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PROMOTING POLYARCHY: GLOBALIZATION, U.S. INTERVENTION, AND HEGEMONY

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Books

Abbott, Elizabeth. Haiti: The Duvaliers and their Legacy. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1988.
Alford, Robert R, and Friedland, Roger. Powers of Theory: Capitalism, the State,
and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938, 7th
edn. New York: Penguin, 1993.
Arriagada, Genaro. Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988.
Augelli, Enrico, and Murphy, Craig. America's Quest for Supremacy and the Third
World: A Gramscian Analysis. London: Pinter, 1988.
Bachrach, Peter. The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Lanham, Md.:
University of America Press, 1980.
Barnet, Richard J., and Muller, Ronald E. Global Reach: The Power of the
Multinational Corporation. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick. Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Boulder: Westview, 1989.
Bermann, Karl. Nicaragua and the United States since 1848. Boston: South End,
1986.
Black, George. Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua.
London: Zed, 1981.
Blum, William. The CIA: A Forgotten History. London: Zed, 1986.
Bonner, Raymond. Waltzing with a Dictator. New York: Times Books, 1987.
Braun, Denny. The Rich Get Richer: The Rise of Income Inequality in the United
States and the World. Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1991.
Castro, Vanessa, and Prevost, Gary (eds.). The 1990 Elections in Nicaragua and
their Aftermath. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992.
Cohen, Carl. Democracy. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
Constable, Pamela, and Valenzuela, Arturo. A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under
Pinochet. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.
Cooley-Prost, Worth. Democracy Intervention in Haiti: The USAID Democracy
Enhancement Project. Washington, D.C.: Washington Office on Haiti,
1994.
Cox, Robert W. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of
History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Crozier, Michel, Huntington, Samuel P., and Watanuki, JojL The Crisis of
Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral
Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.
Dahl, Robert A Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1971.
Danaher, Kevin. The Political Economy of u.s. Policy Towards South Africa.
Boulder: Westview, 1985.
Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin. Democracy in
Developing Countries, 4 vols. Boulder: Lynne Rienner and the National
Endowment for Democracy, 1989.
Domhoff, G. William. Who Rules America Now? 2nd edn. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1986.
The Powers that Be. New York: Random House, 1978.
The Higher Circles. New York: Random House, 1970.
Douglas, William. Developing Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Heldref, 1972.
Dye, T. R. Who's Running America?, 4th edn. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall,
1986.
Easton, David. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley, 1%5.
The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science. New York:
Knopf, 1953.
EI-Khawas, Mohamed A, and Cohen, Barry (OOs.). National Security Study
Memorandum 39: The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa. Westport, Conn.:
Lawrence Hill, 1976.
Evans, Peter. Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and
Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
Falcoff, Mark, Valenzuela, Arturo, and Purcell, Susan Kaufman. Chile: Prospects
for Democracy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1988.
Farmer, Paul. The Uses of Haiti. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage, 1994.
Fauriol, Georges A (ed.). The Haitian Challenge: U.S. Policy Considerations.
Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993.
Feffer, John. Shock Waves: Eastern Europe After the Revolutions. Boston: South
End, 1992.
Ferguson, James. Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers. New York:
Blackwell, 1987.
Fishlow, Albert, Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos F., Fagen, Richard R., and Hansen,
Roger, D. Rich and Poor Nations in the World Economy. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1978.
Gill, Stephen. American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1990.
(00.). Gramsci, Historical Materialism, and International Relations. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Gilpin, Robert. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1987.
Goldman, Ralph M., and Douglas, William A. (eds.). Promoting Democracy:
Opportunities and Issues. New York: Praeger, 1988.
Goodno, James B. The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises. London: Zed, 1991.
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from Prison Notebooks. New York: International
Publishers, 1971.
Hamilton, Nora. The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
Held, David. Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power, and
Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989.
Held, David, and Pollitt, Christopher (eds.). New Forms of Democracy. London:
Sage, 1986.
Hunt, Alan (ed.). Marxism and Democracy. London: Lawrence and Wishart,
1980.
Huntington, Samuel, P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1968.
Jensen, Pao!. The Garotte: The United States and Chile, 1970-1973,2 vols. Aarhus,
Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1988.
Kerkvliet, Benedict J., and Mojares, Resil B. (eds.). From Marcos to Aquino: Local
Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii Press, 1991.
Klare, Michael T., and Kornbluh, Peter (eds.). Low Intensity Warfare, Counterinsurgency,
Proinsurgency, and Antiterrorism in the Eighties. New York:
Pantheon, 1988.
Kolko, Joyce. Restructuring the World Economy. New York: Pantheon, 1988.
Kornbluh, Peter. Nicaragua, The Price of Intervention. Washington, D.C: Institute
for Policy Studies, 1987.
Kramer, Daniel C Participatory Democracy: Developing Ideals of the Political Left.
Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1972.
Lenin, V. 1. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Moscow: Progress
Publishers, 1978 (first published in 1917).
Lord, Carnes, and Barnett, Frank R. (eds.). Political Warfare and Psychological
Operations: Rethinking the U.S. Approach. Washington, D.C: National
Defense University Press, 1988.
Lowenthal, Abraham (ed.). Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin
America, Themes and Issues. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1991.
Lukes, Steven. Power: A Radical View. London: Macmillan, 1974.
Lundahl, Mats. Peasants and Poverty: A Study of Haiti. London: Croom Helm,
1979.
McCormick, Thomas J. America's Half Century: United States Foreign Policy in the
Cold War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
MacEwan, Arthur. Debt and Disorder: International Economic Instability and U.S.
Imperial Decline. New York: Monthly Review, 1990.
MacEwan, Arthur, and Tabb, William K. Instability and Change in the World
Economy. New York: Monthly Review, 1989.
Marchetti, Victor, and Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence. New
York: Dell, 1974.
Miliband, Ralph. The State in Capitalist Society. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
Millett, Richard. Guardians of the Dynasty. New York: Maryknoll, 1977.
Mills, C. Wright. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant
in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon, 1966.
Mosca, Gaetano. The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Munck, Ronaldo. Latin America: The Transition to Democracy. London: Zed,
1989.
Nelson, Joan M. and Eglinton, Stephanie J. Encouraging Democracy: What Role
for Conditional Aid? Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council,
1993.
Norsworthy, Kent. Nicaragua: A Country Guide. Albuquerque: [nter-Hemispheric
Education Resource Center, 1990.
Novack, George. Democracy and Revolution. New York: Pathfinder, 1971.
O'Connor, James. The Fiscal Crisis of the State. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1973.
Pastor, Robert. Condemned to Repetition. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1987.
Petras, James, and Morley, Morris. The United States and Chile: Imperialism and
the Overthrow of the Allende Government. New York: Monthly Review, 1975.
Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957 (first
published in 1944).
Poulantzas, Nicos. Political Power and Social Classes. London: New Left Books,
1975 (first published in 1968).
Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: New Left Books, 1975.
Prince, Rod. Haiti: Family Business. London: Latin American Bureau, 1985.
Putzel, James. A Captive Land: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines.
New York: Monthly Review, 1992.
Reich, Robert B. The Work of Nations. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
Ridgewood, James. The Haiti Files: Decoding The Crisis. Washington, D.C.:
Essential Books/ Azul Editions, 1994.
Robinson, William, I. A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan
Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World. Boulder:
Westview, 1992.
Robinson, William I., and Norsworthy, Kent. David and Goliath: The U.S. War
Against Nicaragua. New York: Monthly Review, 1987.
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyne Huber, and Stephens, John D.
Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press,
1992.
Saldomando, Angel, EI Retorno de la AID, Caso de Nicaragua: Condicionalidad y
Reestructuracion Conservadora. Managua: Ediciones CRIES, 1992.
Sater, William F. Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 1990.
Schirmer, Daniel B., and Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm. The Philippines Reader: A
History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance. Boston:
South End, 1987.
Schoultz, Lars. National Security and United States Policy toward Latin America.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Schraeder, Peter J. (ed.). Intervention in the 1980s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third
World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989.
Schurnpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd edn. New York:
Harper and Row, 1947.
Seidman, Ann, and Seidman, Neva Makgetla. Outposts of Monopoly Capitalism:
Southern Africa in the Changing Global Economy. Westport, Conn.: Lawrence
Hill,1980.
Shaw, Earl L. (ed.). Modern Competing Ideologies. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath,
1973.
Shoup, Laurence H. and Minter, William. Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on
Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy. New York: Monthly
Review, 1977.
Sims, Beth. Workers of the World Undermined. Boston: South End, 1993.
Sklair, Leslie. Sociology of the Global System. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1991.
Srnimow, Gabriel. The Revolution Disarmed: Chile 1970-1973. New York:
Monthly Review, 1979.
Sobel, Lester A. (ed.). Chile and Allende. New York: Facts on File, 1974.
Study Commission on US Policy Toward South Africa. South Africa: Time
Running Out. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Haiti, State against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of
Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review, 1990.
Vanden, Harry E., and Prevost, Gary. Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista
Nicaragua. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993.
Van der Pijl, Kees. The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, London: Verso,
1984.
Vargas, Oscar Rene. A Donde Va Nicaragua?: Perspectivas de una Revolucion
Latinoamericana. Managua: Ediciones Nicarao, 1991.
Walker, Thomas (ed.). Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on
Nicaragua. Boulder: Westview, 1987.
Nicaragua: The First Five Years. New York: Praeger, 1985.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1979.
The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
Wiarda, Howard J. The Democratic Revolution in Latin America: History, Politics
and U.S. Policy. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1990.
Wilentz, Amy. The Rainy Season: Haiti Since Duvalier. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1989.
Williams, William Appleman. America Confronts a Revolutionary World. New
York: Morrow, 1976.
Zeitlin, Irving M. Ideology and the Development of Sociological Theory. Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Articles, reports, and speeches

Agency for International Development, Department of State. "USAID/Haiti
Briefing Book." Washington, D.C., November 1994.
"Country Development Strategy Statement: US AID/Nicaragua 1991-1996."
Washington, D.C., June 14, 1991.
"The Democracy Initiative." Washington, D.C., December 1990.
"Philippine Assistance Strategy: US Fiscal Years 1991-1995." Washington,
D.C., July 1990.
American Political Foundation. "A Commitment to Democracy: A Bipartisan
Approach." Washington, D.C., November 30, 1983.
Americas Watch/National Coalition for Haitian Refugees. Silencing a People:
The Destruction of Civil Society in Haiti. New York/Washington, D.C.,
February 1993.
Barros, Robert. "The Left and Democracy: Recent Debates in Latin America,"
Telos, no. 68 (Summer 1986), 49-70.
Bellant, Russ, and Wolf, Louis. "The Free Congress Foundation Goes East,"
Covert Action Informntion Quarterly, no. 35 (Fall 1990), 29-32.
Bello, Walden, and Gershman, John. "Democratization and Stabilization in the
Philippines," Critical Sociology, 17 (1990), no. 1,35-56.
Bernstein, Carl. "The Holy Alliance," Time, February 24,1992,28-35.
Burton, Sandra. "Aquino's Philippines: The Center Holds," Foreign Affairs, 65
(1987), no. 3,525-537.
Canham-Clyne, John. "US Policy on Haiti: Selling Out Democracy," Covert
Action Quarterly, no. 48 (Spring 1994),4-9,52-56.
Casimir, Jean. "Haiti After the Coup" (interview by John Canham-Clyne),
World Policy Journal, 9 (1992), no. 2,349-364.
Colby, William E. "Political Action - In the Open," Washington Post, March 14,
1982, D-8.
Committee of Santa Fe. A New Inter-American Policy for the Eighties. Santa Fe:
Council for Inter-American Security, 1980.
Coogan, Kevin, and Huevel, Katrina Vanden. "US Funds for Soviet Dissidents,"
The Nation, March 19, 1988, 377-381.
Council on Hemispheric Affairs/Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource
Center. National Endowment for Democracy (NED): A Foreign Policy Branch
Gone Awry. Washington, D.C'; Albuquerque, 1990.
Cox, Robert, W. "Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in
Method," Millennium: Journal of International Relations, 12 (1983), no. 2,
162-175.
"Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations
Theory," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (1981), no. 2, 126-155.
"Ideologies and the New International Economic Order: Reflections on Some
Recent Literature," International Organization, 33 (1979), no. 2,257-302.
Department of State. "Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean: The
Promise and the Challenge." Bureau of Public Affairs, Special Report no.
158. Washington, D.C., March 1987.
Dinges, John. "The Rise of the Opposition," NACLA Report on the Americas, 17
(1983), no. 5, 1&-26.
Gallie, W. B. "Essentially Contested Concepts," Aristotelian Society, no. 56
(1956),167-198.
General Accounting Office. Events Leading to the Establishment of the National
Endowment for Democracy. GAO/NSIAD-84-121, July 6,1984.
Promoting Democracy: Foreign Affairs and Defense Agencies' Funds and Activities
-1991 to 1993. GAO/NSIAD-94-83, January 1994.
Gershman, Carl. "The United States and the World Democratic Revolution,"
Washington Quarterly, Winter 1989,127-139.
"Fostering Democracy Abroad: The Role of the National Endowment for
Democracy," speech delivered to the American Political Science Foundation
Convention, August 29,1986.
Gervasi, Sean. "Western Intervention in the Soviet Union," Covert Action
Information Bulletin, no. 39 (Winter 1991-2), 4-9.
Gill, Stephen, and Law, David. "Global Hegemony and the Structural Power of
Capital," International Studies Quarterly, 33 (1989), no. 4,475-499.
Gordon, David. "The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations?"
New Left Review, no. 168 (Marchi April 1988), 24-64.
Halperin, Morton H. "Guaranteeing Democracy," Foreign Policy, no. 91
(Summer 1993), 105-106.
Hersh, Seymour M. "The Price of Power: Kissinger, Nixon, and Chile," Atlantic
Monthly, 250 (1982), no. 6,21-58.
Huntington, Samuel, P. "The Modest Meaning of Democracy," in Robert A.
Pastor (ed.), Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum. New York:
Holmes and Meier, 1989.
"Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly, 99
(1984), no. 2, 193-218.
Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center. "Populism, Conservatism, and
Civil Society in Haiti," The NED Backgrounder (Albuquerque), 1 (1992), no. 2.
Ives, Kim. "The Unmaking of a President," NACLA Report on the Americas, 27
(1994), no. 4, 1&-29.
Kesselman, Mark. "Order or Movement? The Literature of Political Development
as Ideology," World Politics, 26 (1973), no. 1, 139-154.
Landis, Fred. "C.I.A. Psychological Warfare Operations: Case Studies in Chile,
Jamaica, and Nicaragua," Science for the People January IFebruary, 1982,
&-37.
Longchamp, Fritz, and Cooley-Prost, Worth. "Breaking with Dependency and
Dictatorship: Hope for Haiti," Covert Action Information Bulletin, no. 36
(Spring 1991), 54-58.
Muller, Edward. A. " Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality,"
American Sociological Review, 53 (1988),50-68.
"Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Political Violence," American Sociological
Review, 50 (1985),47-61.
National Endowment for Democracy. "International Organizations and Democracy,"
special issue, Journal of Democracy, 4 (1993), no. 3.
Annual Reports, 1984-1992. Washington D.C.
National Security Council, Memorandum NSC-68 (April 7, 1950). Foreign
Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1950, vol. I, pp. 235-292.
North American Congress on Latin America. "A Market Solution for the
Americas?: The Rise of Wealth and Hunger," NACLA Report on the
Americas, 26 (1993), no. 4.
Petras, James, and Morley, Morris H. "The US Imperial State," in James F.
Petras (ed.), Class, State and Power in the Third World. Montclair, N.J.:
Allanheld, Osmun, 1981.
Petras, James, and Vieux, Steve. "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical
Critique," Critical Sociology, 17 (1990), no. 2,56-72.
Reagan, Ronald. "Promoting Democracy and Peace," speech before the British
parliament, June 8,1982, Current Policy, no. 399 ijune 1982), Department of
State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C.
Regan, Jane. "A.I.D.ing US Interests in Haiti," Covert Action Quarterly, no. 51
(Winter 1994-5), 7-13, 56-58.
Robinson, William, I. "Pushing Polyarchy: The US-Cuba Case and the Third
World," Third World Review: Journal of Emerging Areas, 16 (1995), 631-647.
"The Sio Paulo Forum: Is There a New Latin American Left?," Monthly
Review, 44 (1992), no. 7, 1-12.
Robinson, William I., and Norsworthy, Kent. "Elections and US Intervention in
Nicaragua," Latin American Perspectives, 12 (1985), no. 2, 83-110.
Samuels, Michael A., and Douglas, William A. "Promoting Democracy,"
Washington Quarterly, 4 (1981), no. 3,52-65.
Schneider, Cathy. "The Underside of the Miracle," NACLA Report on the
Americas, 26 (1993), no. 4, 18-19.
Scipes, Kim. "Aquino's Total War and the KMU," Z Magazine, 3 (1990), no. 1,
116-121.
Shorrock, Tim, and Selvaggio, Kathy. "Which Side Are You On, AAFLI?" The
Nation, February 15, 1986.
Shultz, George. "Project Democracy," Current Policy, no. 456, Department of
State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., February 1983.
Sklar, Holly, and Berlet, Chip. "NED, CIA, and the Orwellian Democracy
Project," Covert Action Information Bulletin, no. 39 (Winter 1991-2), 10-13,
59-62.
Sunkel, Osvaldo, and Fuenzalida, Edmundo F. "Transnationalization and its
National Consequences," in Jose J. Villamil (ed.), Transnational Capitalism
and National Development: New Perspectives on Dependence. Brighton: Harvester
Press, 1979.
Therborn, Goran. "The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy," New Left
Review, no. 103 (May-June 1977), 3-41.
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations. World Investment Report
1991, World Investment Report 1992. New York: United Nations. (In 1992,
the Centre changed its name to the Transnational Corporations and
Management Division.)
United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 1992. New
York: UNDP/Oxford University Press, 1992.
United States Congress, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations
with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Interim Report: Alleged Assassination
Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 94th Congress, 1st Session, November 10,
1975.
United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations
with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973.
Washington, D.C., 1975.

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