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THE RISE AND FALL OF THE THIRD REICH: A HISTORY OF NAZI GERMANY

[b]NOTES

 

 

Abbreviations used in these notes:[/b]

 

DBrFP-Documents on British Foreign Policy. Files of the British Foreign Office.

 

DDI-I Documenti diplomatica italiani. Files of the Italian government.

 

DGFP-Documents on German Foreign Policy. Files of the German Foreign Office.

 

FCNA-Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs. Summary records of Hitler's conferences with the Commander in Chief of the German Navy.

 

NCA-Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Part of the Nuremberg documents.

 

N.D.-Nuremberg document.

 

NSR-Nazi-Soviet Relations. From the files of the German Foreign Office.

 

TMWC-Trial of the Major War Criminals. Nuremberg documents and testimony. TWC-Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals.

 

[b]CHAPTER 1[/b]

 

1. The Hammerstein memorandum, cited by Wheeler-Bennett in his The Nemesis of Power, p. 285. The memorandum was written for Wheeler-Bennett by Dr. Kunrath von Hammerstcin, son of the General, and was based on his father's notes and diaries. It is entitled "Schleicher, Hammerstein and the Seizure of Power."

 

2. Joseph Goebbels, Vom Kaiserhof Zur Reichskanzlei, p. 251.

 

3. Hammerstein memorandum, cited by Wheeler-Bennett, op. cit., p. 280.

 

4. Goebbels, op. cit., p. 250.

 

5. Ibid., p. 252.

 

6. Ibid., p. 252.

 

7. Andre Francois-Poncet, The Fateful Years, p. 48. He was French ambassador in Berlin 1930-38.

 

8. Goebbels. Kaiserhof, pp. 251-54.

 

9. Proclamation of Sept. 5, 1934, at Nuremberg.

 

10. Friedrich Meinecke. The German Catastrophe. p. 96.

 

11. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, American edition (Boston, 1943), p. 3. In a good number of quotations from this book I have altered the English translation somewhat to bring it closer to the original text in German.

 

12. Konrad Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 36. All who write on the Third Reich are indebted to Heiden for material on the early life of Hitler.

 

13. Ibid., p. 41.

 

14. Ibid., p. 43.

 

15. Ibid., p. 43.

 

16. Mein Kampf, p. 6.

 

17. Ibid., p. 8.

 

18. Ibid., pp. 8-10.

 

19. Ibid., p. 10.

 

20. Hitler's Secret Conversations, 1941-44, p. 287.

 

21. Ibid., p. 346.

 

22. Ibid., p. 547.

 

23. Ibid., pp. 566-67.

 

24. August Kubizek, The Young Hitler I Knew, p. 50.

 

25. Ibid., p. 49.

 

26. Mein Kampf, pp. 14-15.

 

27. Kubizek, op. cit., p. 52. and Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 567.

 

28. Kubizek, op. cit., p. 44.

 

29. Mein Kampf, p. 18.

 

30. Ibid., p. 21.

 

31. Kubizek, op. cit., p. 59.

 

32. Ibid., p. 76.

 

33. Ibid., pp. 54-55.

 

34. Konrad Heiden, Ver Fuehrer, p. 52.

 

35. Mein Kampf, p. 20.

 

36. Ibid., p. 18.

 

37. Ibid., p. 18.

 

38. Ibid., p. 21.

 

39. Ibid., pp. 21-22.

 

40. Ibid., p. 34.

 

41. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 54.

 

42. Ibid., p. 68.

 

43. Mein Kampf, p. 34.

 

44. Ibid., p. 22.

 

45. Ibid., pp. 35-37.

 

46. Ibid., pp. 22, 125.

 

47. Ibid., pp. 38-39.

 

48. Ibid., p. 41.

 

49. Ibid., pp. 43-44.

 

50. Ibid., pp. 116-17.

 

51. Ibid., p. 118.

 

52. Ibid., pp. 55, 69, 122.

 

53. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday, p. 63.

 

54. Mein Kampf, p. 100.

 

55. Ibid., p. 107.

 

56. Ibid., p. 52.

 

57. Kubizek, op. cit., p. 79.

 

58. Mein Kampf, p. 52.

 

59. Ibid., p. 56.

 

60. Ibid., pp. 56-57.

 

61. Ibid., p. 59.

 

62. Ibid., pp. 63-64.

 

63. Ibid., pp. 123-24.

 

64. Ibid., pp. 161, 163.

 

[b]CHAPTER 2]/b]

 

1. Mein Kampf, pp. 204-5.

 

2. Ibid., p. 202.

 

3. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 84.

 

4. Rudolf Olden, Hitler, the Pawn, p. 70.

 

5. Mein Kampf, p. 193.

 

6. Ibid., pp. 205-6.

 

7. Ibid., p. 207.

 

8. Ibid., pp. 215-16.

 

9. Ibid., pp. 210, 213.

 

10. Ibid., pp. 218-19.

 

11. Ibid., p. 220.

 

12. Ibid., pp. 221-22.

 

13. Ibid., p. 224.

 

14. Ibid., p. 687n.

 

15. Ibid., p. 687.

 

16. Ibid., p. 354.

 

17. Ibid., p. 355.

 

18. Ibid., pp. 369-70.

 

19. Konrad Heiden, A History of National Socialism. p. 36.

 

20. Mein Kampf, pp. 496-97. The italics are Hitler's.

 

21. Heiden, A History of National Socialism, pp. 51-52.

 

22. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, pp. 98-99.

 

23. Heiden, A History of National Socialism, p. 52.

 

24. Heiden, Hitler, pp. 90-91.

 

[b]CHAPTER 3[/b]

 

1. Wheeler-Bennett, Wooden Titan: Hindenhurg, pp. 207-8.

 

2. Ibid., p. 131.

 

3. Wheeler-Rennett's Nemesis, p. 58.

 

4. Franz L. Neumann, Behemoth, p. 23.

 

5. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, pp. 131-33.

 

6. Ibid., p. 164.

 

7. Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Rabenau. Seeckt, aus seinem Leben, II, p. 342.

 

8. Ibid., p. 371.

 

9. Karl Alexander von Mueller, quoted by Heiden in Der Fuehrer, p. 190.

 

10. The record of the court proceedings is contained in Der Hitler Prozess.

 

[b]CHAPTER 4[/b]

 

1. The figures are from a study of Eher Verlag's royalty statements made by Prof. Oron James Hale and published in The American Historical Review, July 1955, under the title "Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer."

 

2. The quotations are from Mein Kampf, pp. 619, 672, 674.

 

3. Ibid., pp. 138-39.

 

4. Ibid., p. 140.

 

5. Ibid., pp. 643, 646, 652.

 

6. Ibid., p. 649.

 

7. Ibid., p. 675.

 

8. Ibid., p. 654.

 

9. Ibid., pp. 150-53.

 

10. Adolf Hitlers Reden, p. 32. Quoted by Bullock, op. cit., p. 68.

 

11. Mein Kampf, pp. 247-53.

 

12. Ibid., pp. 134-35, 285, 289.

 

13. Ibid., p. 290.

 

14. Ibid., pp. 295-96.

 

15. Ibid., p. 296, for this and the two quotations above it.

 

16. Ibid., p. 646.

 

17. Ibid., pp. 383-84.

 

18. Ibid., p. 394.

 

19. Ibid., pp. 402-4.

 

20. Ibid., p. 396.

 

21. Ibid., pp. 449-50.

 

22. A. J. p. Taylor, The Course of German History, p. 24.

 

23. Wilhelm Roepke, The Solution of the German Problem, p. 153.

 

24. Mein Kampf, pp. 154, 225-26.

 

25. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 198.

 

26. See his study of Chamberlain in The Third Reich, ed. by Baumont, Fried and Vermeil.

 

27. The foregoing, from Chamberlain back to Fichte and Hegel, is based on the works of the authors and on quotations and interpretations in such books as German Philosophy and Politics, by John Dewey; The German Catastrophe, by Friedrich Meinecke; The Solution of the German Problem, by Wilhelm Roepke; A History of Western Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell; Thus Speaks Germany, ed. by W. W. Coole and M. F. Potter; The Third Reich, ed. by Baumont, Fried and Vermeil; German Nationalism: The Tragedy of a People, by Louis L. Snyder; German History: Some New German Views, ed. by Hans Kohn; The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany, by T. L. Jarman; Der Fuehrer, by Konrad Heiden; The Course of German History, by A. J. p. Taylor; L'Allemagne Contemporaine, by Edmond Vermeil; History of Germany, by Hermann Pinnow.

 

E. Eyck's Bismarck and the German Empire is an invaluable study.

 

The limitations of space in a work of this kind prohibited discussion of the considerable inf1uence on the Third Reich of a number of other German intellectuals whose writings were popular and significant in Germany: Schlegel, J. Goerres, Novalis, Arndt, Jahn, Lagarde, List, Droysen, Ranke, Mommsen. Constantin Frantz, Stoecker, Bernhardi, Klaus Wagner, Langbehn, Lange, Spengler.

 

28. Mein Kampf, p. 381.

 

29. Ibid., p. 293.

 

30. Ibid., pp. 212-13.

 

31. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, pp. 31-32. Quoted by Bullock, op. cit., p. 351.

 

32. Quoted in The Third Reich, ed. by Baumont et al., pp. 204-5, from two works of Nietzsche: Zur Genealogie der Moral and Der Wille zur Macht.

 

[b]CHAPTER 5[/b]

 

1. Kurt Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, pp. 217-18.

 

2. Baynes (ed.), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, I, pp. 155-56.

 

3. Curt Riess, Joseph Goebbels, p. 8.

 

4. This and the other quoted Hitler reminiscences of January 16-17, 1942, about Obersalzberg are from Hitler's Secret Conversations.

 

5. Such authorities as Heiden and Bullock tell of the Raubals coming to Haus Wachenfeld in 1925, when Geli Raubal was seventeen. But Hitler makes it clear that he did not acquire the villa until 1928. at which time he says, "I immediately rang up my sister in Vienna with the news, and begged her to be so good as to take over the part of mistress of the house." See Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 177.

 

6. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, pp. 384-86.

 

7. See the fascinating analysis of Hitler's income tax returns made by Prof. Oron James Hale in The American Historical Review, July 1955.

 

8. Ibid.

 

9. Ibid.

 

10. Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 419.

 

11. The speech does not appear in Baynes or in Roussy de Sales's collection of Hitler's speeches (Hitler, My New Order). It was published verbatim in the Voelkischer Beobachter (special Reichswehr edition) on March 26, 1929, and is quoted at length in "Blueprint of the Nazi Underground, " Research Studies of the State College of Washington, June 1945.

 

12. The quotations are from the Frankfurter Zeitung, September 26, 1930.

 

13. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression [hereafter referred to as NCAl, Supplement A, p. 1194 (Nuremberg Document [hereafter, N.D.] EC-440).

 

14. Otto Dietrich, Mit Hitler in die Macht.

 

15. Funk's testimony, NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 1194-1204 (N.D. EC-440), and NCA, V., pp. 478-95 (N.D. 2328-PS). Thyssen's declarations are from his book I Paid Hitler, pp. 79-108.

 

16. NCA, VII, pp. 512-13 (N.D. EC-456).

 

[b]CHAPTER 6[/b]

 

1. According to Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 433.

 

2. Heiden, History of National Socialism, p. 166.

 

3. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, pp. 19-20.

 

4. Ibid., pp. 80-81.

 

5. Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, p. 243.

 

6. The above quotes are from Goebbels, Kaiserhof, pp. 81-104.

 

7. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 23.

 

8. Franz von Papen, Memoirs, p. 162.

 

9. NCA, Suppl. A, p. 508 (N.D. 3309-PS).

 

10. Hermann Rauschning, The Voice of Destruction.

 

11. Goebbels was not caught napping this time, as he had been on August 13. He immediately gave the press the exchange of correspondence and it was published in the morning papers of Nov. 25. It is available in the Jahrbuch des Oeffenlichen Rechts, Vol. 21, 1933-40.

 

12. Papen, op. cit., pp. 216-17.

 

13. Ibid., p. 220.

 

14. Ibid., p. 222.

 

15. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 43. He says erroneously, "seventy days."

 

16. NCA, II, pp. 922-24.

 

17. Kurt von Schuschnigg, Farewell, Austria, pp. 165-66.

 

18. Meissner affidavit, NCA, Suppl. A, p. 511.

 

19. The Hammerstein memorandum, Wheeler-Bennett's Nemesis, p. 280.

 

20. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 404.

 

21. Papen, op. cit., pp. 243-44.

 

[b]CHAPTER 7[/b]

 

1. NCA, III, pp. 272-75 (N.D. 351- PS).

 

2. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, p. 256.

 

3. See affidavit of Georg von Schnitzler, NCA, VII, p. 501 (N.D. EC-439); speeches of Goering and Hitler, NCA, VI, p. 1080 (N.D. D-203 ): Schacht's interrogation, NCA, VI, p. 465 (N.D. 3725-PS); Funk's interrogation, NCA, V, p. 495 (N.D. 2828-PS).

 

4. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, pp. 269-70.

 

5. Papen, op. cit., p. 268.

 

6. Rudolf Diets, Lucifer ante Portas, p. 194.

 

7. For sources on the responsibility for the Reichstag fire see: Halder's affidavit, NCA, VI, p. 635 (N.D. 3740-PS); transcript of Gisevius' cross-examination on April 25, 1946, Trial of the Major War Criminals [hereafter cited as TMWC], XII, pp. 252-53; Diehl's affidavit, Goering's denial, TMWC, IX, pp. 432-36, and NCA, VI, pp. 298-99 (N.D. 3593-PS); Willy Frischauer, The Rise and Fall of Hermann Goering, pp, 88-95; Douglas Reed, The Burning of the Reichstag; John Gunther, Inside Europe (Gunther attended the trial at Leipzig). There are many alleged testaments and confessions by those claiming to have participated in the Nazi firing of the Reichstag or to have positive knowledge of it, but none, so far as I know, has ever been substantiated. Of these, memoranda by Ernst Oberfohren, a Nationalist deputy, and Karl Ernst, the Berlin S.A. leader, have been given some credence. Both men were slain by the Nazis within a few months of the fire.

 

8. NCA, III, pp. 968-70 (N.D. 1390- PS).

 

9. NCA, IV, p. 496 (N.D. 1856-PS).

 

10. NCA, V, p. 669 (N.D. 2962-PS).

 

11. Dokumente der deutschen Politik, I, 1935, pp. 20-24.

 

12. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 61.

 

13. Text of law, NCA, IV, pp. 638-39 (N.D.2001-PS).

 

14. Laws of March 31 and April 7, 1933, and January 30, 1934, all in NCA, IV, pp. 640-43.

 

15. NCA. III, p. 962 (N.D. 1388-PS).

 

16. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, p. 307.

 

17. NCA, III, pp. 380-85 (N.D. 392- PS).

 

18. Law of May 19, 1933, NCA, III, p. 387 (N.D. 405-PS).

 

19. Goebbels, op. cit., p. 300.

 

20. N. S. Monatshefte, No. 39 (June 1933).

 

21. The July 1 and 6 quotations in Baynes, I, p. 287 and pp. 865-66.

 

22. From a study entitled My Relations with Adolf Hitler and the Party, which Admiral Raeder wrote in Moscow after his capture by the Russians and which was made available at Nuremberg. NCA, VIII, p. 707.

 

23. Baynes, I, p. 289.

 

24. Spengler, Jahre der Entscheidung. p. viii.

 

25. Blomberg's directive, TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 487-91 (N.D. C- (40).

 

26. Quoted by Telford Taylor in Sword and Swastika, p. 41. The Seeckt papers are now at the National Archives in Washington.

 

27. The source for the "Pact of the Deutschland" is Weissbuch ueber die Erschiessung des 30 Juni, 1934 (Paris, 1935), pp. 52-53. Herbert Rosinski in his The German Army, pp. 222-23, confirms the terms of the pact. Bullock and Wheeler- Bennett accept it in their books on this period. The source for the May 16 meeting of the generals is Jacques Benoist-Mechin's Histoire de l'Armee Allemande depuis l'Armistice, II, pp. 553-54.

 

28. Rede des Vizekanzlers von Papen vor dem Universitaetsbund, Marburg, am 17 Juni, 1934 (Berlin: Germania -Verlag).

 

29. Papen, op. cit., p. 310.

 

30. NCA, V, pp. 654-55 (N.D. 2950- PS).

 

31. Papen, op. cit., pp. 330-33.

 

[b]CHAPTER 8[/b]

 

1. Leo Stein, I Was in Hell with Niemoeller, p. 80.

 

2. Neumann, Behemoth, p. 109. He states that the quotations are from the research project "Antisemitism" of the Institute of Social Research, published in Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 1940.

 

3. Rauschning, The Voice of Destruction, p. 54.

 

4. Stewart W. Herman, Jr., It's Your Souls We Want, pp. 157-58. Herman was pastor of the American Church in Berlin from 1936 to 1941.

 

5. The text is given in Herman, op. cit., pp. 297-300; also in the New York Times of Jan. 3, 1942.

 

6. Affidavit of Nov. 19, 1945, NCA. V, pp. 735-36 (N.D. 3016-PS).

 

7. Most foreign correspondents in Berlin kept a collection of such gems. My own has been lost. The quotations are from Philipp Lenard, Deutsche Physik, preface; Wallace Deuel, People under Hitler; William Ebenstein, The Nazi State.

 

8. Wilhelm Roepke, The Solution of the German Problem, p. 61.

 

9. Quoted in Frederic Lilge's The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University, p. 170.

 

10. Schirach's American ancestry is given by Douglas M. Kelley, the American psychiatrist at the Nuremberg jail during the trial of the major war criminals, in his book, 22 Cells in Nuremberg, pp. 86-87.

 

11. Reichsgesetzblatt, 1936, Part I, p. 933. Quoted in NCA, III, pp. 972-73 (N.D. 1392-PS).

 

12. From his book, Basic Facts for a History of German War and Armament Economy. Quoted in NCA, I, p. 350 (N.D. 2353-PS).

 

13. The ministry's report of September 30, 1934, NCA, VII, pp. 306-9 (N.D. EC-128); Schacht's report of May 3, 1935, NCA, III, pp. 827-30 (N.D. 1168-PS); text of the secret Reich Defense Law, NCA, IV, pp. 934-36 (N.D. 2261-PS).

 

14. NCA, VII, p. 474 (N.D. EC-419).

 

15. Thyssen, I Paid Hitler, pp. xv, 157.

 

16. Quoted by Neumann in Behemoth. p. 432.

 

17. Ebenstein, op. cit., p. 84.

 

18. NCA, III, pp. 568-72 (N.D. 787, 788-PS).

 

19. The Third Reich, ed. by Baumont et al., p. 630.

 

20. Eugen Kogon's phrase. See his Der SS Staat-das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager. A somewhat abridged version appeared in English, The Theory and Practice of Hell. It is the best study of Nazi concentration camps yet written. Kogon spent seven years in them.

 

21. Quoted in NCA, II, p. 258 (N.D. 1852-PS).

 

22. NCA, VIH, pp. 243-44 (N.D. R-142).

 

23. Voelkischer Beobachter, May 20, 1936.

 

[b]CHAPTER 9[/b]

 

1. Friedelind Wagner, Heritage of Fire, p. 109.

 

2. Papen, op. cit., p. 338.

 

3. Daily Mail, Aug. 6, 1934.

 

4. Le Matin, Nov. 18, 1934.

 

5. Wolfgang Foerster, Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg, p. 22. This book is based on Beck's papers.

 

6. NCA, VII, p. 333 (N.D. EC-I77).

 

7. NCA, I, p. 431 (N.D. C-189).

 

8. NCA, VI, p. 1018 (N.D. C-190).

 

9. Ibid.

 

10. TMWC, XX, p. 603.

 

11. My New Order, ed. by Roussy de Sales, pp. 309-33. The text of the speech is also in Baynes, II, pp. 1218-47.

 

12. My New Order, pp. 333-34.

 

13. Pertinax, The Grave Diggers of France, p. 381.

 

14. The author's Berlin Diary, p. 43.

 

15. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., pp. 188- 89.

 

16. NCA, VI, pp. 951-52 (N.D. C- 139), the text of the order. See also TMWC, XV, pp. 445-48.

 

17. NCA, VII, pp. 454-55 (N.D. EC- 405), minutes of the meeting.

 

18. NCA, VI, pp. 974-76 (N.D. C- 159).

 

19. TMWC, XV, p. 252, for Jodl's evidence; Hitler's Secret Conversations, pp. 211-12, for Hitler's figure.

 

20. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 193.

 

21. Berlin Diary, pp. 51-54.

 

22. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 190.

 

23. Ibid., pp. 194-95.

 

24. TMWC, XV, p. 352.

 

25. Hitler's Secret Conversations, pp. 211-12. Remarks of January 27, 1942.

 

26. Paul Schmidt, Hitler's Interpreter, p. 41.

 

27. TMWC, XV, p. 352.

 

28. TMWC, XXI, p. 22.

 

29. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 211.

 

30. Quoted by Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 196.

 

31. NCA, VII, p. 890 (N.D. L-150).

 

32. Kurt von Schuschnigg. Austrian Requiem, p. 5.

 

33. NCA, I, p. 466 (N.D. 2248-PS).

 

34. Documents on German Foreign Policy [hereafter referred to as DGFP], Series D, I. pp. 278-81 (No. 152).

 

35. Papen, op. cit., p. 370.

 

36. DGFP, III, pp. 1-2.

 

37. Ibid., pp. 892-94.

 

38. DGFP, I, p. 37.

 

39. Ibid., III, p. 172.

 

40. Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, ed. by Malcolm Muggeridge, pp. 43-48.

 

41. Milton Shulman, Defeat in the West, p. 76. His source is given as a British War Office Intelligence Review, December 1945. It would seem to be from an interrogation of Goering.

 

42. Text of the secret protocol, DGFp. I, p. 734.

 

43. TWC, XII, pp. 46~65 (N.D. NI- 051).

 

44. TMWC, IX, p. 281.

 

45. DGFP, I, p. 40.

 

46. Ibid., pp. 55-67.

 

47. NCA, VI, pp. 1001-11 (N.D. C- 175).

 

48. The Hossbach minutes, dated Nov. 10, 1937. The German text is given in TMWC, XXV, pp. 402- 13, and the best English translation is in DGFP, I, pp. 29-39. A hasty English version was done at Nuremberg and printed in NCA, III, pp. 295-305 (N.D. 386-PS). Hossbach also gives an account of the meeting in his book Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler, pp. 186- 94. The brief testimony of Goering, Raeder and Neurath on the conference is printed in TMWC.

 

[b]CHAPTER 10[/b]

 

1. Affidavit of Baroness von Ritter, a relative of Neurath. TMWC, XVI, p. 640.

 

2. TMWC, XVI, p. 640.

 

3. Ibid., p. 641.

 

4. Schacht, Accoutlt Settled, p. 90.

 

5. Jodl's diary, TMWC, XXVIII, p. 357.

 

6. Ibid., p. 356.

 

7. Ibid., pp. 36-62.

 

8. Ibid., p. 357.

 

9. Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika, pp. 149-50. The manuscript of Blomberg's unpublished memoirs is in the Library of Congress.

 

10. Bullock, op. cit., p. 381, and Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, p. 369.

 

11. Wolfgang Foerster, Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg, op. cit., pp. 70-73.

 

12. TMWC, IX, p. 290.

 

13. The Von Hassell Diaries. 1938- 1944, p. 23.

 

[b]CHAPTER 11[/b]

 

1. Dispatch to Hitler, Dec. 21, 1937, DGFP, I, p. 486.

 

2. Papen, op. cit., p. 404.

 

3. Ibid., p. 406.

 

4. Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, pp. 12-19; NCA, V, pp. 709-12 (N.D. 2995-PS).

 

5. Draft of protocol submitted to Schuschnigg, DGFP, I, pp. 513-15.

 

6. NCA, V, p. 711 (N.D. 2995-PS).

 

7. Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, p. 23.

 

8. N.D. 2995-PS, op. cit.

 

9. Schuschnigg gave slightly different versions of Hitler's threats in his book. p. 24, and in his Nuremberg affidavit, 2995-PS (NCA, V, p. 712). I have used both in abbreviated form.

 

10. Austrian Requiem. p. 24.

 

11. Ibid.

 

12. Ibid., p. 25, and Schuschnigg's affidavit, N.D. 2995-PS, op. cit.

 

13. Austrian Requiem, p. 25.

 

14. NCA, IV, p. 357 (N.D. 1775-PS).

 

15. NCA, IV, p. 361 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

16. From my own notes taken during the broadcast.

 

17. Dispatch to the German Foreign Office on Feb. 25, 1938, marked "Very Secret, " DGFP, I, p. 546.

 

18. For Miklas' testimony, see NCA, Suppl. A, p. 523. Papen's suggestion is in his Memoirs, p. 425.

 

19. Austrian Requiem, pp. 35-36.

 

20. NCA, IV, p. 362 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

21. NCA, VI, pp. 911-12 (N.D. C- 102).

 

22. Ibid., VI, p. 913 (N.D. C-103).

 

23. DGFP, I, pp. 573-76.

 

24. NCA, V, pp. 629-54 (N.D. 2949- PS).

 

25. Austrian Requiem, p. 47.

 

26. Testimony of Wilhelm Miklas on January 30, 1946, during anti- Nazi court proceedings against Dr. Rudolf Neumayer. Though the former President is a bit hazy about exact times and the exact sequence of events on the fateful day, his testimony is of great value and interest. NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 518-34 (N.D. 3697-PS).

 

27. Austrian Requiem, p. 51.

 

28. See NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 525-34 (N.D. 3697-PS). Also, NCA, V, p. 209 (N.D. 2465-PS, 2466-PS).

 

29. NCA, VI, p. 1017 (N.D. C-182).

 

30. DGFP, I, pp. 584-86.

 

31. Ibid., pp. 553-55.

 

32. TMWC, XVI, p. 153.

 

33. DGFP, I, p. 263.

 

34. Ibid., pp. 273-75.

 

35. Ibid., p. 578.

 

36. NCA, I, pp. 501-2 (N.D. 3287- PS).

 

37. Text of circular cipher telegram, DGFP, I, pp. 586-87.

 

38. TMWC, XX, p. 605.

 

39. TMWC, XV, p. 632.

 

40. Memorandum of Seyss-Inquart at Nuremberg, Sept. 9, 1945, NCA, V, pp. 961-92 (N.D. 3254-PS).

 

41. TMWC, XIV, p. 429.

 

42. Text of Schacht's address. NCA, VII, pp. 394-402 (N.D. EC-297- A).

 

43. NCA. IV, p. 585 (N.D. 1947-PS).

 

[b]CHAPTER 12[/b]

 

1. The file for Case Green was kept at Hitler's headquarters and was captured intact by American troops in a cellar at Obersalzbreg. The summary of the Apr. 21 Hitler-Keitel discussion is the second paper in the collection. The entire file was introduced in evidence at Nuremberg as N.D. 388-PS. An English translation is in NCA, III, pp. 306- 709; a better English version of the Apr. 21 talks is in DGFP, II, pp. 239-40.

 

2. Secret memorandum of the German Foreign Office, Aug. 19, 1938, NCA, VI, p. 855 (N.D. 3059-PS).

 

3. DGFP, II, pp. 197-98.

 

4. Ibid., p. 255.

 

5. Weizsaecker memorandum, May 12, 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 273-74.

 

6. Text of four telegrams exchanged, NCA, III, pp. 308-9 (N.D. 388- PS).

 

7. Ibid., pp. 309-10.

 

8. Text of Keitel's letter and of the directive, DGFP, II, pp. 299-303.

 

9. Ibid., pp. 307-8.

 

10. Dispatch of the German minister and military attache in Prague, May 21, 1938, ibid., pp. 309-10.

 

11. Dispatch of Ambassador von Dirksen, May 22, 1938, ibid., pp. 322- 23.

 

12. Speech to the Reichstag, Jan. 30, 1939, in My New Order, ed. by Roussy de Sales, p. 563.

 

13. According to Fritz Wiedermann, one of the Fuehrer's adjutants, who was present and who later swore that he "was considerably shaken by this statement." NCA, V, pp. 743-44 (N.D. 3037-PS). 1152

 

14. Undated Jodi diary entry, TMWC. XXVIII, p. 372 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

15. Item II of Case Green, NCA, III. pp. 315-20 (N.D. 388-PS); also DGFP, II, pp. 357-62.

 

16. TMWC, XXVIII, p. 373. The TMWC volume gives the German text. An English translation of excerpts of Jodl's diary is in NCA, IV, pp. 360-70.

 

17. The texts of the memoranda are given by Wolfgang Foerster in Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg. pp. 81-119.

 

18. Jodl's diary, TMWC, XXVIII. p. 374. English translation, NCA, IV, p. 364 (N .D. I 780-PS).

 

19. Ibid.

 

20. TMWC, XX, p. 606.

 

21. The Van Hassell Diaries, p. 6.

 

22. Ibid., p. 347.

 

23. Foerster, op. cit., p. 122.

 

24. Dispatches of June 8 and 9, 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 395, 399-401.

 

25. Dispatch of June 22, ibid., p. 426.

 

26. Ibid., pp. 529-31.

 

27. Ibid., p. 611.

 

28. Item 17 of the "Green" file, NCA, III, pp. 332-33 (N.D. 388-PS).

 

29. TMWC, XXVIII, p. 375.

 

30. Minutes of the Sept. 3, 1938, meeting, NCA, III, pp. 334-35 (N.D. 388-PS).

 

31. Schmundt's minutes of the Sept. 9 meeting, ibid., pp. 335-38. It is Item 19 in the "Green" file.

 

32. Jodl's diary note for Sept. 13, TMWC, XXVIII. pp. 378-79 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

33. DGFP, II, p. 536.

 

34. Reports of Kleist's visit are in Documents on British Foreign Policy [hereafter referred to as DBrFP], Third Series, II.

 

35. Most of the text of Churchill's letter is in DGFP, II, p. 706.

 

36. DBrFP, Third Series, II, pp. 686- 87.

 

37. Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission, pp. 147, 150.

 

38. DBrFP, Third Series, I.

 

39. Erich Kordt gives his brother's account of this meeting in his book Nicht aus den Akten, pp. 279-81.

 

40. DGFP, II, p. 754.

 

41. Ibid., p. 754.

 

42. L. B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, p. 35.

 

43. There is a considerable amount of material about the conference. The text of the official report drawn up by Paul Schmidt, who acted as interpreter and was the only other person present, is in DGFP, II, pp. 786-98. Schmidt has given an eyewitness account of the meeting in his book Hitler's Interpreter, pp. 90-95. Chamberlain's notes are in DBrFP, Third Series, pp. 338-41; his letter to his sister on the meeting is in Keith Feiling's Life of Neville Chamberlain, pp. 366-68. See also Nevile Henderson's Failure of a Mission, pp. 152-54.

 

44. DGFP, Jr, p. 801.

 

45. Ibid., p. 810.

 

46. Feiling, op. cit., p. 367.

 

47. NCA, VI, p. 799 (N.D. C-2).

 

48. DGFP, II, pp. 863-64.

 

49. British White Paper, Cmd. 5847, No. 2. Text also in DGFP, II, pp. 831-32.

 

50. See Berlin Diary, p. 137.

 

51. The chief sources for the Godesberg conference are: Schmidt's notes on the two Godesberg meetings, DGFP, II, pp. 870-79, 898- 908; Schmidt's description of the talks, Hitler's Interpreter, pp. 95- 102; texts of correspondence exchanged between Hitler and Chamberlain on September 23, DGFP, II, pp. 887-92; notes by Kirkpatrick on the meeting, DBrFP, Third Series, II, pp. 463-73, 499-508; Henderson's description in Failure of a Mission, pp. 156-62.

 

52. NCA, IV, p. 367 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

53. Jodl's diary, Sept. 26, 1938, ibid.

 

54. Text of the Godesberg memorandum, DGFP, II, pp. 908-10.

 

55. The Times, London, Sept. 24, 1938.

 

56. Text of the Czech reply, British White Paper, Cmd. 5847, No. 7.

 

57. Text of Chamberlain's letter to Hitler of Sept. 26, 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 994-95.

 

58. Though Dr. Schmidt's notes on this meeting are missing from the German Foreign Office papers, his own account of it appears in his book, op. cit., pp. 102-3. Kirkpatrick's notes are in DBrFP, Third Series, II, No. I, p. 118. Henderson's version in his book, op. cit., p. 163.

 

59. Items 31-33 of "Green" file, NCA, III, pp. 350-52 (N.D. 388-PS).

 

 

60. Dispatch from Paris. DGFP, II. p. 977.

 

61. The text of Roosevelt's two appeals and Hitler's answer to the first one are in DGFp. II.

 

62. Dispatch from Prague. DGFP, II, p. 976.

 

63. Text of Hitler's letter of Sept. 27. 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 966-68.

 

64. Chamberlain's plan, DGFP, II, pp. 987-88. The Prime Minister's messages are quoted by Wheeler- Bennett in Munich. pp. 151-52, 155, from the Czech Archives.

 

65. Ibid., p. 158.

 

66. Text in British White Paper, Cmd. 5848, No. I. The letter was handed to Hitler by Henderson at noon the next day.

 

67. Henderson, op. cit., p. 144. DBrFP, Third Series, I I, p. 614.

 

68. Jodl's diary. Sept. 28. 1938, NCA, IV, p. 368 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

69. Sources: Halder's interrogation at Nuremberg by Capt. Sam Harris, a New York attorney, NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1547-71: also Halder's memorandum, which was given to the press at Nuremberg but is not included in either the NCA or TMWC volumes. Gisevius, To rhe Biller End. pp. 283-328; his testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, XII, pp. 210-19. Schacht. Account Settled, pp. 114-25.

 

70. Gisevius, To the Bitter End, p. 325. Also his testimony on the stand at Nuremberg. TMWC. XII, p. 219.

 

71. Erich Kordt's memorandum, made available to the writer. Allen Dulles, Germany's Underground, p. 46, also gives an account of the call.

 

72. Accounts of the meetings in the Chancellery on the forenoon of Sept. 28 are given by some of the participants: Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 105-8; Francois-Poncet, op. cit., pp. 265-68: Henderson, op. cit., pp. 166-71.

 

73. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 107.

 

74. Ibid., p. 107.

 

75. Henderson, op. cit., pp. 168-69. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 108.

 

76. Masaryk later described this scene to the writer, as he did to many other friends. But my notes on it were lost. and I have used Wheeler- Bennett's moving account in Munich. pp. 170-71.

 

77. From Halder's interrogation, Feb. 25. 1946. NCA. Suppl. B, pp. 1553-58.

 

78. Schacht, op. cit., p. 125.

 

79. Gisevius, op. cit., p. 326.

 

80. Ciano's Hidden Diary. 1937-/938. p. 166. In a telegram dated June 26, 1940, Mussolini reminded Hitler that at Munich he had promised to take part in the attack on Britain. The text of the telegram is in DGFP, X, p. 27.

 

81. Text of the Chamberlain and Benes notes, DBrFp. Third Series. II, pp. 599, 604.

 

82. The minutes of the two Munich meetings, DGFP, II, pp. 1003-8, 1011-14.

 

83. Henderson, op. cit., p. 171. Francois-Poncet, op. cit., p. 271.

 

84. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 110.

 

85. Text of the Munich Agreement. DGFP, II, pp. 1014-16.

 

86. From the official report of Dr. Masarik to the Czech Foreign Office. The sources for this section on the Munich Conference are: DGFP, II, as cited above in note 83; text of the Munich Agreement. ibid., pp. 1014-16; DBrFP, Third Series, II, No. I, p. 227; and Ciano. Schmidt, Henderson, Francois- Poncet and Weizsaecker, op. cit.

 

87. Berlin Diary, p. 145.

 

88. The sources for this Chamberlain- Hitler meeting are: DGFP, II, p. 1017, for text of declaration: DGFP, IV, pp. 287-93, for Schmidt's official memorandum on the meeting; Schmidt's book, op. cit., pp. 112-13. DBrFP, Third Series, II, No. 1228, gives a slightly different version of the conversation.

 

89. DGFP, IV, pp. 4-5.

 

90. Jodl's diary, NCA, IV, p. 368 (N.D. 1780-PS).

 

91. Keitel's testimony, April 4, 1946, TMWC, X, p. 509.

 

92. Manstein's testimony, Aug. 9, 1946, TMWC, XX, p. 606.

 

93. Jodi's testimony, June 4, 1946, TMWC, XV, p. 361.

 

94. Gamelin, Servir, pp. 344-46. A disappointing book! Pertinax, The Grave Diggers of France, p. 3, confirms the General here. These are also the sources of Gamelin's advice on Sept. 26 and 28.

 

95. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 339.

 

96. DGFP, IV, pp. 602-4.

 

97. Schacht on the stand at Nuremberg, TMWC, XII, p. 531.

 

98. Speech to the commanders in chief, Nov. 23, 1939, NCA, III, p. 573 (N.D. 789-PS).

 

[b]CHAPTER 13[/b]

 

1. "Green" file, Item 48, NCA, III, pp. 372-74 (N.D. 388-PS).

 

2. Ibid.

 

3. Hitler's directive, Oct. 21, 1938, NCA, VI, pp. 947-48 (N.D. C- 136).

 

4. DGFP, IV, p. 46.

 

5. Heydrich's orders to the police for organizing the pogrom, NCA, V, pp. 797-801 (N.D. 3051-PS); Heydrich's report to Goering on the damage and the number of killed and wounded, NCA, V. p. 854 (N.D. 3058-PS). Report of Walter Buch, chief party judge, on the pogrom, NCA, V, pp. 868-76 (N.D. 3063-PS); Major Buch gives lurid details of numerous murders of Jews and blames Goebbels for the excesses. Stenographic report of the meeting of Goering with cabinet members and government officials and a representative of the insurance companies on Nov. 12, NCA, IV, pp. 425-57 (N.D. 1816-PS). Though the complete report is missing, the part which was found runs to 10, 000 words.

 

6. TMWC, IX, p. 538.

 

7. DGFP, IV, pp. 639-49.

 

8. DBrFP, Third Series, IV, No. 5.

 

9. Ciano's Hidden Diary, entry for Oct. 28, 1938, p. 185; Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 242-46.

 

10. DGFP, IV, pp. 515-20.

 

11. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 118; his notes on the meeting, DGFP, IV, pp. 471-77.

 

12. DGFP, IV, pp. 69-72.

 

13. Ibid., pp. 82-83.

 

14. Ibid., pp. 185-86; also in NCA, VI, pp. 950-51 (N.D. C-138).

 

15. Dispatch of the charge, DGFP, IV, pp. 188-89.

 

16. DGFP, IV, p. 215.

 

17. Memoranda of Chvalkovsky's two talks, with Hitler and Ribbentrop, on Jan. 21, 1939, DGFP, IV, pp. 190-202. Chvalkovsky's own report to the Czechoslovak cabinet on Jan. 23, Czech Archives, quoted by Wheeler-Bennett in Munich, pp. 316-17. Also see French Yellow Book, pp. 55-56.

 

18. Text, DGFP, IV, pp. 207-8.

 

19. Text, ibid., pp. 218-20.

 

20. Memorandum of meeting, ibid., pp. 209-13.

 

21. Text, ibid., pp. 234-35.

 

22. Based on an account later given by the British minister in Prague, NCA, VII, pp. 88-90 (N.D. D- 571 ).

 

23. Secret minutes of Tiso-Hitler talk, DGFP, IV, pp. 243-45.

 

24. See DGFP, IV, p. 250.

 

25. Ibid., pp. 249, 255, 260. For Ambassador Coulondre's dispatch, see French Yellow Book, p. 96 (No. 77).

 

26. Dispatch from Prague, March 13, 1939, DGFP, IV, p. 246.

 

27. TMWC, IX, pp. 303-4.

 

28. The sources for the foregoing section, "The Ordeal of Dr. Hacha, " are: Secret minutes of the meeting of Hitler and Hacha, DGFP, IV, pp. 263-69; it is also in the Nuremberg documents, NCA, V, pp. 433- 40 (N.D. 2798-PS). Text of the declaration of the German and Czechoslovak governments, March 15, 1939, DGFP, IV, pp. 270-71; the first part was issued as a communique; it was actually drafted in the Foreign Office on March 14. Proclamation of the Fuehrer to the German People, March 15, NCA, VIII, pp. 402-3 (N.D. TC- 50). Coulondre's dispatch, French Yellow Book, p. 96 (No. 77). Schmidt's description of meeting, his book, op. cit., pp. 123-26. Henderson on, his book, op. cit., Ch. 9. Scene with secretaries, A. Zoller, ed., Hitler Privat, p. 84.

 

29. TMWC, XVI, pp. 654-55.

 

30. Text, DGFP, VI, pp. 42-45.

 

31. Text, DGFP, IV, p. 241.

 

32. Berlin Diary, p. 156.

 

33. The Ciano Diaries, 1939-1943, pp. 9-12.

 

34. Text, DGFP, IV, pp. 274-75.

 

35. Ibid., pp. 273-74.

 

36. DGFP, VI, pp. 20-21.

 

37. Ibid., pp. 16-17, 40. 38. Reports of Dirksen, March 18, 1939, ibid., pp. 24-25, 36-39.

 

39. Ibid., p. 39.

 

[b]CHAPTER 14[/b]

 

1. German memo of meeting, DGFP, VI, pp. 104-7. Lipski's report to Beck, Polish White Book, No. 44; given in NCA, VIII, p. 483 (N.D. TC-73, No. 44).

 

2. Hitler's assurance to Lipski, Nov. 15, 1937, DGFP, VI, pp. 26-27; assurance to Beck, Jan. 14, 1938, ibid., p. 39.

 

3. Beck's instructions to Lipski, Oct. 31, 1938, Polish White Book, No. 45; NCA, VII, pp. 484-86. Ribbentrop's memo on meeting with Lipski, Nov. 19, DGFP, V, pp. 127-29.

 

4. German memo of meeting by Dr. Schmidt, DGFP, V, pp. 152-58. Polish minutes on, Polish White Book, No. 48; NCA, VIII, pp. 486- 88 (N.D. TC-73).

 

5. Ribbentrop's memo of the meeting, DGFP, V, pp. 159-61. Polish minutes on, Polish White Book, No. 49; NCA, VIII, p. 488 (N.D. TC- 73).

 

6. Ribbentrop's memo of his meeting with Beck in Warsaw, Jan. 26, 1939, DGFP, V, pp. 167-68; Beck's version is given in the Polish White Book, No. 52.

 

7. Dispatch of Moltke, Feb. 26, 1939, DGFP, VI, p. 172.

 

8. Lipski's dispatch to Warsaw on the meeting, Polish White Book, No. 61; also in NCA, VIII, pp. 489-92 (N.D. TC-73 , No. 61). Ribbentrop's memo of the meeting, DGFP, VI, pp. 70-72.

 

9. Foreign Office memo of the meeting, DGFP, V, pp. 524-26.

 

10. Ibid., pp. 502-4.

 

11. Source for this paragraph: DGFP, V, pp. 528-30.

 

12. DGFP, VI, p. 97.

 

13. Ibid., pp. 110-11.

 

14. NCA, VII, pp. 83-86 (N.D. R- 100).

 

15. Text in DGFP, VI, pp. 122-24. Ribbentrop's report on March 26 meeting with Lipski, ibid., pp. 121- 22; Polish version, White Book, No. 63.

 

16. Dr. Schmidt's memo of the meeting, DGFP, VI, pp. 135-36.

 

17. Moltke's dispatch, ibid., pp. 147- 48; Polish version, White Book, No. 64.

 

18. DBrFP, IV, No. 538.

 

19. See DBrFP, IV, Nos. 485, 518, 538 (text of Anglo-French proposal), 561, 563, 566, 571, 573.

 

20. Ibid., No. 498.

 

21. DBrFP, V, No. 12.

 

22. Quoted by Gisevius, op. cit., p. 363.

 

23. The text of Case White, NCA, VI, pp. 916-28; a partial translation is in DGFP, VI, pp. 186-87, 223-28 (N.D. C-120). The text of the original German is in TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 380-422.

 

24. Confidential German memos on the Goering-Mussolini talks are in DGFP, VI, pp. 248-53, 258-63. See also The Ciano Diaries, pp. 66-67.

 

25. The circular telegram of April 17, 1939, DGFP, VI, pp. 264-65; Foreign Office memo of the answers, ibid., pp. 309-10; Weizsaecker's call to German minister in Riga, April 18, ibid., pp. 283-84.

 

26. Ibid., pp. 355, 399.

 

27. DGFP, IV, pp. 602-7.

 

28. Ibid., pp. 607-8 (dispatch of Oct. 26, 1938).

 

29. Ibid., pp. 608-9.

 

30. Ibid., p. 631.

 

31. DGFP, VI, pp. 1-3.

 

32. Davies, Mission to Moscow, pp. 437-39. Ambassador Sieds's dispatch, DBrFP, IV, No. 419.

 

33. Boothby, I Fight to Live, p. 189. Halifax statement to Maisky, DBrFP, IV, No. 433.

 

34. DGFP, VI, pp. 88-89.

 

35. Ibid., p. 139.

 

36. German memo of Goering-Mussolini talk, April 16, 1939, ibid., pp. 259-60.

 

37. Ibid., pp. 266-67.

 

38. Ibid., pp. 419-20.

 

39. Ibid., p. 429.

 

40. Ibid., pp. 535-36.

 

41. Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-41 [hereafter referred to as NSR], pp. 5-7, 8-9.

 

42. French Yellow Book, Dispatches Nos. 123, 125. I have used the French-language edition (Le Livre Jaune Francais), but I believe the English edition carries the same numbers for dispatches.

 

43. DGFP, VI, pp. 1, 111. Appendix I of this volume contains a number of memoranda on the staff talks taken from the German naval archives.

 

44. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 67-68.

 

45. German memo on the Milan meeting, DGFP, VI, pp. 450-52. Ciano's minutes, Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 282-87.

 

46. Text of the treaty of alliance, DGFP, VI, pp. 561-64. A secret protocol contained nothing of significance.

 

47. Schmundt's minutes, May 23, 1939, NCA, VII, pp. 847-54 (N.D. L-79). There is also an English translation in DGFP, VI, pp. 574- 80. The German text is in TMWC, XXXVII, pp. 546-56.

 

48. For details of the plan, see N.D. NOKW-2584. This is in the TWC volumes [Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals].

 

49. NCA, VI, pp. 926-27 (N.D. C- 120).

 

50. TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 428-42 (N.D. C-126). The English translation of this document in NCA, VI, pp. 937-38, is so abbreviated that it has little value.

 

51. NCA, VI, p. 827 (N.D. C-23).

 

52. Text of the Anglo-French draft, DBrFP, V, No. 624; the British ambassador's account of Molotov's reaction is in the same volume, Nos. 648 and 657.

 

53. "Urgent" dispatch of May 31, DGFP, VI, pp. 616-17.

 

54. Dispatch of June 1, ibid., pp. 624- 26.

 

55. Ibid., p. 547.

 

56. Ibid., pp. 589-93.

 

57. Ibid., p. 593.

 

58. Letter, Weizsaecker to Schulenburg, May 27, with postscript of May 30, ibid., pp. 597-98.

 

59. Ibid., pp. 608-9.

 

60. Ibid., pp. 618-20.

 

61. Ibid., pp. 790-91.

 

62. Ibid., pp. 805-7.

 

63. Ibid., p. 810.

 

64. Ibid., p. 813.

 

65. DBrFP, V, Nos. 5 and 38.

 

66. Pravda, June 29, 1939.

 

67. Dispatch of June 29, DGFP, VI, pp. 808-9.

 

68. TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 493-500 (N.D. C-142). It is given much more briefly in English translation in NCA, VI, p. 956.

 

69. NCA, IV, pp. 1035-36 (N.D. 2327-PS).

 

70. NCA, VI, p. 934 (N.D. C-126).

 

71. The secret minutes of the meeting of the Reich Defense Council, June 23, 1939, NCA, VI, pp. 718-31 (N.D. 3787-PS).

 

72. DGFP, VI, pp. 750, 920-21.

 

73. Ibid., pp. 864-65.

 

74. Text of notes. DGFP, VII. pp. 4-5, 9-10.

 

75. Report of Burckhardt to the League of Nations, March 19, 1940. Text in Documents on International Affairs, 1939-1946, I, pp. 346-47.

 

76. DGFP, VI, pp. 936-38.

 

77. Ibid., pp. 955-56.

 

78. Schnurre's memo, ibid., pp. 1106- 9.

 

79. Ibid., pp. 1015-16.

 

80. Ibid., pp. 1022-23.

 

81. Ibid., pp. 1010-11.

 

82. Ibid., p. 1021.

 

83. DBrFP, IV, No. 183.

 

84. See DBrFP, VI. Nos. 329, 338, 346, 357, 358, 376, 399.

 

85. Ibid., Nos. 376 and 473.

 

86. Two dispatches of Aug. 1, DGFP, VI, pp. 1033-34.

 

87. DBrFP, Appendix V, p. 763.

 

88. Burnett's letter in DBrFP, VII, Appendix II, p. 600; Seeds's telegram, ibid., VI, No. 416.

 

89. DGFP, VI, p. 1047.

 

90. Ibid., pp. 1048-49.

 

91. Ibid., pp. 1049-50.

 

92. Ibid., pp. 1051-52.

 

93. Ibid., pp. 1059-62.

 

94. French Yellow Book, Fr. ed., pp. 250-51.

 

95. Text of two letters, DGFP, VI, pp. 973-74.

 

96. Attolico's dispatch on his July 6 meeting with Ribbentrop is printed in I Documenti diplomatica italiani [hereafter cited as DDI], Seventh Series, XII, No. 503. I have used the quotation and paraphrasing from The Eve of the War, ed. by Arnold and Veronica M. Toynbee.

 

97. Memo of Weizsaecker, DGFP, VI, pp. 971-72.

 

98. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 113-14.

 

99. Ibid., pp. 116-18.

 

100. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 118-19, 582-83. Ciano's minutes of the meeting with Ribbentrop are in Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 297-98; also in DDI, Eighth Series, XIII, No. I. No German record of this meeting has been found.

 

101. The captured German minutes of the meetings on Aug. 12 and 13 were presented at Nuremberg as documents 1871-PS and TC- 77. The latter is the more complete and is published in English translation in NCA, VIII, pp. 516-29. I have used the version signed by Dr. Schmidt, in DGFP, VII, pp. 39-49, 53-56. Ciano's record of his two talks with Hitler are in Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 303-4, and in DDI, XIII, Nos. 4 and 21. Also the entries for Aug. 12 and 13, 1939, and Dec. 23, 1943, in his Diaries, pp. 119-20, 582-83.

 

102. This extract from Halder's diary is published in DGFP, VII, p. 556.

 

103. See DDI, Seventh Series, XIII, No. 28, and DBrFP, VI, No. 662.

 

[b]CHAPTER 15[/b]

 

1. Schnurre's memo of the meeting, taken from his dispatch to the embassy in Moscow, Aug. 14, 1939, DGFP, VII, pp. 58-59.

 

2. Text of Schulenburg's letter, ibid., pp. 67-68.

 

3. Text of Ribbentrop's telegram, ibid., pp. 62-64.

 

4. The memo of the British businessmen was found in a file of Goering's office and is published in DGFP, VI, pp. 1088-93. There are numerous jottings on the document in Goering's handwriting. "Oho!" he scribbled several times opposite statements that obviously he could not believe. The whole fantastic and somewhat ludicrous story of Dahlerus' peace mission which brought him briefly to the center of the stage at a momentous moment is told in his own book, The Last Attempt. Also in his testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, IX, pp. 457-91, and in Sir Lewis Namier's Diplomatic Prelude, pp. 417-33; the chapter is entitled "An Interloper in Diplomacy."

 

5. Interrogation of Halder, Feb. 26, 1946, NCA, Suppl. B, p. 1562.

 

6. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 53, 63-64.

 

7. Thomas, "Gedanken und Ereignisse, " Schweizerische Monatshefte, December 1945.

 

8. Memo of Canaris on conversation with Keitel, Aug. 17, 1939, NCA, III, p. 580 (N.D. 795-PS).

 

9. Naujocks affidavit, NCA, VI, pp. 390-92 (N.D. 2751-PS).

 

10. Dispatch of Schulenburg, 2:48 A.M., Aug. 16, DGFP, VII, pp. 76- 77. The ambassador gave a fuller account in a memo dispatched by courier, and he added details in a letter to Weizsaecker, ibid., pp. 87- 90, 99-100.

 

11. DBrFP, Third Series, VII, pp. 41- 42. For Ambassador Steinhardt's reports see U.S. Diplomatic Papers, 1939, T, pp. 296-99, 334.

 

12. Dispatch of Ribbentrop to Schulenburg, Aug. 16, DGFP, VII, pp. 84-85.

 

13. Ibid., p. 100.

 

14. Ibid., p. 102.

 

15. Dispatch by Schulenburg, 5: 58 A.M., Aug. 18, ibid., pp. 114-16.

 

16. Dispatch of Ribbentrop, 10:48 p.m., Aug. 18, ibid., pp. 121-23.

 

17. Memo of Schnurre, Aug. 19, ibid., pp. 132-33.

 

18. Dispatch of Schulenburg, 6:22 p.m., Aug. 19, ibid., p. 134.

 

19. Dispatch of Schulenburg. 12:08 A.M., Aug. 20, ibid., pp. 149-50.

 

20. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 392. He does not give his source.

 

21. Ibid., p. 391.

 

22. Hitler's telegram to Stalin, Aug.

 

20, DGFP, VII, pp. 156-57.

 

23. Dispatch of Schulenburg, 1:19 A.M., Aug. 21, ibid., pp. 161-62.

 

24. Dispatch of Ribbentrop, Aug. 21, ibid., p. 162.

 

25. Dispatch of Schulenburg, 1:43 p.m., Aug. 21, ibid., p. 164.

 

26. Stalin's letter to Hitler, Aug. 21, ibid., p. 168.

 

27. NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1103-5.

 

28. DBrFP, VI, No. 376.

 

29. See DBrFP, Third Series, VII, Appendix II, pp. 558-614. The appendix contains a detailed day-to- day record of the military conversations in Moscow and constitutes the most comprehensive source I have seen of the Allied version of the talks. It includes reports to London, during the negotiations, by Air Marshal Burnett and Gen. Heywood, and the final report of the British mission by Adm. Drax. Also, a verbatim account of the dramatic meeting of Gen. Doumenc with Marshal Voroshilov on the evening of Aug. 22, when the chief of the French military mission tried desperately to save the situation despite the public announcement that Ribbentrop was arriving in Moscow the next day. Also, the record of the final, painful meeting of the Allied missions with Voroshilov on Aug. 26. Volume VII also includes many dispatches between the British Foreign Office and the embassy in Moscow which throw fresh light on this episode.

 

This section of the chapter is based largely on these confidential British papers. Unfortunately the Russians, so far as I know, have never published their documents on the meeting, though a Soviet account is given in Nikonov's Origins of World War II, in which much use of the British Foreign Office documents is made. The Soviet version is also given in Histoire de la Diplomatie, ed. by V. Potemkin.

 

30. Paul Reynaud, In the Thick of the Fight, p. 212. Reynaud, pp. 210- 33, gives the French version of the Allied negotiations in Moscow in August 1939. He gives his sources on p. 211. Bonnet gives his version in his book Fin d'une Europe.

 

31. The documents are in DBrFP, VII (see note 29 above). It is interesting that not a line on the Anglo- French diplomatic efforts in Warsaw to get the Poles to accept Russian help nor on the course of the military talks in Moscow was published in either the British Blue Book or the French Yellow Book.

 

32. Dispatch of Ribbentrop, 9:05 p.m., Aug. 23, from Moscow, DGFP, VII, p. 220.

 

33. Secret German memoranda, Aug. 24, ibid., pp. 225-29.

 

34. Text of the Soviet draft, DGFP, VII, pp. 150-51.

 

35. Gaus affidavit at Nuremberg, TMWC, X, p. 312.

 

36. Text of the German-Soviet nonaggression pact and of secret additional protocol, signed in Moscow Aug. 23, 1939, DGFP, VII, pp. 245-47.

 

37. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 394.

 

[b]CHAPTER 16[/b]

 

1. British Blue Book, pp. 96-98.

 

2. Henderson's dispatch, Aug. 23, 1939, ibid., pp. 98-100. German Foreign Office memo of meeting, DGFP, VII, pp. 210-15. Henderson reported on the second meeting on Aug. 24 (British Blue Book, pp. 100-2).

 

3. Text of Hitler's letter of Aug. 23 to Chamberlain, ibid., pp. 102-4. It is also printed in DGFP, VII, pp. 216-19.

 

4. Text of Hitler's letter to Mussolini, Aug. 25, DGFP, VII, pp. 281-83.

 

5. Text of verbal declaration of Hitler to Henderson, Aug. 25, drawn up by Ribbentrop and Dr. Schmidt, DGFP, VII, pp. 279-84; also in British Blue Book, pp. 120-22. Henderson's dispatch of Aug. 25 describing interview, British Blue Book, pp. 122-23. See also Henderson's Failure of a Mission, p. 270.

 

6. Coulondre's dispatch, Aug. 25, French Yellow Book, Fr. ed., pp. 312-14.

 

7. NCA, VI, pp. 977-98. From a file on Russo-German relations found in the files of the Navy High Command.

 

8. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 144.

 

9. Ibid., pp. 143-44.

 

10. Ciano Diaries, pp. 120-29.

 

11. Weizsaecker memorandum, Aug. 20, DGFP, VII, p. 160.

 

12. Mackensen letter to Weizsaecker, Aug. 23, ibid., pp. 240-43.

 

13. Dispatch of Mackensen, Aug. 25, ibid., pp. 291-93.

 

14. See DGFP, VII, note on p. 285.

 

15. Mussolini's letter to Hitler, Aug. 25, ibid., pp. 285-86.

 

16. NCA, VI, pp. 977-78 (N.D. C- 170).

 

17. Ribbentrop's interrogation, Aug. 29, 1945, NCA, VII, pp. 535-36; Goering's interrogation, Aug. 29, 1945, ibid., pp. 534-35; Keitel's testimony on the stand at Nuremberg under direct examination, Apr. 4, 1946, TMWC, X, pp. 514- 15.

 

18. NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1561-63.

 

19. Gisevius, op. cit., pp. 358-59.

 

20. Hassell, op. cit., p. 59.

 

21. Thomas, "Gedanken und Ereignisse," loc. cit.

 

22. Testimony of Dr. Schacht, May 2, 1946, at Nuremberg, TMWC. XII. pp. 545-46.

 

23. Testimony of Gisevius, Apr. 25, 1946, at Nuremberg, ibid., pp. 224-25.

 

24. The texts of all these appeals are in the British Blue Book, pp. 122-42.

 

25. Hitler to Mussolini, Aug. 25, 7:40 p.m., DGFP, VII, p. 289.

 

26. Ciano Diaries, p. 129.

 

27. Mussolini to Hitler, Aug. 26, 12: 10 p.m., DGFP, VII, pp. 309-10.

 

28. Ciano Diaries, p. 129. Mackensen's report, DGFP, VII, p. 325.

 

29. Hitler to Mussolini, Aug. 26, 3:08 p.m., DGFP, VII, pp. 313-14.

 

30. Mussolini to Hitler, 6:42 p.m., Aug. 26, ibid., p. 323.

 

31. Hitler to Mussolini, 12:10 A.M., Aug. 27, ibid., pp. 346-47.

 

32. Mussolini to Hitler, 4:30 p.m., Aug. 27, ibid., pp. 353-54.

 

33. Dispatch of Mackensen, Aug. 27, ibid., pp. 351-53.

 

34. Daladier to Hitler, Aug. 26, ibid., pp. 330-31. Also in the French Yellow Book, Fr. ed., pp. 321-22.

 

35. Halder's diary, entry of Aug. 28, recapitulating "sequence of events" of previous five days. This portion is in DGFP, VII, pp. 564-66.

 

36. Goering's interrogation, Aug. 29, 1945, at Nuremberg, NCA, VIII, p. 534 (N.D. TC-90).

 

37. TMWC, IX, p. 498.

 

38. The account of the doings of Dahlerus is based on his book, op. cit., and on his testimony at Nuremberg, where he learned how naive he had been about his German friends. See above, note 4 for Chapter 15. It is substantiated by a great deal of material from the British Foreign Office published in DBrFP, Third Series, Vol. VII.

 

39. DBrFP, VII, p. 287.

 

40. Testimony of Dahlerus at Nuremberg, TMWC, IX, p. 465.

 

41. DBrFP, VII, p. 319n.

 

42. TMWC, IX, p. 466.

 

43. DBrFP, VII, pp. 321-22.

 

44. British Blue Book, p. 125, and DBrFP, VII, p. 318.

 

45. Text of British note to Germany. Aug. 28, British Blue Book, pp. 126-28.

 

46. Dispatch of Henderson to Halifax. 2:35 A.M., Aug. 29, ibid., pp. 128- 31.

 

47. Dispatch of Henderson to Halifax, Aug. 29, ibid., p. 131.

 

48. Dispatch of Henderson, Aug. 29, DBrFP, VII, p. 360.

 

49. Ibid., p. 361.

 

50. Text of German reply, Aug. 29, British Blue Book, pp. 135-37.

 

51. DBrFP, Third Series, VII, p. 393.

 

52. Henderson. Failure of a Mission, p. 281.

 

53. British Blue Book, p. 139.

 

54. Text of Chamberlain's note to Hitler, Aug. 30, DGFP, VII. p. 441.

 

55. British Blue Book, pp. 139-40.

 

56. Ibid., p. 140.

 

57. Ibid., p. 142.

 

58. Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 150-55. Also Schmidt's testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, X, pp. 196-222.

 

59. TMWC, X, p. 275.

 

60. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 152.

 

61. DGFP, VII, pp. 447-50.

 

62. Henderson's Final Report, Cmd. 6115, p. 17. Also his book, op. cit., p. 287.

 

63. DBrFP, VII, No. 575, p. 433.

 

64. TMWC, IX, p. 493.

 

65. Henderson's wire to Halifax. 12:30 p.m., Aug. 31, DBrFP, VII, p. 440; letter to Halifax, ibid., pp. 465-67; wire, 12:30 A.M., Sept. I. ibid., pp. 468-69. Kennard's wire to Halifax, Aug. 31, ibid., No. 618.

 

66. DBrFP, VII, pp. 441-43.

 

67. British Blue Book, p. 144.

 

68. Ibid., p. 147.

 

69. Ibid., p. 147.

 

70. Text of Polish written reply to Britain, Aug. 31, ibid., pp. 148-49; Kennard's dispatch, Aug. 31 (it was not received in London until 7:15 p.m.), ibid., p. 148.

 

71. For Lipski's Final Report, see Polish White Book. Extracts are published in NCA, VIII, pp. 499- 512.

 

72. DGFP, VII, p. 462.

 

73. Lipski's version in his Final Report, loco cit. Dr. Schmidt's German account of the interview is in DGFP, VII, p. 463.

 

74. The German text of Hitler's directive is in TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 456-59 (N.D. C-126). English translations are given in NCA, VI, pp. 935-39, and DGFP, VII, pp. 477-79.

 

75. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 68-73.

 

76. Dahlerus' testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, IX, pp. 470-71; Forbes's answer to questionnaire submitted by Goering's lawyer at Nuremberg is quoted in Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, pp. 376-77. Henderson's account is in his Final Report, p. 19.

 

77. DBrFP, VII, p. 483. Henderson's later account of the dispatch is given in his Final Report, p. 20, and in his book. op. cit., pp. 291- 92.

 

78. TMWC, II, p. 451.

 

79. Naujocks affidavit, loc. cit.

 

80. DGFP, VII, p. 472.

 

81. Gisevius, op. cit., pp. 374-75.

 

[b]CHAPTER 17[/b]

 

1. DGFP, VII, p. 491.

 

2. From Dahlerus' book, op. cit., pp. 119-20; and from his testimony on the stand at Nuremberg, TMWC, IX, p. 471.

 

3. DBrFP, VII, pp. 466-67.

 

4. Ibid.

 

5. TMWC, IX, p. 436. Dahlerus' testimony, as printed here, contains a typographical error which makes him say the Poles "had been attacked, " and is therefore totally misleading.

 

6. DBrFP, VII, pp. 474-75.

 

7. Ibid., Nos. 651, 652, pp. 479-80.

 

8. The text is in DGFP, VII, p. 492, and in the British Blue Book, p. 168. Dr. Schmidt's notes on Ribbentrop's comments to Henderson and Coulondre are in DGFP, VII, pp. 493 and 495, respectively.

 

9. Schmidt's version of the argument in DGFP, VII, p. 493; Henderson gave his account briefly in his dispatch on the evening of Sept. 1, 1939 (British Blue Book, p. 169).

 

10. DBrFP, VII, No. 621, p. 459.

 

11. Ciano Diaries, p. 135.

 

12. DGFP, VII, p. 483.

 

13. Ibid., pp. 485-86.

 

14. Bonnet to Francois-Poncet, 11:45 A.M., Sept. 1, French Yellow Book, Fr. ed., pp. 377-78. Mussolini's proposal for a conference on September 5 was outlined in a dispatch from Francois-Poncet to Bonnet Aug. 31, ibid., pp. 360- 61.

 

15. DBrFP, VII, pp. 530-31.

 

16. Henderson's Final Report, p. 22.

 

17. Text in DGFP, VII, pp. 509-10.

 

18. From Schmidt's memo, on which this scene is based, ibid., pp. 512- 13.

 

19. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 156.

 

20. Ciano Diaries, pp. 136-37.

 

21. DGFP, VII, pp. 524-25.

 

22. Ciano Diaries, p. 137. De Monzie, a defeatist French senator, confirms the story in his book Ci- Devant, pp. 146-47.

 

23. Corbin's dispatch, French Yellow Book, Fr. ed., p. 395.

 

24. This section is based on DBrFP, VII, covering Sept. 2-3. There is an excellent summary, based on the confidential British Foreign Office papers and on the scant French sources available, in The Eve of the War, 1939, ed. by Arnold and Veronica M. Toynbee. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, also is useful. I have purposely omitted the references to scores of documents in DBrFP in order to avoid cluttering the pages with numerals.

 

25. Halifax wires to Henderson: 11:50 p.m., Sept. 2, DBrFP, VII, No. 746, p. 528; 12:25 A.M., Sept. 3, ibid., p. 533.

 

26. The text is in the British Blue Book, p. 175, and in DGFP, VII. p. 529.

 

27. DBrFP, VII, No. 758, p. 535.

 

28. Schmidt's account is in his book. op. cit., p. 157; see also his testimony on the stand at Nuremberg. TMWC, X, p. 200.

 

29. Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 157-58; also his testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, X, pp. 200-1.

 

30. Ibid.

 

31. DBrFP, VII, No. 762, p. 537, n. 1.

 

32. Ibid.

 

33. TMWC, IX, p. 473.

 

34. Bonnet recounts this himself, op. cit., pp. 365-68.

 

35. Weizsaecker's memo of the meeting, DGFP, VII, p. 532.

 

36. The text is in DGFP, VII, pp. 548- 49.

 

37. The text is given in DGFP, VII, pp. 538-39.

 

38. This is revealed in the German Foreign Office papers, ibid., p. 480.

 

39. Text of telegram, ibid., pp. 540-41.

 

40. Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs [hereafter referred to as FCNA], 1939, pp. 13-14.

 

[b]CHAPTER 18[/b]

 

1. Text of Russian reply, DGFP, VIII, p. 4. A number of these Nazi-Soviet exchanges are printed in NSR, but DGFP gives a fuller account.

 

2. Ibid., pp. 33-34.

 

3. Molotov's congratulations, ibid., p. 34. His promise of military action, p. 35.

 

4. Schulenburg dispatch, Sept. 10, ibid., pp. 4-5.

 

5. Ibid., pp. 60-61.

 

6. Ibid., pp. 68-70.

 

7. Ibid., pp. 76-77.

 

8. Ibid., pp. 79-80.

 

9. Schulenburg dispatch, ibid., p. 92.

 

10. Ibid., p. 103.

 

11. Ibid., p. 105.

 

12. Ibid., pp. 123-24.

 

13. Ibid., p. 130.

 

14. The two telegrams, ibid., pp. 147- 48.

 

15. Ibid., p. 162.

 

16. Ibid., Appendix I.

 

17. Text of the treaty, including the secret protocols, a public declaration. and exchanges of two letters between Molotov and Ribbentrop, ibid., pp. 164-68.

 

[b]CHAPTER 19[/b]

 

1. Maj.-Gen. J. F. C. Fuller, The Second World War, p. 55. Quoted from The First Quarter, p. 343.

 

2. Text of Directive No. 3, DGFP, VIII, p. 41.

 

3. Namier, op. cit., pp. 459-60. He quotes the French text of the convention.

 

4. Testimony of Halder for defendants in the "Ministries Case" trial, on Sept. 8-9, 1948, at Nuremberg, TWC, XII, p. 1086.

 

5. Testimony of Jodl in his own defense on June 4, 1946, at Nuremberg, TMWC, XV, p. 350.

 

6. Testimony of Keitel in his own defense on April 4, 1946, at Nuremberg, ibid., X, p. 519.

 

7. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 478.

 

8. FCNA, 1939, pp. 16-17.

 

9. Weizsaecker's memorandum of his talk with Kirk, DGFP, VIII, pp. 3-4. His testimony at Nuremberg on his talk with Raeder, TMWC, XIV, p. 278.

 

10. Ibid., XXXV, pp. 527-29 (N.D. 804-D). The document gives both Raeder's memorandum of his conversation and the text of the American naval attache's cable to Washington.

 

11. Sworn statement of Doenitz at Nuremberg, NCA, VII, pp. 114- 15 (N.D. 638-D).

 

12. Ibid., pp. 156-58.

 

13. Nuremberg testimony of Raeder, TMWC, XIV, p. 78; of Weizsaecker, ibid., pp. 277, 279, 293; of Hans Fritzsche. a high official in the Propaganda Ministry and an acquitted defendant in the trial, ibid., XVII, pp. 191. 234-35. The Voelkischer Beohachter article is in NCA, V, p. 1008 (N.D. 3260- PS). For Goebbels' broadcast, see Berlin Diary, p. 238.

 

14. Schmidt memorandum of the talk, DGFP, vnr. pp. 140-45.

 

15. Brauchitsch's testimony at Nuremberg. TMWC, XX, p. 573. A note in the OKW War Diary confirms the quotation.

 

16. Ciano Diaries, pp. 154-55. Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 309- 16.

 

17. DGFP, VIII, p. 24.

 

18. Ibid., pp. 197-98.

 

19. DGFP, VII, p. 414.

 

20. Hitler's memorandum, NCA, VII, pp. 800-14 (N.D. L-52); Directive No.6, NCA, VI, pp. 880-81 (N.D. C-62).

 

21. The text is in TWC, X, pp. 864-72 (N.D. NOKW-3433).

 

22. Both Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 25, and Gisevius, op. cit., p. 431, tell of this plot.

 

23. Wheeler-Bennett in Nemesis, p. 491n., gives the German sources. See also Hassell, op. cit., and Thomas, "Gedanken und Ereignisse," loc. cit.

 

24. Halder's interrogation at Nuremberg, Feb. 26, 1946, NCA; Suppl. B, pp. 1564-75.

 

25. Rothfels, The German Opposition to Hitler.

 

26. They are given in NCA, VI, pp. 893-905 (N.D. C-72).

 

27. Buelow-Schwante testified in the "Ministries Case" before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal about Goerdeler's message and his own private audience with King Leopold. See transcript, English edition, pp. 9807-11. It is also mentioned in DGFP, VIII, p. 384n. His telegram of warning to Berlin is printed in DGFP, VIII, p. 386.

 

28. For the varied accounts of the Venlo kidnaping, see S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident; Schellenberg, The Labyrinth; Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis.

 

An official Dutch account is given in the protest of the Netherlands government to Germany, DGFP, VIII, pp. 395-96. Additional material was given at the "Ministries Case" trial at Nuremberg. See TWC, XII.

 

29. TWC, XII, pp. 1206-8, and DGFP, VIII, pp. 395-96.

 

30. For various accounts of the bomb attempt, see Best, op. cit.; Schellenberg, op. cit.; Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis; Reitlinger, The S.S.; Berlin Diary; Gisevius, op. cit. There was also some material at Nuremberg from which I made notes and which I have used here, though I cannot find it in the NCA and TMWC volumes.

 

31. The textual notes are given in NCA, III, pp. 572-80, and also in DGFP, VIII, pp. 439-46 (N.D. 789-PS).

 

32. Halder's diary for Nov. 23 and his footnote added later. Brauchitsch's testimony at Nuremberg, TMWC, XX, p. 575.

 

33. Halder's interrogation at Nuremberg, NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1569-70. Also see Thomas, "Gedanken und Ereignisse," loc. cit.

 

34. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 93-94, 172.

 

35. Ibid., pp. 79, 94.

 

36. From the diary of Admiral Canaris, NCA, V, p. 769 (N.D. 3047- PS).

 

37. NCA, VI, pp. 97-101 (N.D. 3363- PS).

 

38. TMWC, I, p. 297.

 

39. Ibid., VII, pp. 468-69.

 

40. Ibid., XXIX, pp. 447-48.

 

41. NCA, IV, p. 891 (N.D. 2233-CPS).

 

42. Ibid., pp. 891-92.

 

43. Ibid., pp. 553-54.

 

44. DGFP, VIII, p. 683n.

 

45. The text, ibid., 604-9.

 

46. Ibid., p. 394.

 

47. Ibid., p. 213.

 

48. Ibid., p. 490.

 

49. NCA, IV, p. 1082.

 

50. Ibid., p. 1082 (N.D. 2353-PS).

 

51. DGFP, VIII, p. 537.

 

52. Ibid., pp. 591, 753, respectively.

 

53. Text of trade treaty of Feb. 11, 1940, and figures on deliveries, ibid., pp. 762-64.

 

54. NCA, IV, pp. 1081-82 (N.D. 2353-PS).

 

55. DGFP, VIII, pp. 814-17 (Schnurre memorandum, Feb. 26, 1940).

56. NCA, III, p. 620 (N.D. 864-PS).

 

57. Langsdorff's moving letter is given in FCNA, 1939, p. 62. Other German material on the battle and its aftermath, pp. 59-62.

 

58. I have used some of the original German sources for this account of the forced landing: reports of the German ambassador and the air attache in Brussels to Berlin, DGFP, VIII, and Jodl's diary. The text of the German plan of attack in the West, as salvaged by the Belgians, is given in NCA, VIII, pp. 423-28 (N.D. TC-58-A). Karl Bartz has given an account of the incident in Als der Himmel brannte. Churchill's comments are in The Gathering Storm, pp. 556- 57. He gives a wrong date for the forced landing.

 

[b]CHAPTER 20[/b]

 

1. NCA, IV, p. 104 (N.D. 1546-PS); VI, pp. 891-92 (N.D. C-66).

 

2. Ibid., VI, pp. 928 (N.D. C-122), p. 978 (N.D. C-170).

 

3. Ibid., p. 892 (N.D. C-166); FCNA, 1939, p. 27.

 

4. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, pp. 531-37.

 

5. FCNA, 1939, p. 51.

 

6. Rosenberg's memorandum, NCA, VI, pp. 885-87 (N.D. C-64). It is also given in FCNA, 1939, pp. 53-55.

 

7. FCNA, 1939, pp. 55-57.

 

8. Ibid., pp. 57-58.

 

9. DGFP, VIII, pp. 515, 546-47.

 

10. Jodl's diary, Dec. 12, 13-obviously misdated. Halder diary for Dec. 14.

 

11. Rosenberg memorandum, NCA, III, pp. 22-25 (N.D. 004-PS).

 

12. DGFP, VIII, pp. 663-66.

 

13. Text of the directive, NCA, VI, p. 883 (N.D. C-63).

 

14. Interrogation of Falkenhorst at Nuremberg, NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1534-47.

 

15. Text of the directive, NCA, VI, pp. 1003-5; also in DGFP, VIII, pp. 831-33.

 

16. Jodi's diary, March 10-14, 1940.

 

17. DGFP, VIII, pp. 910-13.

 

18. Ibid., pp. 179-81, 470-71.

 

19.1bid., pp. 89-91.

 

20. Text of Hitler's directive, ibid., pp. 817-19.

 

21. Dr. Schmidt's minutes of the meetings of Sumner Welles with Hitler. Goering and Ribbentrop are in DGFP, VIII; also Weizsaecker's two memoranda on his talk with Welles. The American envoy also saw Dr. Schacht after the banker, now fallen from grace, had been summoned by Hitler and told what line to take. See Hassell, op. cit., p. 121. Welles has given his own account of his talks in Berlin in The Time for Decision.

 

22. DGFP, VIII, pp. 865-66.

 

23. DGFP, VIII, pp. 652-56, 683-84.

 

24. Text of Hitler's letter to Mussolini, March 8, 1940, ibid., pp. 871-80.

 

25. Schmidt's minutes of the meetings, ibid., pp. 882-93, 898-909; Ciano's version is in Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, pp. 339-59. Also see Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 170-71, and The Ciano Diaries, for their personal comments on the meetings. Ribbentrop's two telegrams to Hitler reporting on his interviews are in DGFP, VIII.

 

26. Welles, op. cit., p. 138.

 

27. Ciano Diaries, p. 220.

 

28. Dr. Schmidt's transcribed shorthand notes of the meeting, DGFP, IX, pp. 1-16.

 

29. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 116-18, on which this account is largely based.

 

30. Allen Dulles, Germany's Underground, p. 59.

 

31. Shirer, The Challenge of Scandinavia, pp. 223-25.

 

32. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 579. The British plans for R-4 are given in Derry, The Campaign in Norway, the official British account of the Norwegian campaign.

 

33. Text of the directive, DGFP, IX, pp. 66-68.

 

34. Text, ibid., pp. 68-73.

 

35. Text of, NCA, VI, pp. 914-15 (N.D.C-115).

 

36. TMWC, XIV, pp. 99, 194.

 

37. Text of, NCA, VIII, pp. 410-14 (N.D. TC-55). Also in DGFP, IX, pp. 88-93.

 

38. Renthe-Fink's dispatch from Copenhagen, DGFP, IX, pp. 102-3; Brauer's dispatch from Oslo, ibid., p. 102.

 

39. The Danish version of the German occupation is based on the author's The Challenge of Scandinavia, and on Denmark during the Occupation, ed. by Borge Outze. Lt. Col. Th. Thaulow's contribution is especially valuable. A Guards officer, he was with the King at the time.

 

40. From the secret German Army Archives. Quoted in NCA, VI, pp. 299-308 (N.D. 3596-PS).

 

41. From the Norwegian State Archives; quoted in the author's The Challenge of Scandinavia, p. 38.

 

42. DGFP, IX, p. 124.

 

43. Ibid., p. 129.

 

44. Ibid., p. 186.

 

45. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 601.

 

[b]CHAPTER 21[/b]

 

1. Belgium-The Official Account of What Happened, 1939-1940, pp. 27-29.

 

2. NCA, IV, p. 1037 (N.D. 2329- PS).

 

3. Ibid., VI, p. 880 (N.D. C-62).

 

4. Allen Dulles, op. cit., pp. 58-61. Dulles says Col. Sas personally confirmed this account to him after the war.

 

5. There is a vast amount of material on the development of the German plans for the attack in the West. I have drawn on the following: the diaries of Halder and Jodl; Haider's booklet, Hitler als Feldherr, Munich, 1949 (an English translation, Hitler as War Lord, was published in London in 1950); extracts from the OKW War Diary published in the NCA and TMWC volumes of the Nuremberg documents; the various directives of Hitler and OKW, published in the Nuremberg volumes and in DGFP, VIII and IX: Manstein, Verlorene Siege; Goerlitz. History of the German General Staff and Der Zweite Weltkrieg; Jacobsen. Dokumente zur Vorgeschichte des Westfeldzuges, 1939-40; Guderian, Panzer Leader; Blumentritt, Van Rundstedt; Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk; considerable German material in the Nuremberg documents of the NOKW series which were produced at the secondary trials. For the British plans, see Churchill's first two volumes of his memoirs; Ellis, The War in France and Flanders, which is the official British account: J. F. C. Fuller. The Second World War; Draper, The Six Weeks' War. The best over-all account, based on all the German material available. is in Telford Taylor's The March of Conquest.

 

6. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, pp. 42-43.

 

7. DGFP, IX, pp. 343-44.

 

8. Both Goering and Kesselring were questioned on the stand at Nuremberg in regard to the bombing of Rotterdam. See TMWC, IX, pp. 175-77, 213-18, 338-40.

 

9. TMWC, XXXVI, p. 656.

 

10. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 40.

 

11. For more detailed accounts, see Walther Melzer, Albert Kanal und Eben-Emael; Rudolf Witzig, "Die Einnahme von Eben-Emael, " Wehrkunde, May 1954 (Lt. Witzig commanded the operation. but because of a mishap to his glider did not arrive until his men, under Sgt. Wenzel, had nearly accomplished their mission); Gen. van Overstraeten, Albert I-Leopold III; Belgium-The Official Account of What Happened. Telford Taylor, The March of Conquest, pp. 210- 14, gives an excellent summary.

 

12. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, pp. 46-47.

 

13. Hitler to Mussolini, May 18, 1940. DGFP, IX. pp. 374-75.

 

14. From the King's own account of the meeting and that of Premier Pierlot. Published in the official Belgian Rapport, Annexes. pp. 69- 75. and quoted by Paul Reynaud. who was French Premier at the time, in his In the Thick of the Fight, pp. 420-26.

 

15. Lord Gort's dispatches, Supplement to the London Gazette, London. 1941.

 

16. Weygand, Rappele au service, pp. 125-26.

 

17. Churchill. Their Finest Hour, p. 76.

 

18. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, pp. 114-15 (soft-cover edition).

 

19. Ciano Diaries. pp. 265-66.

 

20. Telford Taylor, The March of Conquest, p. 297.

 

21. Text, Wilhelm II's telegram and draft of Hitler's reply, DGFp. IX. p. 598.

 

22. Texts of the exchange of letters between Hitler and Mussolini in May-June 1940 are in DGFp. IX.

 

23. Ciano Diaries, p. 267.

 

24. DGFp. IX, pp. 608-11.

 

25. Ciano Diaries, p. 266.

 

26. Ibid., p. 266.

 

27. Though copies of the minutes found in the German Archives are unsigned, Dr. Schmidt has testified that he himself drew them up. Since he acted as interpreter, he was in the best position of anyone to do this. They are printed in DGFP, IX, as follows: negotiations of June 21, pp. 643-52; record of the telephone conversations between Gen. Huntziger and Gen. Weygand (at Bordeaux) on the evening of June 21, as drawn up by Schmidt, who had been directed to listen in, pp. 652-54; record of the telephone conversation between Gen. Huntziger and Col. Bourget. Gen. Weygand's adjutant (at Bordeaux), at 10 A.M. on June 22. pp. 664-71; text of the Franco- German Armistice Agreement, pp. 671-76; memorandum of questions raised by the French and answered by the Germans during the negotiations at Compiegne, pp. 676-79. Hitler gave instructions that this document, though not a part of the agreement, was "binding on the German side."

 

The Germans had placed hidden microphones in the wagon-lit and recorded every word spoken. I myself listened to part of the proceedings as they were being recorded in the German communications van. So far as I know, they were never published and perhaps neither the recording nor the transcript was ever found. My own notes are very fragmentary, except for the closing dramatic session.

 

28. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 177.

 

29. DGFP, X, pp. 49-50.

 

30. Ibid., IX, pp. 550-51.

 

31. Ibid., IX, pp. 558-59, 585.

 

32. Ibid., X, pp. 125-26.

 

33. Ibid., pp. 39-40.

 

34. (bid., p. 298.

 

35. Ibid., pp. 424, 435.

 

36. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, pp. 259-60.

 

37. Ibid., pp. 261-62.

 

38. DGFP, X, p. 82.

 

39. OKW directive, signed by Keitel, FCNA, 1940, pp. 61-62.

 

40. Ciano Diaries, p. 274.

 

41. FCNA, 1940, pp. 62-66.

 

42. Letter of Hitler to Mussolini, July 13, 1940, DGFP, X, pp. 209-11.

 

43. Text of Directive No. 16, NCA, III, pp. 399-403 (N.D. 442-PS).

 

It is also published in DGFP, X, pp. 226-29.

 

44. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 277-78 (for July 19, 22).

 

45. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 261.

 

46. DGFP, X, pp. 79-80.

 

47. Ibid., p. 148.

 

[b]CHAPTER 22[/b]

 

1. Naval Staff War Diary, June 18, 1940. Quoted in Ronald Wheatley, Operation Sea Lion, p. 16. The author, a member of the British team compiling an official history of the war, had unrestricted access to the captured German military, naval, air and diplomatic archives, a privilege not accorded up to the time of writing to any unofficial American authors by either the British or the American authorities, who hold joint custody of the documents. Wheatley, as a guide to restricted German sources on Sea Lion, is therefore very helpful.

 

2. OKM (Navy High Command) records. Wheatley, p. 26.

 

3. Naval Staff War Diary, Nov. 15, 1939. Wheatley, pp. 4-7.

 

4. Wheatley, pp. 7-13.

 

5. FCNA, p. 51 (May 21, 1940); Naval Staff War Diary, same date, Wheatley, p. 15.

 

6. Text, TMWC, XXVIII, pp. 301-3 (N.D. 1776-PS). A not very good English translation is published in NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 404- 6.

 

7. British War Office Intelligence Review, November 1945. Cited by Shulman, op. cit., pp. 49-50.

 

8. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, p. 129.

 

9. From OKH papers, cited by Wheatley, pp. 40, 152-55, 158. The plan was continually being altered throughout the next six weeks.

 

10. Naval Staff War Diary, Raeder- Brauchitsch discussion, July 17. Wheatley, p. 4011.

 

11. Halder diary, July 22; FCNA, pp. 71-73 (July 21).

 

12. Naval Staff War Diary, July 30. and memorandum, July 29. Wheatley, pp. 45-46.

 

13. FCNA, Aug. 1, 1940. This is Raeder's confidential report on the meeting. Halder gave his in a long diary entry of July 31.

 

14. DGFP, X, pp. 390-91. It is also given in N.D. 443-PS, which was not published in the NCA or TMWC volumes.

 

15. FCNA, pp. 81-82 (Aug. 1, 1940).

 

16. Ibid., pp. 73-75.

 

17. From the Jodl and OKW papers. Wheatley, p. 68.

 

18. FCNA, pp. 82-83 (Aug. 13).

 

19. The two directives, ibid., pp. 81- 82 (Aug. 16).

 

20. Ibid., pp. 85-86. Wheatley, pp. 161-62, gives details of Autumn Journey from the German military records.

 

21. Text of Brauchitsch's instructions, from the OKH files. Wheatley, pp. 174-82.

 

22. FCNA, 1940, p. 88.

 

23. Ibid., pp. 91-97.

 

24. Halder's diary of the same date; Assmann, Deutsche Schicksalsjahre, pp. 189-90; OKW War Diary, cited by Wheatley, p. 82.

 

25. Raeder's report, FCNA, 1940, pp. 98-101. Halder's diary, Sept. 14.

 

26. FCNA, 1940, pp. 100-1.

 

27. Naval Staff War Diary, Sept. 17. Wheatley, p. 88.

 

28. Ibid., Sept. 18. Cited by Wheatley.

 

29. FCNA, 1940, p. 101.

 

30. Ciano Diaries, p. 298.

 

31. FCNA, 1940, p. 103.

 

32. Vorstudien zur Luftkriegsgeschichte, Heft 11, Der Luftkrieg gegen England, 1940-1, by Lt. Col. von Hesler, cited by Wheatley, p. 59. The two to four weeks' estimate was given Halder, who noted it in his diary on July 11.

 

33. Adolf Galland, The First and the Last, p. 26. Also from Galland's interrogation, quoted by Wilmot in The Struggle for Europe, p. 44.

 

34. Luftwaffe General Staff record of directives given by Goering at this conference. Wheatley, p. 73.

 

35. Ciano Diaries, p. 290.

 

36. See T. H. O'Brien, Civil Defence. This is a volume in the official British history of the Second World War, edited by Prof. J. R. M. Butler and published by H. M. Stationery Office.

 

37. Notes on Goering's conference with air chiefs, Sept. 16. Cited by Wheatley, p. 87.

 

38. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 279.

 

39. Peter Fleming, Operation Sea Lion, p. 293. An excellent book, but Fleming was denied access to restricted documents, though he says he was permitted to glance through-for an hour or two -- Wheatley's study shortly before it was published.

 

40. DGFP, X.

 

41. Schellenberg, The Labyrinth, Ch. 2.

 

42. New York Times, Aug. 1, 1957.

 

[b]CHAPTER 23[/b]

 

1. DGFP, IX, p. 108.

 

2. Ibid., pp. 294, 316.

 

3. Ibid., pp. 599-600.

 

4. Ibid., X, pp. 3-4.

 

5. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, pp. 135-36 (the text of his letter to Stalin).

 

6. DGFP, X, pp. 207-8.

 

7. Mein Kampf, p. 654.

 

8. Speech of Jodl, Nov. 7, 1943, NCA, I, p. 795 (N.D. L-I72).

 

9. Sworn testimony of Warlimont, Nov. 21, 1945, NCA, V, p. 741; interrogation of Warlimont, Oct. 12, 1945, ibid., Suppl. B, pp. 1635- 37.

 

10. Halder's diary, July 22, 1940. He records what Brauchitsch told him of the conference with Hitler in Berlin on the previous day.

 

11. Halder's diary, July 3, 1940.

 

12. NCA, IV, p. 1083 (N.D. 2353- PS).

 

13. War Diary, OKW Operations Staff, Aug. 26, 1940. Quoted in DGFP, X, pp. 549-50.

 

14. See Warlimont's two affidavits, NCA, V, pp. 740-41 (N.D. 303I, 2-PS) , and his interrogation, ibid., Suppl. B, p. 1536. Jodi's directive of Sept. 6, 1940, is given in NCA, III, pp. 849-50 (N.D. 1229-PS).

 

15. The directive of Nov. 12, 1940, NCA, III, pp. 403-7. The portion dealing with Russia is on p. 406.

 

16. OKW War Diary, Aug. 28. Quoted in DGFP, X, pp. 566-67n.

 

17. The Ciano Diaries, p. 289.

 

18. NCA, VI, p. 873 (N.D. C-53).

 

19. NSR, pp. 178-81.

 

20. The German memorandum, ibid., pp. 181-83; the Soviet memorandum of Sept. 21 in reply, ibid., pp. 190-94.

 

21. Ibid., pp. 188-89.

 

22. Ibid., pp. 195-96.

 

23. Ibid., pp. 197-99.

 

24. Ibid., pp. 201-3.

 

25. Ibid., pp. 206-7.

 

26. Ribbentrop's letter to Stalin, Oct. 13, 1940, ibid., pp. 207-13.

 

27. Text of Ribbentrop's indignant telegram, ibid., p. 214.

 

28. Text of Stalin's reply, ibid., p. 216.

 

29. Ibid., p. 217.

 

30. Memoranda of the meetings of Molotov with Ribbentrop and Hitler on Nov. 12-13, 1940, ibid., pp. 217-54.

 

31. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 212.

 

32. Ibid., p. 214.

 

33. Dispatch of Schulenburg, Nov. 26, 1940, NSR, pp. 258-59.

 

34. FCNA, 1941, p. 13; Halder's diary, Jan. 16, 1941.

 

35. Halder diary, Dec. 5, 1940; NCA, IV, pp. 374-75 (N.D. 1799-PS). The latter is a translation of part of the War Diary of the OKW Operations Staff, headed by Jodl.

 

36. Complete German text, TMWC, XXVI, pp. 47-52; short English version, NCA, III, pp. 407-9 (N.D. 446-PS).

 

37. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, p. 22.

 

38. FCNA, 1940, pp. 135-36 (conference of Dec. 27, 1940).

 

39. Ibid., pp. 91-97, 104-8 (conferences of Sept. 6 and 26, 1940). Raeder signed both reports.

 

40. DGFP, IX, pp. 620-21.

 

41. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 196. The interpreter gives a fairly complete account of the conversations. The German minutes in the U.S. State Department's The Spanish Government and the Axis are fragmentary. Erich Kordt, who was also present, gives a more detailed account in his unpublished memorandum, previously referred to.

 

42. Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, p. 402.

 

43. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 197.

 

44. The text of the Montoire Agreement is among the captured German Foreign Office papers but was not released by the State Department at the time of writing. However, William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (pp. 94-95), cites it from the German papers made available to him by the Department.

 

45. The Ciano Diaries, p. 300.

 

46. Ribbentrop on the stand at Nuremberg, and Schmidt in his book, p. 200, recalled the words.

 

47. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 200.

 

48. Halder's diary, Nov. 4, 1940; report of Jodi to Adm. Schniewind, Nov. 4, FCNA, 1940, pp. 112-17; Directive No. 18, Nov. 12, 1940, NCA, III, pp. 403-7 (N.D. 444- PS).

 

49. FCNA, 1940, p. 125.

 

50. Ibid., p. 124.

 

51. The Spanish Government and the Axis, pp. 28-33.

 

52. Raeder's report is in FCNA, 1941, pp. 8-13; Halder did not record the two-day conference in his diary until Jan. 16, 1941.

 

53. Text of Directive No. 20, NCA, IV, pp. 101-3 (N.D. 1541-PS).

 

54. Text of Directive No. 22 and supplementary order giving code names, NCA, III, pp. 413-15 (N.D. 448-PS).

 

55. NCA, VI, pp. 939-46 (N.D. C- 134).

 

56. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, pp. 22- 24.

 

57. NCA, III, pp. 626-33 (N.D. 872- PS).

 

58. German figures given by Foreign Office, as of Feb. 21, 1941, NSR, p. 275.

 

59. German minutes of conference, NCA, IV, pp. 272-75 (N.D. 1746- PS).

 

60. NCA, I, p. 783 (N.D. 1450-PS).

 

61. A partial text of Directive No. 25, NCA, VI, pp. 938-39 (N.D. C- 127).

 

62. OKW minutes of the meeting, NCA, IV, pp. 275-78 (N.D. 1746- PS, Part II).

 

63. Jodi's testimony, TMWC, XV, p. 387. His "tentative" plan of operations, NCA, IV, pp. 278-79 (N.D. 1746-PS, Part V).

 

64. Text, letter of Hitler to Mussolini, March 28, 1941, NCA, IV, pp. 475-77 (N.D. 1835-PS).

 

65. For details see text of directive, NCA, III, pp. 838-39 (N.D. 1195- PS).

 

66. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, pp. 235-36.

 

67. From the Russian file of the High Command of the German Navy; entries for May 30 and June 6, NCA, VI, pp. 998-1000 (N.D. C- 170).

 

68. FCNA, 1941, pp. 50-52.

 

69. TMWC, VII, pp. 255-56.

 

70. NCA, VI, p. 996 (N.D. C-170).

 

71. Cited by Shulman, op. cit., p. 65.

 

72. Top-secret directive, April 30, 1941, NCA, III, pp. 633-34 (N.D. 873-PS).

 

73. Halder affidavit, Nov. 22, 1945, at Nuremberg, NCA, VIII, pp. 645- 46.

 

74. TMWC, XX, p. 609.

 

75. Testimony of Brauchitsch at Nuremberg, TMWC, XX, pp. 581- 82, 593.

 

76. Text of Keitel's order, July 23, 1941, NCA, VI, p. 876 (N.D. C- 52); July 27 order, ibid., pp. 875- 76 (N.D.C-51).

 

77. Text of the court-martial directive, NCA, III, pp. 637-39 (N.D. 886-PS). A slightly different version found in the records of Army Group South and dated a day later, May 14, is given in NCA, VI, pp. 872-75 (N.D.C-50).

 

78. Text of directive, also dated May 13, 1941, NCA, III, pp. 409-13 (N.D. 447-PS).

 

79. Text of Rosenberg's instructions, NCA, III, pp. 690-93 (N.D. 1029, 1030-PS).

 

80. Text, NCA, III, pp. 716-17 (N.D. 1058-PS).

 

81. Text of directive, NCA, VII, p. 300 (N.D. EC-126).

 

82. Memorandum of meeting, NCA, V, p. 378 (N.D. 2718-PS).

 

83. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 233.

 

84. Keitel interrogation, NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1271-73.

 

85. The Duke of Hamilton's personal report, NCA, VIII, pp. 38-40 (N.D.M-116).

 

86. Kirkpatrick's reports on his interviews with Hess on May 13, 14, 15, ibid., pp. 40-46 (N.D.s M-117, 118, 119).

 

87. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. 54.

 

88. TMWC, X, p. 7.

 

89. Ibid., p. 74.

 

90. Douglas M. Kelley, 22 Cells in Nuremberg, pp. 23-24.

 

91. NSR, p. 324.

 

92. Ibid., p. 326.

 

93. Ibid., p. 325.

 

94. Ibid., p. 318.

 

95. Ibid., pp. 340-41.

 

96. Ibid., pp. 316-18.

 

97. Ibid., p. 328.

 

98. Ibid., p. 338.

 

99. Schulenburg's dispatches, May 7, 12, ibid., pp. 335-39.

 

100. Ibid., p. 334.

 

101. Ibid., pp. 334-35.

 

102. Sumner Welles, The Time for Decision, pp. 170-71.

 

103. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, pp. 356-61.

 

104. NSR, p. 330.

 

105. NCA, VI, p. 997 (N.D. C-170).

 

106. NSR, p. 344.

 

107. Ibid., pp. 345-46.

 

108. Ibid., p. 346.

 

109. Text of, NCA, VI, pp. 852-67 (N.D. C-39).

 

110. The minutes of this meeting never turned up, so far as I know, but Halder's diary for June 14, 1941, describes it, and Keitel told about it on the stand at Nuremberg (TMWC, X, pp. 531-32). The Naval War Diary also mentions it briefly.

 

111. NSR, pp. 355-56.

 

112. Ibid., pp. 347-49.

 

113. Schmidt's formal memorandum of the meeting, ibid., pp. 356-57. Also his book, pp. 234-35.

 

114. Hitler to Mussolini, June 21, 1941, NSR, pp. 349-53.

 

115. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 369, 372.

 

116. Ibid., p. 372.

 

[b]CHAPTER 24[/b]

 

1. NCA, VI, pp. 905-6 (N.D. C- 74). The complete text in German. TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 298-302.

 

2. Halder Report (mimeographed, Nuremberg).

 

3. NCA, VI, p. 929 (N.D. C-123).

 

4. Ibid., p. 931 (N.D. C-124).

 

5. Article by Gen. Blumentritt in The Fatal Decisions, ed. by Seymour Freidin and William Richardson, p. 57.

 

6. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, p. 147.

 

7. Ibid., p. 145.

 

8. Halder Report.

 

9. Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader, pp. 159-62. The page references in this and subsequent chapters are to the Ballentine soft-cover edition.

 

10. Blumentritt article, loc. cit., p. 66.

 

11. Interrogation of Rundstedt, 1945. Quoted by Shulman, op. cit., pp. 68-69.

 

12. Guderian, op. cit., pp. 189-90.

 

13. Ibid., p. 192.

 

14. Ibid., p. 194.

 

15. lbid., p. 191.

 

16. Ibid., p. 199.

 

17. Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, p. 403.

 

18. The Goebbels Diaries, pp. 135-36.

 

19. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 153.

 

20. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, p. 45.

 

21. NCA, IV, p. 600 (N.D. 1961-PS).

 

22. Blumentritt article, loco cit., pp. 78-79.

 

23. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, p. 158.

 

[b]CHAPTER 25[/b]

 

1. DGFP, VIII, pp. 905-6.

 

2. NCA, IV, pp. 469-75 (N.D. 1834- PS).

 

3. The text, NCA, VI, pp. 906-8 (N.D. C-75).

 

4. Raeder's report on the meeting, FCNA, 1941, p. 37. Also in NCA, VI, pp. 966-67 (N.D. C-152).

 

5. They are published. along with those of the subsequent talks, including two with Hitler, in NSR, pp. 281-316.

 

6. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 224.

 

7. FCNA, 194I, pp. 47-48.

 

8. N.D. NG-3437, Document Book VIII-B, Weizsaecker Case. Cited by H. L. Trofousse, Germany and American Neutrality, 1939-1941, p. 124 and II.

 

9. Text of telegram, NCA, VI, pp. 564-65 (N.D. 2896-PS).

 

10. Ibid., p. 566 (N.D. 2897-PS).

 

11. FCNA, 194I, p. 104.

 

12. NCA, VI, pp. 545-46 (N.D. 3733- PS).

 

13. Falkenstein memorandum of Oct. 29, 1940, NCA, III, p. 289 (N.D. 376-PS).

 

14. FCNA, 1941, p. 57.

 

15. Ibid., p. 94.

 

16. Ibid., Annex I (Raeder's report to the Fuehrer. Feb. 4, 1941).

 

17. Ibid., p. 32 (March 18, 1941).

 

18. Ibid., p. 47 (April 20, 1941).

 

19. Ibid., May 22, 1941.

 

20. Ibid., pp. 88-90 (June 21, 1941).

 

21. NCA, V, p. 565 (N.D. 2896-PS).

 

22. German Naval War Diary, TMWC, XXXIV, p. 364 (N.D. C-118). The partial English translation in NCA, VI, p. 916, is quite misleading.

 

23. FCNA, Sept. 17, 1941, pp. 108-10.

 

24. Ibid., Nov. 13, 1941.

 

25. NCA, Suppl. B, p. 1200 (interrogation of Ribbentrop at Nuremberg, Sept. 10, 1945).

 

26. N.D. NG-4422E, Document Book IX, "Weizsaecker Case," cited by Trefousse, p. 102.

 

27. Ibid. Numerous telegrams between Ribbentrop and Ott in May 1941, and Ott's testimony in the "Far Eastern Trial" in Tokyo, cited by Trefousse, p. 103.

 

28. Vice-Minister Amau on Aug. 29 and Foreign Minister Adm. Toyoda on Aug. 30. Japanese minutes of the two meetings are in NCA, VI, pp. 546-51 (N.D. 3733- PS).

 

29. Hull, Memoirs, p. 1034. The texts of Toyoda's telegrams to Nomura on Oct. 16, 1941, are given in Pearl Harbor Attack, Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, XII, pp. 71-72.

 

30. Hull, op. cit., pp. 1062-63.

 

31. Documents 4070 and 40708. Fur Eastern Trial, cited by Trefollsse, pp. 140-41.

 

32. Hull, op. cit., pp. 1056, 1074.

 

33. Intercepted message of Oshima to Tokyo, Nov. 29, 1941, NCA, VII, pp. 160-63 (N.D. D-656).

 

34. Pearl Harbor Attack, XII. p. 204. The intercepted Tokyo telegram is also given in NCA, VI. pp. 308-10 (N.D. 3598-PS).

 

35. NCA, V, pp. 556-57 (N.D. 2898- PS).

 

36. NCA, VI, p. 309 (N.D. 3598-PS).

 

37. Text of telegram, ibid., pp. 312-13 (N.D. 3600-PS).

 

38. Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 236-37.

 

39. TMWC, X, p. 297.

 

40. Intercepted message of Oshima to Tokyo, Dec. 8, 1941, NCA, VII, p. 163 (N.D. 0-167).

 

41. N.D. NG-4424, Dec. 9, 1941, Document Book IX, Weizsaecker Case.

 

42. I have combined here Ribbentrop's testimony in direct examination on the stand at Nuremberg-TMWC. X, pp. 297-98-and his statements during his pretrial interrogation which are contained in NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1199-1200.

 

43. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 396.

 

44. NCA, V, p. 603 (N.D. 2932-PS).

 

45. Schmidt. op. cit., p. 237.

 

46. A partial translation of Hitler's speech is published in Gordon W. Prange (ed.). Hitler's Words, pp. 97, 367-77.

 

47. English translation in NCA, VIII, pp. 432-33 (N.D. TC-62).

 

48. FCNA, 1941, pp. 128-30 (December 12).

 

[b]CHAPTER 26[/b]

 

1. TMWC, XX, p. 625.

 

2. Hassell, op. cit., p. 208.

 

3. Ibid., p. 209.

 

4. Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 36.

 

5. Hassell, op. cit., p. 243.

 

6. The text of the first draft drawn up in January-February 1940, Hassell, op. cit., pp. 368-72; text of the second draft, composed at the end of 1941, Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, Appendix A, pp. 705-15.

 

7. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 247-48.

 

8. Ibid., p. 247.

 

9. The German Campaign in Russia -Planning and Operations, 1940- 42 (Washington: Department of the Army, 1955), p. 120. This study is based largely on captured German Army records and monographs prepared by German generals for the Historical Division of the U.S. Army which, at the time of writing, were not generally available to civilian historians. However, I must point out that in the preparation of this and subsequent chapters the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, was most helpful in giving access to German documentary material.

 

10. TMWC, VII, p. 260 (Paulus' testimony at Nuremberg). Hitler's remark was made on June 1, 1942, nearly a month before the offensive began.

 

11. The Ciano Diaries, op. cit., pp. 442-43.

 

12. Ibid., pp. 478-79.

 

13. Ibid., pp. 403-4.

 

14. FCNA, 1942, p. 47 (conference at the Berghof, June 15). Also p. 42.

 

15. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, pp. 50-51.

 

16. FCNA, 1942, p. 53 (conference of Aug. 16 at Hitler's headquarters).

 

17. Halder, op. cit., p. 50.

 

18. Ibid., p. 52.

 

19. The quotations from Hitler and Halder are from the latter's diary and book, and from Heinz Schroeter, Stalingrad, p. 53.

 

20. Quoted by Gen. Bayerlein from Rommel's papers, The Fatal Decisions, ed. by Freidin and Richardson, p. 110.

 

21. Bayerlein quotes the order. Ibid., p. 120.

 

22. The source for this and for much else in this chapter about Hitler's OKW conferences is the so-called OKW Diary, which was kept until the spring of 1943 by Dr. Helmuth Greiner, and thereafter until the end of the war by Dr. Percy Ernst Schramm. The original diary was destroyed at the beginning of May 1945 on the order of General Winter, deputy to Jodl. After the war Greiner reconstructed the part he had kept from his original notes and drafts and eventually turned it over to the Military History Branch of the Department of the Army in Washington. Part of the material is published in Greiner's book, Die Oherste Wehrmachtfuehrung, 1939-1943.

 

23. Proces du M. Petain (Paris, 1945), p. 202-Laval's testimony.

 

24. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 541-42.

 

25. Gen. Zeitzler's essay on Stalingrad in Freidin (ed.), The Fatal Decisions, from which I have drawn for this section. Other sources: OKW War Diary (see note 22 above), Halder's book, and Heinz Schroeter, Stalingrad. Schroeter, a German war correspondent with the Sixth Army, had access to OKW records, radio and teleprinter messages of the various army commands, operational orders, marked maps and the private papers of many who were at Stalingrad. He got out before the surrender and was assigned to write the official story of the Sixth Army at Stalingrad, based on the documents then in the possession of OKW. Dr. Goebbels forbade its publication. After the war Schroeter rescued his manuscript and continued his studies of the battle before rewriting his book.

 

26. The Ciano Diaries, p. 556. Mussolini's proposals are given on pp. 555-56 and confirmed from the German side in the OKW War Diary of December 19.

 

27. Felix Gilbert, Hitler Directs His War, pp. 17-22. This is a compilation of the stenographic record of Hitler's military conferences at OKW. Unfortunately only a fragment of the records were recovered.

 

28. Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, p. 431.

 

[b]CHAPTER 27[/b]

 

1. NCA, IV, p. 559 (N.D. 1919-PS).

 

2. Ibid., III, pp. 618-19 (N.D. 862- PS), report of Gen. Gotthard Heinrici, Deputy General of the Wehrmacht in the Protectorate.

 

3. Bormann's memorandum. Quoted in TMWC, VII, pp. 224-26 (N.D. USSR 172).

 

4. NCA, III, pp. 798-99 (N.D. I130-PS).

 

5. Ibid., Vlll, p. 53 (N.D. R-36). Notes

 

6. Dr. Brautigam's memorandum of Oct. 25, 1942. Text in NCA, III, pp. 242-51; German original in TMWC, XXV, pp. 331-42 (N.D. 294-PS).

 

7. NCA, VII, pp. 1086-93 (N.D. L- 221).

 

8. TMWC, IX, p. 633.

 

9. Ibid., p. 634.

 

10. TMWC, VIII, p. 9.

 

11. NCA, VII, pp. 420-21 (N.D.s EC-344-16 and -17).

 

12. Ibid., p. 469 (N.D. EC-411).

 

13. Ibid., VIII, pp. 66-67 (N.D. R- 92).

 

14. Ibid., III, p. 850 (N.D. 1233-PS).

 

15. Ibid., p. 186 (N.D. 138-PS).

 

16. Ibid., pp. 188-89 (N.D. 141-PS).

 

17. Ibid., V, pp. 258-62 (N.D. 2523- PS).

 

18. Ibid., III, pp. 666-70 (N.D. 1015- B-PS).

 

19. Ibid., I, p. 1105 (N.D. 090-PS).

 

20. NCA, VI, p. 456 (N.D. 1720-PS).

 

21. Ibid., VIII, p. 186 (N.D. R-124).

 

22. Ibid., III, pp. 71-73 (N.D. 031- PS).

 

23. Ibid., IV, p. 80 (N.D. 1526-PS).

 

24. Ibid., III, p. 57 (N.D. 016-PS).

 

25. Ibid., III, p. 144 (N.D. 084-PS).

 

26. Ibid., VII, pp. 2-7 (N.D. D-288).

 

27. Ibid., V, pp. 744-54 (N.D. 3040- PS).

 

28. Ibid., VII, pp. 260-64 (N.D. EC- 68).

 

29. Ibid., V, p. 765 (N.D. 3044-8- PS).

 

30. Hitler's Secret Conversations, p. 501.

 

31. Based on an exhaustive study from the German records made by Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia, pp. 426-27. He used figures compiled by OKW-AWA in Nachweisungen des Verbleibs der sowjetischen Kr. Gef. nach den Stand vom 1.5.1944. AWA are the initials for the General Armed Forces Department of OKW (Allgemeines Wehrmachtsamt).

 

32. NCA, III, pp. 126-30 (N.D. 081- PS).

 

33. Ibid., V, p. 343 (N.D. 2622-PS).

 

34. Ibid., III, p. 823 (N.D. 1165-PS).

 

35. Ibid., IV, p. 558 (N.D. 1919-PS).

 

36. TMWC, XXXIX, pp. 48-49.

 

37. Ibid., VI, pp. 185-86.

 

38. NCA, III, pp. 416-17 (N.D. 498- PS).

 

39. Ibid., pp. 426-30 (N.D. 503-PS).

 

40. NCA, VII, pp. 798-99 (N.D. L- 51).

 

41. TMWC, VII, p. 47.

 

42. NCA, VII, pp. 873-74 (N.D. L- 90).

 

43. Ibid., pp. 871-72 (N.D. L-90).

 

44. Harris, Tyranny on Trial, pp. 349- 50.

 

45. Ohlendorfs testimony on the stand at Nuremberg, TMWC, IV, pp. 311-23; his affidavit, based on Harris' interrogation, NCA, V, pp. 341-42 (N.D. 2620-PS). Dr. Beeker's letter, ibid., III, pp. 418- 19 (N.D. 501-PS).

 

46. NCA, VIII, p. 103 (N.D. R-102).

 

47. Ibid., V, pp. 696-99 (N.D. 2992- PS).

 

48. Ibid., IV, pp. 944-49 (N.D. 2273- PS).

 

49. Case IX of the Trials of War Criminals [TWC] (N.D. NO- 511 ) . This was the so-called "Einsatzgruppen Case, " entitled "United States v. Otto Ohlendorf, et al."

 

50. Ibid. (N.D. NO-2653).

 

51. Cited by Reitlinger in The Final Solution, pp. 499-500. Reitlinger's studies in this book and in his The S.S. are the most exhaustive on the subject that I have seen.

 

52. NCA, III, pp. 525-26 (N.D. 710- PS). The English translation here of the last line misses the whole point. The German word Endlaesung ("final solution") is rendered as "desirable solution." See the German transcript.

 

53. TMWC, XI, p. 141.

 

54. TWC, XIII, pp. 210-19 (N.D. NG-2586-G) .

 

55. NCA, IV, p. 563 (N.D. 1919-PS).

 

56. Ibid., VI, p. 791 (N.D. 3870-PS).

 

57. Ibid., IV, pp. 812, 832-35 (N.D. 2171-PS).

 

58. Hoess affidavit, NCA, VI, pp. 787- 90 (N.D. 3868-PS).

 

59. N.D. USSR-8, p. 197. Transcript.

 

60. TMWC, VII, p. 584.

 

61. Ibid., p. 585.

 

62. Ibid., p. 585 (N.D. USSR 225). Transcript.

 

63. Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, I, p. 28. London, 1946. This is a summary of the twelve secondary Nuremberg trials, covered in the TWC volumes.

 

64. The above section on Auschwitz is based on, aside from the sources quoted, the testimony at Nuremberg of Mme. Vaillant-Couturier, a Frenchwoman who was confined there. TMWC. VI, pp. 203-40; Case IV, the so-called "Concentration Camp Case." entitled "United States v. Pohl, et al.," in the TWC volumes; The Belsen Trial, London. 1949; G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary, op. cit.; Filip Friedman. This Was Oswiecim [Auschwitz]; and the brilliant survey of Reitlinger in The Final Solution and The SS.

 

65. NCA, VIII. p. 208 (N.D. R-135).

 

66. NCA, Suppl. A. pp. 675-82 (N.D.s 3945-PS, 3948-PS, 3951- PS).

 

67. Ibid., p. 682 (N.D. 3951-PS).

 

68. Ibid., pp. 805-7 (N.D. 4045-PS).

 

69. The text. ibid., III, pp. 719-75 (N.D. 1061-PS).

 

70. TMWC, IV. p. 371.

 

71. Reitlinger, The Final Solution. pp. 489-501. The author analyzes the Jewish exterminations country by country.

 

72. TMWC, XX. p. 548.

 

73. Ibid., p. 519.

 

74. Examination of Josef Kramer. Case I of the Trials of the War Criminals-the so-called "Doctors' Trial." entitled "United States v. Brandt, et al."

 

75. Sievers' testimony, TMWC, XX, pp. 521-25.

 

76. Ibid., p. 526.

 

77. The testimony of Henry Herypierre is in the transcript of the "Doctors' Trial."

 

78. NCA, VI, pp. 122-23 (N.D. 3249- PS).

 

79. Ibid., V, p. 952 (N.D. 3249-PS).

 

80. Ibid., IV. p. 132 (N.D. 1602-PS).

 

81. Report of Dr. Rascher to Himmler, April 5. 1942, in the transcript of the "Doctors' Trial," Case I, "United States v. Brandt, et al." Dr. Karl Brandt was Hitler's personal physician and Reich Commissioner for Health. He was found guilty at the trial, sentenced to death and hanged.

 

82. NCA, Suppl. A. pp. 416-17 (N.D. 2428-PS).

 

83. Letter of Prof. Dr. Hippke to Himmler. Oct. 10. 1942, in transcript, Case I.

 

84. NCA. IV, pp. 135-36 (N.D. 1618- PS).

 

85. Testimony of Walter Neff, transcript, Case I.

 

86. Letter of Dr. Rascher to Himmler, April 4. 1943. transcript. Case I.

 

87. Testimony of Walter Neff. ibid.

 

88. Himmler's letter and Rascher's protest. ibid.

 

89. 1616-PS, in transcript of Case I. The document is not printed in TMWC, and the English translation in NCA is too brief to be of any help.

 

90. Alexander Mitscherlich. M.D., and Fred Mielke. Doctors of Infamy, pp. 146-70. This is an excellent summary of the "Doctors' Trial" by two Germans. Dr. Mitscherlich was head of the German Medical Commission at the trial.

 

91. Wiener Library Bulletin, 1951, V, pp. 1-2. Quoted by Reitlinger in The S.S., p. 216.

 

[b]CHAPTER 28[/b]

 

1. The Goebbels Diaries, p. 352.

 

2. FCNA, 1943, p. 61.

 

3. The Italian minutes of the Feltre meeting are in Hitler e Mussolini. pp. 165-90; also in Department of State Bulletin. Oct. 6. 1946, pp. 607-14. 639; Dr. Schmidt's description of the meeting is in his book, op. cit., p. 263.

 

4. The chief sources are the stenographic records of Hitler's conferences with his aides at his headquarters in East Prussia on July 25 and 26, published in Felix Gilbert. Hitler Directs His War, pp. 39-71; also The Goebbels Diaries, entries for July 1943. pp. 403-21; and the Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs [FCNA], entries for July and August 1943, made by Adm. Doenitz. the new commander of the German Navy.

 

5. The Memoirs of Field Marshal Kesselring (London. 1953), pp. 177, 184. I have used this British edition of Kesselring's memoirs; they have been published in America under the title A Soldier's Record.

 

6. See Kesselring. op. cit., and Gen. Siegfried Westphal, The German Army in the West, pp. 149-52.

 

7. Firsthand accounts of Mussolini's rescue are given in Otto Skorzeny, Skoruny's Secret Missions, by the Duce himself in his Memoirs, 1942-43, and by the Italian manager and manageress of the Hotel Campo Imperatore in a special article included in the British edition of the Memoirs.

 

8. Hitler quotation from FCNA. 1943, p. 46; the item from Doenitz' diary is quoted by Wilmot, op. cit., p. 152.

 

9. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr. p. 57.

 

10. I have quoted the lecture at length in End of a Berlin Diary, pp. 270- 86. The text (in English) is in NCA, VII, pp. 920-75.

 

11. The above excerpts from Goebbels' diary are from The Goebbels Diaries, pp. 428-42, 468, 477-78. Hitler's talk with Doenitz in August 1943 was noted by the Admiral in FCNA, 1943, pp. 85-86.

 

[b]CHAPTER 29[/b]

 

1. Dorothy Thompson, Listen, Hans, pp. 137-38, 283.

 

2. Hassell, op. cit., p. 283.

 

3. Zwischen Hitler und Stalin. Ribbentrop's testimony, TMWC, X, p. 299.

 

4. George Bell, The Church and Humanity, pp. 165-76. Also Wheeler- Bennett, Nemesis, pp. 553-57.

 

5. Allen Dulles, op. cit., pp. 125-46. Dulles gives the text of a memorandum written for him by Jakob Wallenberg on his meetings with Goerdeler.

 

6. The account of this whole episode is based largely on the report of Schlabrendorff, op. cit., pp. 51-61.

 

7. To Rudolf Pechel, who quotes him at length in his book, Deutscher Widerstand.

 

8. There are a number of accounts, some of them firsthand, of the students' revolt: Inge Scholl, Die weisse Rose (Frankfurt, 1952); Karl Vossler, Gedenkrede fuer die Opfer an der Universitaet Muenchen (Munich, 1947); Ricarda Huch, "Die Aktion der Muenchner Studenten gegen Hitler, " Neue Schweizer Rundschau, Zurich, September- October 1948; "Der 18 Februar: Umriss einer deutsehen Widerstandsbewegung, " Die Gegenwart. October 30, 1940; Pechel, op. cit., pp. 96-104; Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, pp. 539-41; Dulles, op. cit., pp. 120-22.

 

9. Dulles, op. cit., pp. 144-45.

 

10. Quoted by Constantine FitzGibbon in 20 July, p. 39.

 

11. Desmond Young, Rommel, pp. 223-24. Stroelin gave Young a personal account of the meeting. See also Stroelin's Nuremberg testimony, TMWC, X, p. 56, and his book, Stuttgart in Endstadium des Krieges.

 

12. Speidel emphasizes the point in his book Invasion 1944, pp. 68, 73.

 

13. Ibid., p. 65.

 

14. Ibid., p. 71.

 

15. Ibid., pp. 72-74.

 

16. Dulles, op. cit., p. 139.

 

17. Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 97.

 

18. The telephone log of the Seventh Army headquarters. This revealing document was captured intact in August 1944 and provides an invaluable source for the German version of what happened to Hitler's armies on D Day and during the subsequent Battle of Normandy.

 

19. Speidel, op. cit., p. 93.

 

20. Ibid., pp. 93-94, on which this account is largely based. Gen. Blumentritt, Rundstedt's chief of staff, has also left an account, and there is additional material in The Rommel Papers, ed. by Liddell Hart, p. 479.

 

21. The text of the letter is given in Speidel, op. cit., pp. 115-17. A slightly different version is in The Rommel Papers, pp. 486-87.

 

22. Speidel, op. cit., p. 117.

 

23. Ibid., pp. l04-17.

 

24. Ibid., p. 119.

 

25. Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 103. He was still attached to Tresckow's staff.

 

26. The sources for these meetings of the conspirators on July 16 are the stenographic account of the trial of Witzleben, Hoepner et al.; Kaltenbrunner's reports on the July 20 uprising; Eberhard Zeller, Geist der Freiheit, pp. 213-14; Gerhard Ritter, Carl Goerdeler und die deutsche Widerstandsbewegung, pp. 401-3.

 

27. Heusinger, Befehl im Widerstreit, p. 352, tells of his last words that day.

 

28. Zeller, op. cit., p. 221.

 

29. Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 275-77.

 

30. A number of guests at the tea party, Italian and German, have given eyewitness accounts of it. Eugen Dollmann, an S.S. liaison officer with Mussolini, has rendered the fullest description both in his book, Roma Nazista, pp. 393-400, and in his interrogation by Allied investigators, which is summed up by Dulles, op. cit., pp. 9-11. Zeller, op. cit., p. 367, n.69, and Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, pp. 644-46, have written graphic accounts, based mostly on Dollmann.

 

31. The transcript of this telephone conversation was put in evidence before the People's Court. Schlabrendorff, op. cit., quotes it on p. 113.

 

32. Zeller, op. cit., p. 363n., cites two eyewitnesses to the executions, an Army chauffeur who observed them from a nearby window, and a woman secretary of Fromm.

 

33. This account of what went on in the Bendlerstrasse that evening is taken largely from General Hoepner's frank testimony before the People's Court during his trial and that of Witzleben and six other officers on Aug. 6-7, 1944. The records of the People's Court were destroyed in an American bombing on Feb. 3, 1945, but one of the stenographers at this trial-at the risk of his life, he says-purloined the shorthand records before the bombing and after the war turned them over to the Nuremberg tribunal. They are published verbatim in German in TMWC, XXXIII, pp. 299-530.

 

There is a great deal of material on the July 20 plot, much of it conflicting and some quite confusing. The best reconstruction of it is by Zeller, op. cit., who gives a lengthy list of his sources on pp. 381-88. Gerhard Ritter's book on Goerdeler, op. cit., is an invaluable contribution, though it naturally concentrates on its subject. Wheeler- Bennett's Nemesis gives the best account available in English and uses, as does Zeller, Otto John's unpublished memorandum. John, who after the war got into difficulties with the Bonn government and was imprisoned by it, was present at the Bendlerstrasse that day and recorded a great deal of what he saw and what Stauffenberg told him. Constantine FitzGibbon, op. cit., gives a lively account, based mostly on German sources, especially Zeller.

 

Also invaluable, though they must be read with caution, are the daily reports on the investigation of the plot carried out by the S.D.- Gestapo, which date from July 21 to Dec. 15, 1944. They were signed by Kaltenbrunner and sent to Hitler, being drawn up in extralarge type so that the Fuehrer could read them without his spectacles. They represent the labors of the "Special Commission for July 20, 1944, " which numbered some 400 S.D.-Gestapo officials divided into eleven investigation groups. The Kaltenbrunner reports are among the captured documents. Microfilm copies are available at the National Archives in Washington-No. T-84, Serial No. 39, Rolls 19-21. See also Serial No. 40, Roll 22.

 

34. Zeller, op. cir., p. 372, n.l0, quotes an officer who was present.

 

35. The account of the executions was later related by the prison warder, Hans Hoffmann, a second warden and the photographer, and is given in Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, pp. 683-84, among others.

 

36. Wilfred von Oven, Mit Goebbels bis zum Ende, II, p. 118.

 

37. Ritter, op. cit., pp. 419-29, gives the details of this interesting sidelight.

 

38. This figure is given in a commentary in the records of the Fuehrer's conferences on naval affairs (FCNA, 1944, p. 46) and is accepted by Zeller, op. cit., p. 283. Pechel, op. cit., who found the official "Execution Register, " says, p. 327, there were 3, 427 executions recorded in 1944, though a few of these probably were not connected with the July 20 plot.

 

39. Schlabrendorff, op. cir., pp. 119- 20. I have altered the English text here given to make it conform more to the original German.

 

40. Gen. Blumentritt gave this account to Liddell Hart (The German Generals Talk, pp. 217-23).

 

41. Ibid., p. 222. There is considerable source material on the Paris end of the plot, including the account given by Speidel in his book and numerous articles in German magazines by eyewitnesses. The best over-all account has been rendered by Wilhelm von Schramm, an Army archivist stationed in the West: Der 20 Juli in Paris.

 

42. Felix Gilbert, op. cit., p. 101.

 

43. Speidel, op. cit., p. 152. My account of the death of Rommel is based on, besides Speidel, who questioned Frau Rommel and other witnesses, the following sources: two reports written by the Field Marshal's son, Manfred, the first for British intelligence, quoted by Shulman, op. cit., pp. 138-39, the second for The Rommel Papers, ed. by Liddell Hart, pp. 495- 505; and Gen. Keitel's interrogation by Col. John H. Amen on Sept. 28, 1945, at Nuremberg (NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1256-71). Desmond Young, op. cit., has also given a full account, based on talks with the Rommel family and friends and on Gen. Maisel's denazification trial after the war.

 

44. TMWC, XXI, p. 47.

 

45. Speidel, op. cit., pp. 155, 172.

 

46. Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, p. 477.

 

47. Guderian, op. cit., p. 273.

 

48. Ibid., p. 276.

 

49. Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, pp. 222-23.

 

[b]CHAPTER 30[/b]

 

1. Speidel, op. cit., p. 147.

 

2. British War Office interrogation, cited by Shulman, op. cit., p. 206.

 

3. Fuehrer conference, Aug. 31, 1944. Felix Gilbert, op. cit., p. 106.

 

4. Fuehrer conference, March 13, 1943.

 

5. United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Economic Report, Appendix, Table 15.

 

6. From U.S. First Army G-2 reports, quoted by Shulman, op. cit., pp. 215-19.

 

7. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 312.

 

8. Rundstedt to Liddell Hart, The German Generals Talk, p. 229.

 

9. Guderian, op. cit., pp. 305-6, 310.

 

10. Manteuffel, in Freidin and Richardson (eds.), op. cit., p. 266.

 

11. Fuehrer conference, Dec. 12, 1944.

 

12. Guderian, op. cit., p. 315.

 

13. Ibid., p. 334.

 

14. Albert Speer to Hitler, Jan. 30, 1945, TMWC, XLI.

 

15. Guderian, op. cit., p. 336.

 

16. Fuehrer conference, Jan. 27, 1945. This is included in Felix Gilbert, op. cit., pp. 111-32. I have slightly altered the sequence of the text.

 

17. Fuehrer conference, undated, but probably on Feb. 19, 1945, since Adm. Doenitz notes the discussion in his record of that date. See FCNA, 1945, p. 49. Gilbert, op. cit., gives the Hitler quotation, p. 179.

 

18. FCNA, 1945, pp. 50-51.

 

19. Fuehrer conference, March 23, 1945. This is the last transcript preserved. Gilbert, op. cit., gives it in full, pp. 141-74.

 

20. Testimony of Albert Speer at Nuremberg, TMWC, XVI, p. 492.

 

21. Guderian, op. cit., pp. 341, 43.

 

22. Text of Hitler's order, FCNA, 1945, p. 90.

 

23. Speer, TMWC, XVI, pp. 497-98. This section, including the quotations from Hitler and Speer, is taken from the latter's testimony on the stand at Nuremberg on June 20, 1946, the text of which is given in TMWC, XVI; and from the documents which he presented in his defense, which are given in Vol. XLI.

 

24. SHAEF intelligence summary, March 11, 1945. Quoted by Wilmot, op. cit., p. 690.

 

[b]CHAPTER 31[/b]

 

1. Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk's unpublished diary. I have given the essential extracts in End of a Berlin Diary, pp. 190-205.

 

Trevor-Roper, in The Last Days of Hitler, also quotes from it. Trevor-Roper, the historian, who was a British intelligence officer during the war, was assigned the task of investigating the circumstances of Hitler's end. The results are given in his brilliant book, to which all who attempt to write this final chapter of the Third Reich are indebted. I have availed myself of a number of other sources, especially the firsthand accounts of eyewitnesses such as Speer, Keitel, Jodi, Gen. Karl Koller, Doenitz, Krosigk, Hanna Reitsch, Capt. Gerhardt Boldt and Capt. Joachim Schultz, as well as one of Hitler's women secretaries and his chauffeur.

 

2. Gerhardt Boldt, In the Shelter with Hitler, Ch. 1. Capt. Boldt was A.D.C. to Guderian and then to Gen. Krebs, the last Chief of the Army General Staff, and spent the final days in the bunker.

 

3. Albert Zoller, Hitler Privat, pp. 203-5. According to the French edition (Douze Ans aupres d'Hitler) Zoller was a captain in the French Army attached as interrogation officer to the U.S. Seventh Army and in this capacity questioned one of Hitler's four women secretaries; later, in 1947, he collaborated with her in the writing of this book of recollections of the Fuehrer. She is probably Christa Schroeder, who served Hitler as stenographer from 1933 to a week before his end.

 

4. Krosigk's diary.

 

5. Ibid.

 

6. Quoted by Wilmot, op. cit., p. 699.

 

7. Trevor-Roper, op. cit., p. 100. The account was given by one of Goebbels' secretaries, Frau Inge Haberzettel.

 

8. Michael A. Musmanno, Ten Days to Die, p. 92. Judge Musmanno, a U.S. Navy intelligence officer during the war, personally interrogated the survivors who had been with Hitler during his last days.

 

9. Keitel interrogation, NCA, Suppl. B, p. 1294.

 

10. NCA, VI, p. 561 (N.D. 3734-PS). This is a lengthy summary of a U.S. Army interrogation of Hanna Reitsch on the last days of Hitler in the bunker. She later repudiated parts of her statement, but Army authorities have confirmed its substantial accuracy as containing what she said during the interrogation on Oct. 8, 1945. Though Frl. Reitsch is a highly hysterical person, or was during the months that followed her harrowing experience in the bunker, her account, when checked against the evidence of the others, is a valuable record of Hitler's very last days.

 

11. Gen. Karl Koller, Der letzte Monat, p. 23. This is Koller's diary covering the period from April 14 to May 27, 1945, and is an invaluable source for the last days of the Third Reich.

 

12. Keitel in his interrogation at Nuremberg, NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1275- 79. Jodl's account was given to Gen. Koller the same night and recorded in the latter's diary of April 22-23. See Koller, op. cit., pp. 30- 32.

 

13. Trevor-Roper, op. cit., pp. 124, 126-27. The author gives Berger's account, he says, "with some reservations."

 

14. Keitel recalled the remark in his interrogation, loc. cit., p. 1277. Jodl's version is in Koller's diary, op. cit., p. 31.

 

15. Bernadotte, The Curtain Falls, p. 114; Schellenberg, op. cit., pp. 399-400. They agree substantially in their versions of the meeting.

 

16. Speer on the stand at Nuremberg, TMWC, XVI, pp. 554-55.

 

17. Hanna Reitsch interrogation, loc. cit., pp. 554-55.

 

18. Ibid., p. 556. All the subsequent quotations and the events described by Hanna Reitsch are taken from this interrogation and are found in NCA, VI, pp. 551-71 (N.D. 3734-PS). They will not therefore be cited in each case.

 

19. Keitel, in his interrogation, loc. cit., pp. 1281-82, quoted the message from memory. The German naval records give a similarly worded radio message from Hitler to Jodi dated 7:52 p.m., April 29 (FCNA, 1945, p. 120), and Schultz's OKW Diary (p. 51), which gives the same text, records it as received by Jodi at II p.m. on April 29. This is probably an error, since by that hour of that evening Hitler, judging by his actions, no longer cared where any army was.

 

20. Trevor-Roper. op. cit., p. 163. gives the first message. The second I have found in the Navy's records, FCNA, 1945, p. 120. The further message from the naval liaison officer in the bunker, Adm. Voss, is also given in FCNA, p. 120.

 

21. The text of Hitler's Political Testament and personal will is given in N.D. 3569-PS. A copy of his marriage certificate was also presented at Nuremberg. I have given the texts of all three in End of a Berlin Diary, pp. 177-83, n. A rather hastily written English translation of the will and testament is published in NCA, VI, pp. 259-63. The original German is in TMWC, XLI, under the Speer documents.

 

22. Gen. Koller, op. cit., p. 79, gives the text of Bormann's radiogram.

 

23. The text of Goebbels' appendix was presented at the Nuremberg trial. I have given it in End of a Berlin Diary. p. 183n.

 

24. Kempka's account of the death of Hitler and his bride is given in two sworn statements published in NCA. VI, pp. 571-86 (N.D. 3735-PS).

 

25. Juergen Thorwald, Das Ende an der Elbe, p. 224.

 

26. This account of the death of the Goebbels family is given by Trevor-Roper. op. cit., pp. 212-14, and is based largely on the later testimony of Schwaegermann, Axmann and Kempka.

 

27. Joachim Schultz, Die letzten 30 Tage, pp. 81-85. These notes are based on the OKW diaries for the last month of the war and 1 have used them to bolster a good many pages of this chapter. The book is one of several published under the direction of Thorwald under the general title Dokumente zur Zeitgeschichte.

 

28. Eisenhower, op. cit., p. 426.

 

29. End of a Berlin Diary.