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INDEX
Abduh, Muhammad, 106, 108
Abdullah, Professor, 132
ABN (Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations),
59-60, 73-74
Abouhalima, Mahmoud, 214
Abwehr, Wehrmacht, 9
Acheson, Dean, 84
Adenauer, Konrad, 93
Ad Hoc Working Group on Islam, U.S.,
127
Adolf-Hitler-Schule, Sonthofen, 19
AEIF (Association of Islamic Students in
France), 294-95n
Afghani, Jamal ai-Din al-, 106, 108
Afghanistan, See Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Ahmad, Khurshid
background, 195
Islamic Community of Germany, 197
Jamaat-e-Islamiya, 213, 237
Ahmad, Manzooruddin, 165
Aid Society of Former Volunteer Units,
94-95
Akber, Ismail, 63
Akef, Mahdi
about, xii
background, 194, 199
description, 192-93
Islamic Center of Munich, 194
Muslim Brotherhood, 192-93, 194,
209-10, 230
Al-Aqsa Foundation, 223-24
Al-Da'wa (journal), 193
Alexiev, Alex, 177
Algeria
colonialism and, 149, 150, 151-52
decolonization/effects, 204
FLN resistance group, 149, 150, 154
insurgencies, 149, 150, 151-52
pro-French terrorists, 151-52
Al-Islam (magazine), 161, 213, 214, 215
Allworth, Edward A., 130-31
Al-Mujtamah (newspaper), 158
Al-Muslimoon (magazine), 182
Al Qaeda, xv, 178, 188, 214, 237
Al-Quds mosque, 214-15
Alshibaya, Mikhael, 48, 56, 57
Altalib, Hisham, 196
Amcomlib
Arabic Review, 134, 155
budget, 43, 267n
competition with von Mende, 60, 75,
90, 91, 93, 94-95, 96, 99-100, 157,
158
creation, 41
criticism of, 52
dropping Ramadan, 172
emigre relations department, 43
front organizations, 164
functions, 41, 42-43
Institute for the Study of the USSR
and, 42-43, 133-34, 164
Munich headquarters, 83
Muslim use plan, 64, 127-28
name changes, 41, 42
New York headquarters, 82-83
1954 Soviet hajjis, 65-66
operation branches, 79
"political action" and, 88
"Special Projects" and, 90, 164
See also Radio Liberty; specific individuals
American Committee (for Liberation),
37, 42
See also Amcomlib
American Committee for Freedom for
the Peoples of the USSR
U.S. intelligence and, 41
See also Amcomlib
American Council of Voluntary Agencies,
141
Amish people, 208
Amriou, Mourad, 210-12
Anti-Komintern, 19-20
anti-Semitism
Germany/World War II, 22, 26-29,
79, 111, 173-74
Hassan Iquioussen, 212
Hussaini (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem),
12, 31, 112-13
"Jewish plot" myth, 207
Kristallnacht, 79
299
Muslim Brotherhood, 111-12, 193, 208,
209, 211-12, 226
Oberlander, 93, 98
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The,
112, 207, 209
UOIF, 212
von Mende, 19-21, 28-29, 56
Arabic Review, 134, 155
Aramco, 117
Armenia, 7
Attack, The (newspaper), 26
Atta, Mohammed, 214-15
Attar, Issam al-, 183, 197
Austria and Soviet Union, 94
Austro- Hungarian Empire, 11
Azerbaijan, 7
Bairam, 77
Balagija, Ahmet, 152, 153, 154
Ballis, Professor, 62, 63
Bandung Conference
in 1955, 70-73, 74-75
in 1958, 130
Bandung, Indonesia, history, 70-71
Banna, Gamal el-, 115
Banna, Hasan elanti-
Semitism, 111-12
assassination, 115, 189
background/description, 107-8, 113,
114, 189, 199
influence, 124, 193
Muslim Brotherhood, 107-9
Ramadan and, 113-14, 115, 183
views, 107-8, 109-10, 111-12
Barzinji, Jamal, 196, 228
Basmaci rebellion (1920s), 143, 144, 239
Bavarian State Orchestra, 36
BBC and World War II, 39
Beisner, Wilhelm, 151-52
Berdimurat, Aman, 49
Berlin
before/after World War II, 36
Berlin (cont.)
as "Germania," 22
Jewish families and, 22
Berlin University, 15-16, 17, 18-19
bin Laden, Osama, 167, 214
Black Stone, 66
Blue Mosque, Istanbul, xiii
BND, West Germany, 138, 157, 175, 176
Board for International Broadcasting,
172
Bonn, West Germany, 36
Bouzar, Dounia, 221
Brautigam, Otto, 94, 266n
Britain
ex-Ostministerium collaborators, 49
"Londonistan," xiii
London terrorist attacks, 215-16, 222
MI6 (foreign-intelligence agency), 49
mosques, 205
Muslim Association of Britain, 210
Muslim demographics, 204
Yalta Conference (1945), 45, 46
Bromberger, Serge, 150
Brooke, Steven, 225-26
Buddhist pilgrimage sites, 13
Burckhardt, Carl, 53
Burdimurat, Amin, 74
Bush, George W., 225
caliphate institution, 105,
106, 115, 203
CARE packages, 77
Caucasus, 6-7
Caucasus Mountains, 7
Central Asia (Russian Empire), 6
Central Institute for the Study of Islam,
165
Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA
Charles, Prince, 198
Charlottenburg Palace, Germany, 24
Chechnya/Chechens, 7
China
Bandung Conferences, 71, 75, 130
Muslim soldiers following war, 46-47
"self-strengthening movement,"
105-6
Chokay, Mustafa, 25, 73
CIA
creation/role, 40
factions of, 83, 85
Muslims and, xv, 26, 127-28, 148, 151
NSC and, 84
Office of Special Operations (OSO),
84-85
Vietnam and, 173
See also specific organizations
CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps), 47, 48
Cold War
media importance, 37, 39, 78
third world and, 66-69, 71-73, 75
See also specific agencies; specific
countries
colonialism
description (nineteenth century), 105
Islamism/lslamists and, 105-6, 107
third world, 67
See also Algeria
Committee for a Free Europe, 165
Committee for Self-Determination, Inc.,
165, 287-88n
Cossacks, 9
Council of Islamic Communities and Societies
in Germany, 161-62
Counter Intelligence Corps (Cle), 47, 48
Critchlow, Jim
Radio Liberty, 38, 43, 44, 50
Russian language and, 38
World War II and, 38
czar of Russia, 6
Dagestanis, 7
Dallin, Alexander, 28
Dar al-Harb (House of Infidels), 206
Dar al-Islam (House of Islam), 206
Darkazanli, Mamoun, 214-15
Davis, Walpole, 130
Denffer, Ahmad von
background, 236-37
ideology, 231, 232, 237
Islam conversion/studies, 237
Islamic Center of Munich, 213, 214,
236, 237-38, 241
Muslim Brotherhood, 214, 231
on Ramadan, 238-39
Destruction of the European Jews, The
(Hilberg), 173
developing world, 67
See also third world
dhimmi status, 111
Ditib, 205
Diyanet, 205
Dollinger, Margaret, vii
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, xiii
Dreher, Robert
about, xi
Amcomlib and, 78-79, 81-82, 83, 125-
26
arrest, 80-81
background, 79-82
description, 78, 78-79, 81, 82
Kuniholm and, 79
language skills, 81
lifestyle, 79, 82, 125-26
Munich farewell party, 169-70
Munich work summary, 170-72, 173
Muslim Brotherhood, 128
Radio Liberty, 125-26, 128-29
Radio Liberty Muslims and, 129-31,
282n
retirement/death, 173
Russia and, 78-79
Soviet Union and, 80-81
strategies, 129-30
Vietnam and, 172-73
Dulles, Allen, 83-84
Dulles, John Foster, 75, 117, 127
Dusseldorf, 61
East Germany
Arab scholarships and, 132
Berlin and, 36
1953 uprising, 66
Oder/Neisse rivers, 92
Stasi, 96, 98, 99, 175
East Turkestani Armed Formation, 11
Ecclesiastical Administration of Moslem
Refugees in the German Federal
Republic
creation, 101
mosque and, 103, 122-23, 134, 135
Namangani and, 101, 103, 122-23, 131,
135, 240
payments, 277-78n
rival groups, 139, 142
Egypt
colonialism and, 107
early Jewish community, 111
ex-Nazis and, 111, 113
human rights and, 230
Muslim Brotherhood and, 115, 189,
192-94, 230
1956 invasion of, 150
Eichmann, Adolf, 173
Eisenhower Doctrine, 127
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
conference with Ramadan, 116-18
Islam and, 69-70, 72, 127-28
psychological warfare, 40-41
Radio Free Europe and, 52
repatriation and, 47
World War II and, 40
Elson, Edward, 127
"engineer Islam," 199
Erbakan, Mehmet, 230
Erbakan, Necmettin, 205, 230
Espeseth, Karo
description, 16
English language and, 55, 62, 176
marriage, 17, 18, 24, 55, 62, 63, 176
meeting von Mende/courtship, 16-17
Espeseth, Karo (cont.)
memoir writings, 18, 19, 53
See also von Mende, Gerhard
European Council for Fatwa and
Research
disconnection of, 209, 226
establishment, 200
European Muslim meeting, 206-10
Federation of Islamic Organizations
in Europe and, 200, 208
Muslim Brotherhood activists and,
209-10
European Mosque Construction and
Support Community, 229
European Muslims
Al-Aqsa Foundation and, 223-24
Arab/Pakistani connections, 223
demographics, 203, 204, 208
disconnection of, 206-10, 219-20,
221-23
divorce and, 209
European Council for Fatwa and Research
meeting, 206-10
fatwas and, 206-10, 211
Forum of Muslim Youth and Organizations,
223
Muslim Communities Participating
in Society conference, 223-24
Muslim world and, 205-6
rallies, 210-12
terrorism and, 213-16
welfare and, 223
See also Muslim guest workers; specific
countries
European Trust, 229, 235
Excommunicated, The (Kamal), 147
Faruqi, Ismail, 195
Fatalibey, Abdul, 49, 63
Federal Center for Political Education,
Germany, 233
Federation of Islamic Organizations in
Europe
location, 198
Munich mosque and, 208
Muslim Brotherhood and, 200
organizations established by, 200
Rawi and, 198, 200, 201
views, 208
Zayat and, 229
FLN resistance group, 149, 150, 154
Foreign Affairs article (Leiken and
Brooke), 225-26
Forum of European Muslim Youth and
Student Organizations, 229
Forum of Muslim Youth and Student Organizations,
223
France
AEIF, 294-95n
Dien Bien Phu, 68
Islamic dress code and, 220
Islamic/non-Islamic divide, 222
Muslim demographics, 204, 219
Muslim disconnection, 219-20, 221-
22
Muslim riots, 219, 220
UOIF, 21O
"using" Muslim Brotherhood, 221
See also Algeria; UOIF
French Council of the Muslim Faith
elections, 220, 221
role, 220
UOIF and, 220, 221, 295n
Gacaoglu, Ibrahim
about, xi
Amcomlib and, n 88, 164, 221
description, 76-78, 88, 90
Germans and, 76
Islam: The Moslem Religious Society
in Western Europe, 77, 88, 139
on Munich mosque, 134
Munich Muslims, 76-78, 89, 97, 99,
100, 101
Muslim refugees and, 167-68
Namangani and, 160, 168, 240
U.S. and, 78
Yazdani and, 290n
Galil, Musa, 27
Genghis Khan, 3
Georgia/Georgians, 7
German Muslims
police raids, 233
as "victims," 234
See also European Muslims; Munich
Muslims; specific individuals; specific
organizations
German Rule in Russia (Dallin), 28
Germany
dialogue with Muslims, 232-33
Federal Center for Political Education,
233
history, 13
intellectuals of, 13-14
1990s Islamic terrorism and, 178
the "Orient" and, 13-14
World War I, 5, 14, 15
Germany/after World War II
dealing with Nazi era, 98, 173-74
displaced Muslims and, 76-77
displaced persons and, 45-46, 61, 76
ethnic Germans and, 92-93
"expellees," 92-93
lost territories, 92
Muslim soldiers, 46-47, 48
repatriation of DPs, 46-48
See also East Germany; Soviet Nazi
collaborators; West Germany
Germany/World War II
anti-Semitism, 22, 26-29, 79, 111, 173-
74
Caucasus oil and, 7
end of war, 32
"liaison" offices, 26-27
prisoner-of-war camps, 8
racial theories of, 9
Soviet minorities, promises to, 7, 8,
23-24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32
Soviet minorities, use of, 7, 8-11
war actions, 21, 29, 39
See also Holocaust; Soviet Nazi collaborators;
specific individuals;
von Mende, Gerhard/Nazi use of
Soviet minorities
Gestapo, 30
Grande Mosquee de Paris, 205
Grand Mosque, Mecca, xiii
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. See Hussaini,
Amin al- (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem)
Great Depression, 79-80
Greece/Greeks, 7, 11
Grimm, Muhammad Abdul, 124
Hajj
anti-communism and, 65-66
description, 65
1953problems, 69
1954 Soviet hajjis, 65-66
1959 season, 132-33
Sacred Journey, The (Kamal), 147
Soviet support for, 70
Hamas
funding, 218, 223-24
members, 192
terrorism, 198
Hathaway, Caroline (Kamal), 143, 145
Hathaway, Cimarron, 143-44
See also Kamal, Ahmad
Hathaway, James Worth, 143
Haus des Islams, 294n
Hawari, Mohammad
anti -Semitism, 207, 209
background, 206-7
European Council for Fatwa and Research
meeting, 206-10
Muslim integration, 206-10
Hayit, Baymirza
about, xii
academics and, 59
after Munich mosque work, 239
following war, 47
Hayit, Baymirza (cont.)
French intelligence and, 273n, 286n
as historian, 47
Kayum and, 157, 286n
Nasar and, 74
Soviet attacks on, 99
von Mende and, 58-59, 132-33, 135-
36, 137-38, 157, 175
Washington meeting (1962), 173
World War II and, 9
Helbawy, Kamal al-, 183
Hemingway, Ernest, 145
Heuss, Theodor, 102
Hilberg, Raul, 173
Himmat, Ghaleb
about, xii
Al Qaeda and, 188
communism and, 158
Islamic Center of Munich, 188, 191,
195, 219, 228, 231
Munich mosque, 123, 157-58, 159, 166,
183, 185, 186
Muslim Brotherhood, 123, 194, 215,
227
Nada and, 189, 190, 191, 196
personality, 188
Ramadan and, 123, 158, 183-84
in retirement, 219
violence/terrorism and, 183, 188, 215,
218
Himmler, Heinrich, 25
Hintersatz, Wilhelm, 102
Hitler, Adolf
beer-hall putsch (1923), 93
Czechoslovakia and, 37
empire vision, 23
"Germany's India," 23
Hussaini and, 31
invasion of Yugoslavia, 23
Munich and, 37, 38
Muslims and, 11
SA and, 18
Soviet non-Russians and, 24
World War I, 11
See also Germany/World War II
HLM System, 211
Hoetzsch, Otto, 15-16
Holocaust
definition of Jews, 28-29
denial of, 209
Hussaini and, 112
Karainen ("Tats"/"Mountain Jews"),
28-29
Schenk and, 60
sensitivity to, 209
talking about, 173-74
von Mende, 28-29
Wannsee Conference and, 27-28
"homo barrackensis," 76
homosexuals and Islam, 210, 234
House of Infidels (Dar al-Harb), 206
House of Islam (Dar al-Islam), 206
Human Ecology Fund, 45
Humboldt, Alexander von, 13
Hungary
1956 uprising, 66, 129
Radio Free Europe and, 129
Hussaini, Amin al- (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem)
about, xii, 113
anticommunism, 116
anti-Semitism, 12, 31, 112-13
arrest, 112
Banna and, 113
Holocaust and, 112
Islamic General Congress of Jerusalem,
115, 119
Islam in Munich and, 31
as Islamist, 113
Israel and, 31
Kamal and, 152
mufti for Crimea and, 31
Muslim Brotherhood, 113, 115-16
Nazis and, 112-13, 116, 177
Palestine and, 31
Ramadan and, 162
von Mende and, 31, 113
IIA (International Information
Agency),
116-17
IIIT. See International Institute of Islamic
Thought (IIIT)
Ikhwanweb, 230
India and Muslims, 204
Indianapolis Islamist center, 196
Indonesia
Kamal and, 147-48
pro-/anticommunist groups, 148
See also Bandung Conference
Infidels, House of Infidels (Dar al-Harb),
206
Inssan e.v. group, 235
Institute for the Study of Human Sciences,
200
Institute for the Study of the USSR, 42-
43, 133-34, 164
International House, Philadelphia, 163-
64
International Institute of Islamic
Thought (IIIT)
German Muslim leaders and, 227-28
government raids, 228
Islamism spread and, 195, 196
Islamist organizations and, 228
International Islamic Federation of Student
Organizations (IIFSO), 292n
Iquioussen, Hassan, 212
Iran's Islamic revolution, 239
Iron Cross, 97
Islam: The Moslem Religious Society in
Western Europe, 77, 88, 139
Islamic Center of Munich
about, xiii-xiv
growth, 196-97
Islamism and, 191
location, 185, 194
name change, 197
opening, 181-82
police raids, 237
von Denffer and, 213, 214, 236, 237-38,
241
See also Islamic Community of Germany;
Munich mosque; specific
individuals
Islamic Community of Germany
Al-Islam and, 213
anniversary, 234
Arabs and, 184, 185, 186-88
exclusionary nature of, 184, 185, 186-
88, 201, 237
excusing the past, 233-34
financial crisis, 215
influence of, 190, 210
Muslim brotherhood and, 187, 188, 199
name change, 197
non-Arabs and, 197
Ramadan and, 174
Said Ramadan Prize, 234
tax status, 184-85
terrorism and, 188
Turkish guest workers and, 186-88,
201
Zayat, 228, 231
See also Islamic Center of Munich;
Mosque Construction Commission;
Munich mosque
Islamic Community of Southern Germany.
See Islamic Community of
Germany
Islamic Cultural Centres and Bodies in
Europe, 194-95
Islamic dress code, 107, 208, 220
Islamic Education Institute, 229
Islamic Foundation, 198, 213
Islamic General Congress of Jerusalem,
115, 119
Islamic Law: Its Scope and Equity (Ramadan),
121
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
creation/headquarters, 196
Muslim Communities Participating
in Society conference, 223, 224
Islamische Studentengemeinde, 289n
Islamism/Islamists
beginnings, 105, 106
beliefs, 106, 107
colonialism and, 105-6, 107
description, xv-xvi
Islamic Center of Munich, 191
Koran interpretation, 107
as literalists, 107
Munich Muslims and (summary),
xv-xvi
9/11 attacks, xvi, 106, 213, 214-15
spread to West, xvi, 195-96, 197-98,
200-201, 206-10, 212-13
terrorism and, xvi, 106, 213, 214-15
women and, 107
See also specific individuals; specific
organizations
Islam/Muslims
Christianity and, 110, 111
divisions of people, 206, 216
education and, 199
"engineer Islam," 199
era of conquests/effects, 203
first histories of, 14
German academics (early twentieth
century), 14
Hajj and, 65
homosexuals and, 210, 234
Jews/Judaism and, 110-12
Koran history, 14
mosque building and, 101-2, 235
Nation of Islam and, 70
polytheists and, 110
secrecy in building mosques, 235
Shia-Sunni split, 32
state/religion and, 109-10
as "the answer," 108, 222
tithe (zakat), 218
views on, 203-4
See also Munich Muslims; specific individuals;
specific organizations
Islamrat, 232
ISNA. See Islamic Society of North
America (ISNA)
Jackson, D. D., 41
JAI (Jami'at al Islam)
about, 138
charity work and, 138, 140, 141, 142,
151
funding, 141
"history," 140, 147
Kamal and, 138, 139, 141
Munich conference (1961), 141-42
Munich mosque and, 142, 153
Namangani on, 142
publications, 140-41, 147, 152
Ramadan and, 140
refugee poaching, 141
strategy changes, 152-54
U.S. and, 141, 151, 153
von Mende and, 142, 153
weapons and, 150-51, 152
Jamaat-e-Islamiya, 197, 198, 213, 231, 236,
237
Jami'at al Islam. See JAI (Jami'at al Islam)
Jesus, prophet, 111
Kaaba, 66
Kalmyks, 7, 47
Kamal, Ahmad
about, xi, 139
Amina (wife), 146
Bandung Conference, 75, 148
"biography" of, 142-46, 239
Burma and, 143, 154, 286n
CIA and, 148, 151
as Cimarron Hathaway, 143-44
daughter, 145
description, 142, 146
Hajj and, 147
Indonesia and, 147-48
Munich Muslims and, 139, 149
Palestinian nationalists and, 152
Spain and, 148-49
U.S. government and, 142, 147, 148, 151
writings, 142, 144, 145, 146-47, 152
See also JAI (Jami'at al Islam)
Kamal-Haller, Tura, 146
Kantemir, Ali
about, xii
after war, 155
death, 174
Munich mosque and, 25, 154, 159-60,
174
Munich Muslims and, 88
Prometheans and, 25
Karainen ("Tats"/"Mountain Jews"), 28-
29
Kassajep, Hassan
about, xii
background, 156
Margaret (wife), vii, 166, 288n
Munich mosque and, 156-57, 160, 161,
166
Ramadan and, 156-57
Kayum, Veli
about, xii
after Munich mosque work, 239
background, 8
following war, 47
Hayit and, 157, 286n
"Khan" suffix, xii, 8, 25
Namangani and, 98, 132
Nasar and, 95
National Turkestani Unity Committee,
30, 59, 72, 73, 75
Nazism and, 30, 59-60
Prometheans and, 25
von Mende and, 25, 30, 56, 58, 60, 72,
157, 162, 265n
World Muslim Congress, Jerusalem,
162
World War II and, 8, 25
Kazakhstan/Kazaks, 6, 7, 17
Kedia, Mikhail, 25
Kegel, Gerhard
background, 121, 280n
Ramadan and, 104, 119-21, 155
Ramadan's thesis and, 104, 119-21
Kelley, Robert E
about, xi
Munich Muslims and, 89
von Mende and, 62-64
Kennan, George E, 16, 39
Kennedy, John E, 171
Kepel, Gilles, 194
KGB, Soviet Union, 81
Khalek, Farid Abel, 108, 113, 114
Khalifa, Ahmed el-, 214, 215
Khan, Ayub, 141
Khan, Inamullah, 165
Kharkov, Ukraine, 3
Kirimal, Edige
Radio Liberty, 49, 63
von Mende and, 63, 274-75n
Klump, Will, 129, 172
Komsomol, 4
Koran
history of, 14
Jews and, 110, 111
literalists, 107
Muslim Brotherhood, 69, 200, 210
other religions and, 110
state/religion and, 109-10
Korean War, 85
Korologos, Tom, 224
Kristallnacht, 79
Kuniholm, B. Eric
about, xi
Amcomlib and, 82, 83
background, 79
Kirimal and, 274-75n
Kuniholm, B. Eric (cont.)
Munich Muslims and, 88
recruiting Muslims, 85-88, 93, 131
on Shamil, 87-88
use of non -Russians and, 79
Kyrgyzstan/Kyrgyz, 6, 17
Lake Lugano, Switzerland,
meeting, 195-
96, 29m
Land Without Laughter (Kamal), 145
Ie Carre, John, 36, 85
Leers, Johann von (Amin Lahars), 113
Le Figaro (newspaper), 150
Leibbrandt, Georg
in Nazi organization, 19, 21, 24, 25,
265n
von Mende and, 19, 21, 24
Wannsee Conference, 27-28
Leiken, Robert S., 225-26
Levine, Isaac Don, 74
Lightner, E. Alan, Jr., 63, 64
Lilly, Edward P., 69, 116
Los Angeles Times, 146
Louahala, Touhami
Algeria and, 149, 154
background, 149
English language and, 149
Kamal and, 149, 150, 151, 152
Munich Muslims and, 151
Luce, Henry, 41
Lyons, Eugene, 37
Magoma, Ahmet Nabi
background, 88, 131
Munich Muslims and, 88, 131
Malcolm X, 238
March, Werner, 22-23
Marienkirche, Munich, 121, 122
Markfield Conference Centre, 197-98
Mecca
Grand Mosque, 66
Hajj and, 65, 66
Kaaba, 66
Melbardis, Alex, 78, 87, 89
Mende, Gerhard von
about, xi
anti-Semitism, 19-21, 26-27, 28-29,
50, 56
background, 14, 15, 18
Berlin University, 15, 16, 17, 18-19
evacuation of family, 30
Holocaust, 28-29
languages and, 16
Nazi ideology, 18, 19-21
Ostministerium, 21, 24, 25-26, 28-32
personality, 14, 15, 54, 62
physical appearance, 14-15, 54
political beginnings, 18-21
Russian Bolsheviks and, 15, 18
Russian studies, 16, 17
SA and, 18, 19, 54-55
on Soviet collapse, 17
writings, 17, 18, 19-20, 20
See also Espeseth, Karo
Mende, Gerhard von/after war
academic career and, 21, 29, 55-56
"Capriform" name, 57
CIA/OSS and, 53, 54-57
family home, 62, 176
health problems, 99, 175
image and, 28-29, 54-55
lifestyle, 56-57
Nazism and, 54-55, 56, 173, 174
OSS and, 53, 54-55
prisoner camp, 53
Soviet minorities and, 32, 45, 46-48,
58-59, 60, 94-95
Stasi and, 96, 98-99, 175
U.S. attempts to recruit, 52-54, 95-96,
136-38
U.S. intelligence and, 53, 54-55
Mende, Gerhard von/Nazi use of Soviet
minorities
"guiding offices," 30
"liaison offices," 26, 27, 29-30
"national committees," 30
Ostministerium position and, 25-26,
28-32
planning, 12, 21
recruitment, 24-26
reports on, 177
Mende, Gerhard von/postwar "Ostministerium"
advice for Amcomlib, 62-64
Aid Society of Former Volunteer
Units, 94-95
Amcomlib competition, 60, 75, 90,
91, 93, 94-95, 96, 99-100, 157,
158
Bandung Conference, 75
death/funeral, 175, 176
end of influence, 173-75
family, 176
funding, 61, 157, 158, 27m
Gacaoglu's group and, n 97, 99, 100,
122
JAI (Jami'at al Islam), 142, 153
Kamal and, 148
Munich mosque, 90, 122, 124, 133,
135-36, 157-58, 159-60, 165-66,
174-75, 239
Namangani and, 96-97, 100, 124, 131,
132-33, 137, 160, 168
offices/location, 60-62, 77, 270-7In
papers (after death), 176-77
planned burglary, 137-38, 157
Ramadan and, 131-32, 136-38, 140,
157
re-creating organization, 58-59, 60-
61, 69, 93
reports on, 177
Research Service Eastern Europe and
Bureau for Homeland-less Foreigners,
60-61, 94
role, 61-62
Mendelssohn-Bartholdys family, 22
Mendelssohn, Felix, 22
Mennonites, 208
MGB, Soviet Union, 81
Middle East Institute, Washington, 173
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam,
Studies and Observation Group,
173
Milli Gorus
advocates of, 234
description, 205, 210, 225, 230, 232
Zayat and, 230
Milli Turkistan (newspaper), 30
Milliyet (newspaper), 89
Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
See Ostministerium
(Ministry for the Occupied Eastern
Territories)
Moabit prison, Berlin, 27
Mogaddedi, Obeidullah, 123-24, 183
Mosque Construction Commission
Al-Islam (magazine), 161
chairman election, 159-61
creation, 122-23
fund-raising for, 155-57, 158-59
meetings, 135, 159-61
members, 122-23, 134, 135, 155, 158
name change, 174
registry of, 134-35
See also Islamic Community of Germany;
Munich mosque
Mubarak, Hosni, 193
Muftic, Mahmoud K., 152, 163
mufti for Crimea, 31
Muhammad, prophet
caliphate institution and, 106
Christians and, III
Hajj and, 65
Mecca-Medina flight, 101, III
mosque-building, 101
mujahideen, 178, 190, 213
Munich
description, 36-37
diversity in, 36-37
Radio Liberty location, 37-38
reconstruction, 35-36
World War II damage, 35
Munich mosque
as "American" project, 133, 136
building, 185
current status, xiii-xiv
description, xiv, 181
ex-soldiers vs. young students, 159-
61, 165-68, 170-71, 172
fund-raising, 155-57, 158-59, 185-86,
190
Germans and, 133,135
planning for, 101-3, 122-24
politics and, 156, 158
role, 136
supporters/goals summary, xv
terrorism and, 213-14
West Germany support, 165-66
See also Islamic Center of Munich;
Islamic Community of Germany;
Mosque Construction Commission;
specific individuals
Munich Muslims
Bairam, 77
Bandung Conference, 73, 74-75
CARE packages and, 77
description, 7
following war, 76-77
Islamists' plans for, 7-8
meeting (1956), 88-89, 90
West's plans for, 7
See also specific individuals
Murad, Khurram, 237
Murrow, Edward R., 39
Musazade, Mecid, 63
Museum of Mankind, Berlin, 13
Muslim Association of Britain, 210
Muslim Brotherhood
anticommunism and, 115-16, 127, 193
anti-Semitism of, 111-12, 193, 208,
209, 211-12, 226
Bandung Conference, 75
basic principles, 193
Egypt and, 115, 189, 192-94, 230
European base, 197-98
European organizations, 210
excusing the past, 233-34
founding, 107-8
France "using," 221
functions, 230-31
global jihad and, 225, 226
goals, 200-201, 228
"good" Muslims, 208, 210, 211, 212
ideology, 109-10, 115-16, 119, 208, 210,
211, 212, 231
independence and, 69
Israel and, 109, 110, 198-99, 208, 226
Jamaat-e-Islamiya, 197, 198
Koran and, 69, 200, 210
Lake Lugano, Switzerland, meeting,
195-96, 29m
Muslim Communities Participating
in Society conference and, 223,
224
Nazi money for, 109
"neo-Muslim Brotherhood," 194
9/11 attacks and, 213, 215, 219
organizing, 200-201
police raids, Germany, 233
politics and, 109, 230-31
Saudi Arabia and, 182, 191, 196, 221
shura, 108, 113
social work of, 108-9
"Special Apparatus," 109
spread to West, xvi, 195-96, 197-98,
200-201, 206-10, 212-13
suicide bombings and, 198-99, 210
terrorism and, 109-10, 198-99, 208-9,
210, 225, 226
United States and, 196, 225-28
UOIF and, 220-21, 230
website, 230
World Muslim Congress (1951), 115
See also Islamism/Islamists; Munich
mosque; specific individuals
Muslim Communities Participating in
Society conference, 223-24
Muslim Congress, 86
Muslim guest workers
demographics and, 203, 204
European democracy and, 205
Islamic Community of Germany,
186-88, 201
overview (Europe), 202-3, 204-6
religion and, 204-5
Muslim Helfen e.V., 294n
Muslim Students Association, 196, 199,
227, 232
Muslim Student Union, 229
Muslim World League
goals, 162
Muslim Brotherhood and, 162
Ramadan and, 162, 163, 185-86
Saudi Arabia, 182
Myth of the Twentieth Century, The
(Rosenberg), 23
Nada, Youssef
about, xii
background, 189
as businessman, 189-91, 218
Himmat and, 189, 190, 191, 196
Islamic Center of Munich, 188, 191
Munich mosque and, 190
Muslim Brotherhood, 188, 189, 190,
194, 215, 218, 219, 228
office, 217
personality, 188
in prison, 189, 195
in retirement, 217-19
terrorism and, 215, 217-18
U.S. and, 196
Namangani, Nurredin
about, xii
after von Mende's death, 240
background, 96, 97, 277n
Ecclesiastical Administration of Moslem
Refugees in the German Federal
Republic. 101, 103, 122-23, 131,
135, 240
Gacaoglu and, 160, 168, 240
imam appointment, 100-103
on JAI (Jami'at al Islam), 142
Munich mosque and, 101-3, 122-23,
132, 156, 158-59
Nazi past and, 98
personality, 98
on Ramadan, 165, 166-67, 183
religious fanaticism, 98, 277n
Soviet gulag and, 96, 97, 167
SS and, 96, 97, 102, 165, 166
von Mende and, 96-97, 100, 124, 131,
132-33, 137, 160, 168
Nasar, Rusi
about, xii
after Soviet collapse, 73
background, 73-74
Bandung Conferences, 72, 73, 86, 130,
272n
Hajj (1954) and, 65-66, n 74, 95
Muslim unity, 131
Soviet hajjis and, 65-66, 70
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
about, 109
assassination attempts on, 119, 238
Muslim Brotherhood, 109, 119, 189,
193, 194
Ramadan and, 119, 137, 162, 163, 189
National Alliance of Russian Solidarists
(NTS), 59
National Committee for a Free Europe,
43
National-Liberation Revolutionary Organizations
of the Islamic Peoples
of the USSR, 164
National Security Act (1947), 40
National Security Council. See NSC (U.S.
National Security Council)
National Struggle of the Turkic Peoples of
Russia, The (von Mende), 17
National Turkestani Unity Committee
Kayum and, 30, 59, 72, n75
Nasar and, 72, 74, 75
Nation of Islam (U.S.), 70
Neturei Karta, 210
New Leader (magazine), 59-60
New York Times, 66, 74, 80, 145
Niedermayer, Oskar Ritter von, 19
Night of the Long Knives, 18
9/11 attacks
French ghettos and, 219-20
Islamism/Islamists, xvi, 106, 213, 214-
15
Mohammed Atta, 214-15
Muslim Brotherhood, 213, 215, 219
Nada and, 218
radicalization in Europe, 222
Nixon, Richard, 148
Noah, 6-7
Non-Aligned Movement, 71, 130
North American Islamic Trust, 196
NSC (U.S. National Security Council)
CIA relationship, 84
covert operations, 39
creation of, 40
Kamal and, 148
Paper 162/2, 70
psychological warfare and, 39
role, 40
use of Islam, 69-70
nuclear war, 70
Nuremberg race laws, 28
Obama, Barack, 227
Oberlander, Theodor
anti-Semitism, 93, 98
Gacaoglu group and, 97, 99
goals for Germany, 91, 93, 94, 96
Nazi past and, 93, 99
refugee ministry, 93, 101, 277-78n
Stasi and, 175
von Mende and, 91-92
Oder-Neisse border/rivers, 92-93
Office of Policy Coordination, 84-85
Office of Special Operations (OSO),
84-85
Olympic Stadium, Berlin, 22-23
On Islamic Comportment (von Denffer),
232
Operation Tiger B, 9, 10, 97
Operation Zeppelin, 57, 157
Organization of Muslim Refugees from
the Soviet Union, 164
Orient-Institut, Hamburg, 214
OSS (Office of Strategic Services)
CIA and, 52
end of war, 83
recruiting Nazis, 52-53
X-2 unit, 54
Ossetians, 7
Ostministerium (Ministry for the Occupied
Eastern Territories)
early recruitment for, 11
Hitler and, 23
See also von Mende, Gerhard/Nazi
use of Soviet minorities; von
Mende, Gerhard/postwar "Ostministerium"
Palestine
British and, 31
charities for, 211
Hussaini (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem),
31
Israel's creation and, 79
Kamal and, 152
Ramadan and, 114, 119
Patch, Isaac "Ike"
Amcomlib, 164
description, 129
Muslims and, 90, 170
Radio Liberty discord, 52, 62-64, 87,
127-28
von Mende and, 62-64, 95
People's Observer (newspaper), 26
Peoples of the Soviet Union, The (von
Mende), 20
"Persil certificates," 58, 270n
Pipes, Richard, 174
polytheists and Islam, 110
Potsdam Agreement (1945), 91, 92
Pravda, 80
Price, James, 149-50, 151
Privot, Michael, 223, 224
Prometheus
British and, 56
description, 24-25, 56
Germany and, 25, 29
Soviet Union and, 24-25
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 112,
207, 209
Psychological Strategy Board (U.S.), 40,
68, 69, 268n
psychological warfare, 39, 40-41, 68
Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 185
Qaradawi, Youssef
about, xii
beliefs/influence, 198-99, 210, 211,
226-27, 231
Muslim Brotherhood and, 193, 195,
198-99, 209-10
Neturei Karta and, 210
suicide bombings and, 198-99, 210
Qassim, Abdul Karim, 163, 165
Qutb, Sayyid, 115, 167, 198, 231
Rabel, Ernst, 121
Radio Free Europe
on Amcomlib, 52
Hungarian uprising and, 129
National Committee for a Free Europe
and, 43
Radio Liberty and, 172
role, 43, 85
Radio Hole-in-the-Head/Radio Liberty
(Critchlow), 43
Radio Liberty
CIA and, 38-39, 43, 44-45, 51
discord, 51-52, 62-64, 86, 87, 127-28
ending Muslim support, 172
ex-Ostministerium collaborators, 49-
51
founding of, 37
funding Muslims, 130, 132, 134
goal, 38-39
location, 37-38
Muslim independence and, 52
Radio Free Europe vs., 43
Radio Liberty Committee, 172
Ramadan and, 128, 130-31, 136-38,
161,162-63, 172
Soviet Union and, 49, 51
Spain and, 148
staff, 37, 38, 43, 44, 49-51, 63
See also Amcomlib
Radio Tashkent, 99
Ramadan, Said
about, xi
Banna and, 113-14, 115, 183
CIA analysis of, 118, 172
communism and, 120, 172
Council of Islamic Communities and
Societies in Germany, 161-62
description, 113, 114, 124
Eisenhower conference, 116-18
ex-soldiers and, 159-61, 170-71
fund-raising, 155-57, 158-59, 183
independence of, 162-63, 170-71, 182
influence of, 121, 123-24, 133, 136, 137,
238, 282n
Iran and, 239
Islamist views, 161, 167, 172, 182, 183
Israel and, 114, 118, 119, 162
JAI (Jami'at al Islam) and, 140
leaving Munich, 182, 183-84, 190
Munich mosque, 123-24, 134-35, 138,
154, 155-57, 158-61, 165, 228
Muslim World League, 162, 163, 185-
86
Namangani and, 131,165, 166-67, 183
Nasser and, 119, 137, 162, 163, 189, 238
Ramadan, Said (cont.)
Pakistan and, 115
Palestine and, 114, 119
power and, 172
Radio Liberty, 128, 130-31, 136-38,
161, 162-63, 172
thesis work, 104, 119-21
travels/moves, 104-5, 114-15, 120, 121,
155-56
UN "Muslim delegation," 136-37
UOIF and, 220
U.S. connections, 118-19, 128, 133-34,
162-63, 221
U.S. dropping, 172
World Muslim Congress (1951), 115
Ramadan, Tariq
background, 226
on father, 239
Qaradawi's fatwas and, 226-27
Rand Corporation, 177
Raschid, Hamid, 65-66
Rashid, Harun el-, 102
Rawi, Ahmed al-
background,
198, 199
"big circle" (meeting), 199, 293n
description, 199
Federation of Islamic Organizations
in Europe, 198, 200, 201
Islamic Community of Germany, 199
suicide bombings and, 198-99
Red Cross, 46, 53
"Religious Factor, The" (Lilly), 69-70, 116
R.E.M·, 43
Research Service Eastern Europe and
Bureau for Homeland-less Foreigners,
60-61, 94
Rida, Rashid, 106, 108
Riga, Latvia, 14, 236
Rohm, Ernst, 18
Rosenberg, Alfred
background, 23
criticism of, 59
non-Russian minorities and, 23-24,
32
Ostministerium and, 23-24
"Ruppert" OSS agent, 52-53
Russian Empire, 6
SA (Storm Division), 18
Sacred Journey, The (Kamal), 147, 152
Sad at, Anwar, 193
Salahuddin, Dawud, 239
Salim, Mamdouh Mahmud, 214
Saturday Evening Post, 147
Saudi Arabia
International Islamic Federation of
Student Organizations (IIFSO),
292n
Islam's holy places, 182
Muslim Brotherhood, 182, 191, 196,
221
Muslim World League, 182
OIF, 220
Ramadan and, 182
World Assembly of Muslim Youth,
229, 292n
Saud, King Ibn, 66, 127, 155, 182
Sauvy, Alfred, 67
Schenk, Walter, 60, 240
Schiffauer, Werner, 234
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 171, 172
Schmiede, Achmed, 161, 166, 185-86, 213
Schub, Boris, 44
Schutte, Ehrenfried, 15
Scottish League for European Freedom,
49
Scribner's (publisher), 145
Segovia, Andres, 148
Seven Questions of Timur, The (Kamal),
144
Shamil, Imam, 87
Shamil, Said
about, xii
ancestors, 87
Bandung Conference (1958), 130
lifestyle, 87-88
Munich mosque, 123
Muslim unity and, 87, 133
Nazis and, 87
U.S. and, 12
von Mende and, 131-32
Shia Muslims, 32, 239
Silk Road, 13, 264n
SLM Liegenschaftsmanagement GmbH,
229-30
Society of Muslim Social Scientists, 229,
232, 234
Solti, Georg, 36
Somalia, 155
Sores That Still Bleed (Espeseth), 16
Sosin, Gene, 45
"South, the," 67
See also third world
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Al Qaeda and, xv
jihad against, 237
Muslim use, 177-78
U.S. arms, xv, 177, 178
Soviet Nazi collaborators
following war, 45-48
New Leader criticism of, 59-60
Radio Liberty and, 49-51
recruiting of, 48
Turkish identity for, 46-47, 48
See also specific individuals; von
Mende, Gerhard/Nazi use of Soviet
minorities
Soviet Union
collapse, 7, 66
non-Russians, 3-4, 6-7
Soviet Union/Cold War
description, 127, 129, 132
Munich mosque and, 132
Muslim citizens, 70, 78
religious policies and, 70
Soviet hajjis and, 70, 89
Soviet Union/World War II
gulag prisoners, 5
minorities fighting against, 7, 8-11
soldiers surrendering, 6
use of minorities, 4-5
Yalta Conference (1945), 45, 46
See also von Mende, Gerhard/Nazi
use of Soviet minorities
Spain
Madrid terrorist attacks, 215-16, 222
Muslim Umayyad caliphate, 203
U.S. intelligence and, 148-49
Speer, Albert, 22
Spuler, Benno, 32
SS
after war, 32
description, 29-30
non-German troops, 11
power of, 24
Stain, Walter, 142
Stalin, 5
Stasi, 96, 98-99, 175
Stevens, Edmund, 44
Stevens, Leslie, 81, 82
stoning of homosexuals, 210
St. Paul's Church, Munich
history, 121-22
meetings, 122-23, 166
suicide bombings, 198-99, 210
Suleymans, 205
Sultan, Garip
about, xii
Amcomlib work, 163-65, 240
anticolonialism and, 163-64
anticommunism work, 163-65
background, 3-4, 262n
description, 48, 90
as "ethnic Turk," 46-47
fighting for Soviets, 3, 4-5
following war, 46-47, 48-49
German language and, 6, 11-12
Hajj, 90
Sultan, Garip (cont.)
honorific of, 99-100
Munich Muslims and, 88, 89, 90
Ostministerium and, 26-27
as prisoner of war, 8, 11, 25
Radio Liberty, 49
Ramadan and, 165
report on Soviets/Muslims, 89-90
surrender to Germans, 5-6
Unglaube and, 11-12
von Mende's and, 12, 99-100
Washington meeting (1962), 173
World Muslim Congress meeting,
Baghdad, 163
Sunni Muslims, 32, 239, 262-63n
Tabari, Muhammad al-, 10
Tablighi Jamaat, 211
Taibah International Aid Association,
233
Tajikistan, 6
Tatars
anti-Nazi cell, 27
background, 3, 262-63n
Nazi/Soviet propaganda, 27
as Soviet Union minority, 3
as "Turks," 17
World War II and, 7, 27
Tehran antimonarchy riots, 79
Terrel, Herve, 219, 220-21
terrorism
Algeria, 151-52
in Germany (1990S), 178
Hamas, 198
Islamic Community of Germany,
188
Islamic Foundation, 198
London attacks, 215-16, 222
Madrid attacks, 215-16, 222
Muslim Brotherhood, 109-10, 198-
99, 208-9, 210, 213, 215, 219, 225,
226
Pakistan-based Afghan charities, 213
suicide bombings, 198-99, 210
World Trade Center (1993), 214
See also 9/11 attacks
third world
Bandung Conference and, 70-73, 75
Cold War and, 66-69, 71-73, 75
colonialism and, 67
definitions/description, 67
Tiergarten, Berlin, 22
Time (magazine), 41, 66, 74
Tolstoy Foundation, 48, 268n
Totonji, Ahmad, 196
Toynbee, Arnold, 55, 269n
Trade Union Courier, 164
Trud (Labor), Soviet newspaper, 72
Truman, Harry
Cold War, 40, 42, 68
political warfare, 42
psychological warfare, 40, 68
use of Islam, 68-69
tuberculosis, 76
Turabi, Hasan al-, 214
Turkestan, 6
Turkestan in the Twentieth Century
(Hayit), 59
Turkey
anti-Christian protests, 85
anti-Greek protests, 85
Cold War concerns, 86
declaration of war, 32
ideology of, 86
Muslim soldiers after war, 46-47, 48
World War II and, 32, 46
Turkish secret police, 86
Turkish student union, 46-47
Turkmenistan, 6
"Turks," 17
ulema, 108
Ungermann, Siegfried, 176
Unglaube, Heinz, 11-12, 55
Union of French Islamic Organizations
(UOIF), 21O
activist training, 211
anti-Semitism, 212
description, 220
French Council of the Muslim Faith,
220, 221, 295n
funding, 220
"Islam de France," 220
Muslim Brotherhood and, 220-21, 230
Qaradawi and, 226
West embracing, 220-22
Union of Islamic Cultural Centers
(VIKZ), Germany, 205
United Arab Republic, 238
United Nations
aid to Soviet Union, 80
Cold War status, 68
High Commissioner for Refugees, 141
"Muslim delegation," 136-37
Security Council, 67-68
third world and, 67
United Republican and Democratic Voters
Club, 164
United States
colonialism views, 68
Middle East oil and, 68
Yalta Conference (1945) and, 45, 46
United States/Cold War
communications technology and, 39
containment policy, 16, 39
covert operations and, 37, 39, 40
Escapee Program, 141, 153
overt operations and, 40
propaganda and, 39
rollback/liberation policy, 39, 57, 81,
90, 125, 129
See also specific individuals; specific
organizations; specific policies
United States/Cold War use of Muslims
Bandung Conference, 71-73, 74-75
Nation of Islam and, 70
planning, 127-28
"reform" vs. traditional Muslims,
127-28, 221
"Religious Factor, The" memorandum,
69-70
Truman administration, 68-69
U.S. Muslim population and, 70, 78
See also specific agencies; specific individuals
United States/Muslims
connecting Muslims, 223-24, 224-26
entry into U.S., 226-27
European Muslims vs., 222-23
Indianapolis, 196
Islamic academy, Penzberg, Germany,
and, 224-25
leadership, 223
Muslim Brotherhood and, 196, 225-28
Muslim Communities Participating
in Society conference, 223-24
1960s to 1980s, 195-96
organizations, 196
violence and, 222-23
See also International Institute of Islamic
Thought (IIIT); Islamic Society
of North America
USIA (U.S. Information Agency)
Bandung Conference, 71
Cold War and, 70, 71
Islam and, 127
Ramadan/Eisenhower conference,
116-18
Uzbekistan/Uzbeks, 6, 7, 17
Vietnam, 172-73, 177
Voice of America, 40
War in Our Cities, The, 230
Washburn, Abbott, 116-17
West Germany
area of, 57
governance, 57-58, 92, 94
West Germany (cont.)
guest workers, 174, 202-3, 204, 205
liaison offices/organizing Muslims,
26
Oder-Neisse border and, 92-93
postwar economy, 36
reunification and, 91-92
Soviet Union and, 94, 95
U.S. and, 93-94
See also Germany/after World War II
West, Karin, 125-26, 169
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 13-14
Wisner, Frank
background, 83
Muslims and, 127
Office of Policy Coordination, 84-85
recruitment of staff, 84-85
World Assembly of Muslim Youth, 229,
292n
World Muslim Congress, 115, 131, 133, 134,
162, 163
World Trade Center attack (1993), 214
World War I
gulag prisoners and, s
Hitler and, II
jihad, 14
Turkey and, II
U.S. after, 40
World War II
beginnings, 21
citizen repatriation following, 45-48
Czechoslovakia and, 37
Stalingrad, 29
See also specific countries; specific individuals
Yahya, Harun, 198
Yalta Conference (1945), 45, 46
Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed, 192
Yazdani, Faisal
background, 184
Islamic Community of Germany,
184-86, 187, 215, 228, 290n
Ramadan and, 123, 184
Young Pioneers, 4
Yugoslavian embassy, Berlin, 22-23
Yusuf, Qara, 143
Zayat, Ibrahim el-about,
xii
background, 228-30
Federal Center for Political Education,
233
Islamic Community of Germany, 228,
231
Islamism and, 229, 230, 231-35
mosques and, 229-30, 235
Muslim Brotherhood and, 230, 231, 233
office, 231-32
secrecy and, 235
terrorism and, 230
Zhou Enlai, 71, 75
Zunnun, Veli
Hajj, 90
Munich Muslims, 89
Radio Liberty, 49, 89
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