    • 2. The Horrors of Expulsion
    • 3. Effect of Protests
    • 4. Pogrom Interludes
  • Chapter 30: Baron Hirsch's Emigration Scheme and Unrelieved Suffering
    • 1. Negotiations with the Russian Government
    • 2. The Jewish Colonization Association and Collapse of the Argentinian Scheme
    • 3. Continued Humiliations and Death of Alexander III
    • Note

• Chapter 31: The Accession of Nicholas II
  • 1. Continued Policy of Oppression
  • 2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community
  • 3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence
  • 4. The Economic Collapse of Russian Jewry
  • 5. Professional and Educational Restrictions
  • 6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms
• Chapter 32: The National Awakening
  • 1. The Rise of Political Zionism
  • 2. Spiritual Zionism, or Ahad-Ha'amism
  • 3. Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism
  • 4. The Jewish Socialistic Movement
  • 5. The Revival of Jewish Letters
• Chapter 33: The Kishinev Massacre
  • 1. Pogroms as a Counter-Revolutionary Measure
  • 2. The Organized Kishinev Butchery
  • 3. Doctor Herzl's Visit to Russia
• Chapter 34: Continued Pogroms and the Russo-Japanese War
  • 1. The Pogrom at Homel and the Jewish Self-Defence
  • 2. The Kishinev Massacre at the Bar of Russian Justice
  • 3. The Jews in the Russo-Japanese War
  • 4. The "Political Spring"
  • 5. The Homel Pogrom before the Russian Courts
• Chapter 35: The Revolution of 1905 and the Fight for Emancipation
  • 1. The Jews in the Revolutionary Movement
  • 2. The Struggle for Equal Rights
  • 3. The "Black Hundred" and the "Patriotic" Pogroms
  • 4. The Jewish Franchise
• Chapter 36: The Counter-Revolution and the October Massacres
  • 1. The Fiendish Designs of the "Black Hundred"
  • 2. The Russian St. Bartholomew Night
  • 3. The Undaunted Struggle for Equal Rights
  • 4. The Jewish Question before the First Duma
  • 5. The Spread of Anarchy and the Second Duma
• Chapter 37: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation
  • 1. The New Alignments within Russian Jewry
  • 2. The Triumph of the "Black Hundred"
  • 3. The Third, or Black, Duma
  • 4. New Jewish Disabilities
  • 5. The Spiritual Revival of Russian Jewry
• Russian Jewry Since 1911
• Bibliography
• Index