Statistics: Posted by admin — Mon Mar 07, 2016 11:19 am

[MACHINE: FLATLINE: LADY'S DEAD]

[THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER. ROBIN COOK. "MASTER OF THE MEDICAL THRILLER!" -- THE NEW YORK TIMES. OUTBREAK. "THE ULTIMATE NIGHTMARE, SPINE-TINGLING AND FEVER-PITCHED ACTION."]

[SLOAN CANCER FOUNDATION PAID PRESTON $20,000 TO DISTRACT THE PUBLIC FROM REALIZING EBOLA EMERGED FROM BIOWEAPONS CONTRACTOR BIONETICS.]

The patient’s travel group consisted of 7 Dutch tourists and 2 guides. Three of the tourists, including the patient, and 1 guide visited an empty cave on June 16 in Fort Portal and the Python Cave in the Maramagambo Forest on June 19. The patient’s partner recalled bats flying around in the latter cave, bumping against the visitors, and large amounts of droppings on the ground. She incurred no bite wounds, and no preexisting wounds were exposed to bats. On July 23, the travel group came within 5 m of gorillas in the wild and visited a village inhabited by pygmies, where they saw an elderly sick woman lying under a blanket.

We postulated that the most probable source of MARV infection was the visit to the Python Cave, known for its colony of Egyptian fruit-eating bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The party had photographed these bats, and this species of bat has been shown to carry filoviruses, including MARV (16,17) in other sub-Saharan locations. We estimated the incubation period of the infection to be 13 days....

Ecological surveys to assess the presence of infected bats in that cave are ongoing (P. Rollin, pers. comm.).

-- Response to Imported Case of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, the Netherlands, by Aura Timen, Marion P.G. Koopmans, Ann C.T.M. Vossen, Gerard J.J. van Doornum, Stephan Günther, Franchette van den Berkmortel, Kees M. Verduin, Sabine Dittrich, Petra Emmerich, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus, Jaap T. van Dissel, and Roel A. Coutinho

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Marburg and Ebola viruses can cause large hemorrhagic fever (HF) outbreaks with high case fatality (80–90%) in human and great apes. Identification of the natural reservoir of these viruses is one of the most important topics in this field and a fundamental key to understanding their natural history. Despite the discovery of this virus family almost 40 years ago, the search for the natural reservoir of these lethal pathogens remains an enigma despite numerous ecological studies. Here, we report the discovery of Marburg virus in a common species of fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Gabon as shown by finding virus-specific RNA and IgG antibody in individual bats. These Marburg virus positive bats represent the first naturally infected non-primate animals identified. Furthermore, this is the first report of Marburg virus being present in this area of Africa, thus extending the known range of the virus. These data imply that more areas are at risk for MHF outbreaks than previously realized and correspond well with a recently published report in which three species of fruit bats were demonstrated to be likely reservoirs for Ebola virus.

-- Marburg Virus Infection Detected in a Common African Bat, by by Jonathan S. Towner, Xavier Pourrut, César G. Albariño, Chimène Nze Nkogue, Brian H. Bird, Gilda Grard, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Stuart T. Nichol, and Eric M. Leroy

[BIONETICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC. (NIH-71-2025)
Title: Investigations of Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates
Contractor's Project Directors: Dr. John Landon, Dr. David Valerio, Dr. Robert Ting
Project Officers (NCI): Dr. Roy Kinard, Dr. Jack Gruber, Dr. Robert Gallo
Objectives: (1) Evaluation of long-term oncogenic effects of human and animal viral inocula in primates of various species, especially newborn macaques, (2) maintenance of monkey breeding colonies and laboratories necessary for inoculation, care and monitoring of monkeys, and (3) biochemical studies of transfer RNA under conditions of neoplastic transformation and studies on the significance of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human leukemic tissues.
Major Findings: This contractor continues to produce over 300 excellent newborn monkeys per year. This is made possible by diligent attention to reproductive physiological states of female and male breeders. Semen evaluation, artificial insemination, vaginal cytology and ovulatory drugs are used or tried as needed.
Inoculated and control infants are hand-fed and kept in modified germ-free isolators. They are removed from isolators at about 8 weeks of age and placed in filtered air cages for months or years of observation. The holding ...
Date Contract Initiated: February 12, 1962]

[Plyctm: Polycythemia
PPLO: Mycoplasma
R: Rubella
Rau Vi: Rauscher virus
RCS: Reticulum cell sarcoma
Reo 1: Reovirus 1
Reo 3: Reovirus 3
Rhabd L: Rhabdomysarcoma + leukemia
Rhabdo: Rhabdomysarcoma
RTC: Rous transformed cells
S: Sarcoma
S20S40: SV-20 + SV-40
SA 7: Simian agent 7
SCL: Stem cell leukemia
Sq S: Squamous cell sarcoma
SV-5: Simian virus 5
SV-20: Simian virus 20
SV-40: Simian virus 40]

[MARBURG OUTBREAK]

[EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS & EBOLA: NATURE, ACCIDENT OR INTENTIONAL? BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ]

Year(s) / Country / Apparent or suspected origin / Reported number of human cases / Reported number (%) of deaths among cases / Situation

1975 / Johannesburg, South Africa / Zimbabwe 3 / 1 (33%) / A man with a recent travel history to Zimbabwe was admitted to hospital in South Africa. Infection spread from the man to his traveling companion and a nurse at the hospital. The man died, but both women were given vigorous supportive treatment and eventually recovered.

-- Chronology of Marburg Hermorrhagic Fever Outbreaks, by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

[THE FILMS OF STEVEN SEAGAL]

[THE LAST CANADIAN, BY WILLIAM C. HEINE]

[DECEMBER 7: SUNDAY]

[HEARING ON COMMUNISM IN HOLLYWOOD, BY ED HERLIHY]

[-- Zionism in the Age of the Dictators: A Reappraisal, by Lenni Brenner]

[INDEPENDENCE DAY, TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX]

[-- America in the Third World: Strategic Alternatives and Military Implications, by Steven Metz
The key to a positive future in the Third World would be the rise and rapid spread of an alternative value framework and politico-economic system stressing population control, ecological sanity, intergroup cooperation, and deference to authority. Because of the extent of change needed and the speed with which it must take place, such a new system would probably have to take the form of a unifying religion, either a totally new one or a mutation from an existing one. Only a religion can generate the transformative power needed to change the course of the Third World's future.]

[-- Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl
[Adolf Hitler] A year ago ...
we met for the first time on this field,
the first general review of political leaders ...
of the National Socialist Party.
200,000 men have assembled here.
They are not here at the summons of their hearts alone ...
but also at the summons of their loyalty.
It was the great calamity of our people that drove us to the struggle ...
brought us together ...
and left us greater.
Those who do not understand ...
have not experienced the same calamities among their people.
These things appear enigmatic and mysterious ...
that hundreds of thousands would be led to assemble ...
amidst calamity and passion.
Others cannot understand ...
that this is not an order of the State!
They are deceiving themselves!
The State does not order us!
We order the State!
The State did not create us!
Rather we created our own State!
No, the movement lives ...
and it is grounded hard and fast.
And as long as one of us can draw a breath ...
he will give his strengths to the movement ...
just as it was in yesteryear.
Then drum will join drum ...
flag will join flag ...
group will join group. Gau to Gau ...
and after that, this earlier divided people ...
will follow these sacred columns of the Nation.
It would be an outrage if we were to lose ...
what we have fought for ...
with so much labor, so much worry ...
so much sacrifice, and so many privations.
One cannot live faithfully and give up ...
what has given meaning and purpose to one's entire life.
That would not be so ...
if it were not a cardinal command.
And no earthly power gave us that command.
For the God, our God, who created our people, gave us that command!
So it is our vow this evening ...
that each hour, on every day ...
to think only of Germany of the People and Reich ...
and of our German nation!
To the German people! Hail Victory! Hail Victory!

[HOLLYWOODLAND]

[HOLLYWOODISM]

[-- Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman
Americanos! conquerors! marches humanitarian!
Foremost! century marches! Libertad! masses!
For you a programme of chants.
Chants of the prairies,
Chants of the long-running Mississippi, and down to the Mexican sea,
Chants of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota,
Chants going forth from the centre from Kansas, and thence equidistant,
Shooting in pulses of fire ceaseless to vivify all....
I too, following many and follow'd by many, inaugurate a religion, I descend into the arena,
(It may be I am destin'd to utter the loudest cries there, the winner's pealing shouts,
Who knows? they may rise from me yet, and soar above every thing.)]

[IS YOUR PLAN ANY BETTER?
MAKE SURE YOUR FAMILY HAS A PLAN IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY.
READY.GOV]

[FOREIGN AFFAIRS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2002: THE FUTURE OF AIDS: GRIM TOLL IN RUSSIA, CHINA, AND INDIA, BY NICHOLAS EBERSTADT]

[WHY WE NEED A SMALLER U.S. POPULATION, AND HOW WE CAN ACHIEVE IT. A MESSAGE FROM NEGATIVE POPULATION GROWTH, INC.]

[-- Why We Need a Smaller U.S. Population And How We Can Achieve It, An NPG Position Paper]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:39 am

[INITIALLY MILLIONS OF RUSSIANS, LATER MILLIONS OF AMERICANS, WERE INFECTED WITH CANCER VIRUSES IN POLIO VACCINES.]

[VISIT A FREE POLIO VACCINE STATION TODAY]

[40 DIFFERENT VIRUSES IN THESE VACCINES ... NOT ALL INACTIVATED]

[YELLOW FEVER VACCINE HAD LEUKEMIA VIRUS IN IT.]

[THIS IS IN THE DAYS OF VERY CRUDE SCIENCE.]

George and Margaret Gey were husband-and-wife pioneers in the field of tissue culture. George, who stood well over six feet tall and had a broad chest, was an idea man and a tinkerer. Among his many inventions was something called a roller tube, a sealed glass vessel in which living cells were periodically bathed in a nutrient solution as the tube was slowly rotated. He blew the glass for the first tube himself and rigged up a primitive rotor using the pendulum of a clock. It became a standard in the field. A zealot when it came to the care and feeding of cells, George Gey once bought an entire boxcar full of powdered soap for washing culture dishes; it seems the local market had switched to a newfangled detergent that sometimes left residues harmful to cells, and George wanted to make sure he'd never be forced to use the stuff. Although a native of Pittsburgh, he had a country boy's air. He spoke plainly and with warmth as readily to cab drivers as to scientific dignitaries. He ran his lab like an informal college of tissue culture, sharing equipment and knowledge with any student or scientist who wanted to learn. And for a few hours every Wednesday, he went fishing.

Margaret, trained as a surgical nurse, was the meticulous director of day-to-day operations in the laboratory. As long as everyone did his share, she was an amicable boss. If necessary, however, she could play the role of the stern head nurse. She saw to it that the cultures were fed on schedule, that the glassware was sterilized according to specifications, that the records were kept in order. George was regularly out of the lab, hunting for funds and lecturing, but Margaret was always there, working long days and weekends, all of it without pay.

Together the Geys were trying to put some science into the folk art of growing cells. If reliable methods could be devised to keep cells alive in a roller tube and to trick them into thinking they were still inside a body, then scientists could learn firsthand about human biology without having to experiment on human beings directly. The workings not only of healthy cells but also of sick ones could be revealed. That possibility -- of capturing human diseases under glass and dissecting them for their underlying causes -- was what lured the Geys and several other research teams into the business of culturing tissue. Their greatest hope was to establish and study long-lasting cultures of the most dread human disease, to have, as some put it, "a tumor in a test tube."

But it was slow, difficult, sometimes grizzly work. In order to give their cells a proper feeding solution, for example, they had to find the raw materials themselves. Several times a week Margaret went to the Hopkins hospital's maternity ward to collect one ingredient believed to stimulate cell growth: blood from human placentas. One of the maternity nurses would press a button that set off a buzzer in the Geys' lab, signaling that a fresh placenta was being put aside for them. Margaret soon arrived, cleaned off the sac's umbilical cord, and, plunging a fat syringe into one of the cord's larger blood vessels, pulled out as much as 50 cubic centimeters, about a third of a cup. Back at the lab the serum component, the slightly yellowish fluid containing proteins, was removed from the blood and combined with what the Geys called beef embryo extract. This was the ground-up remains of a three-week-old cattle embryo, collected periodically from a cooperative packing house. Because the recipe also called for chicken plasma, every so often the Geys visited a nearby poultry factory. They usually went about dawn so that few workers would be around to witness the spectacle. Margaret's job was to pull back the wing, swab the area around the ribs with alcohol, and hold the animal still while George poked the syringe directly into its heart. They took 50 cubic centimeters from each chicken, and most walked right off the table and back to the yard. They had a deal with the owner to buy any bird that didn't survive. On such occasions Margaret cooked the unlucky animal for dinner that evening.

As for the cells to be grown in this elixir of plasma and serum and embryo mash, the Geys had to go out and collect them as well. Every day George scanned the hospital's list of upcoming operations and procedures, looking for interesting sources of tissue. He or Margaret or one of the technicians stood in the appropriate operating room holding a few petri dishes ready for a scrap. Then they raced back to the lab, placed the pulpy fragment on a clot of chicken plasma, added the remaining parts of their cell food, and hoped that it would take.

It was discouraging. No matter how clean their glassware, no matter how potent their nutrient solution, no matter how careful their technique, cells simply weren't comfortable growing outside the human body. The Geys had had considerably more success with animal cells, including some that had survived for years now. But most human cells shriveled and died right away. Some held on for a few weeks, coaxed and coddled by Margaret's diligence, and then gave up. It was a testimony to the Geys' abilities that by early 1951, they had managed to keep a few lines of human cancer cells alive for several months. It was a testimony to their determination that they kept trying to establish new ones.

Mary Kubicek, however, was running low on determination. A twenty-one-year-old technician just out of college and newly trained by the Geys, Mary was frustrated by her current assignment: an attempt to establish a culture of cervical cancer cells. Mary was shy and slightly insecure; that made her doubly careful and especially hardworking, even measured by the high standards of the Gey lab. Nonetheless after trying samples of cervical cancer from a dozen different patients, all she and her fellow technicians had to show were dead cultures. When George Gey announced around noon on 9 February that he had dropped off yet another cervical cancer biopsy in Mary's work area, she didn't attend to it right away. Uncharacteristically, she lingered a few minutes at the lunch table and finished her sandwich. What's the difference, she thought. It'll just be another useless attempt.

The tumor fragment was red, roughly square, less than half an inch on a side. Gey explained that it had been taken from a patient in the women's clinic just before she underwent radiation therapy. Following the usual procedure, the tissue was code-named with the first two letters of the donor's first and last names: HeLa. Mary cut away the decaying, brown tissue around the edges and sliced the remaining chunk into tiny cubes. She pipetted a few drops of chicken plasma into several roller tubes and placed four cubes of tissue in each tube. She waited five minutes for the plasma to stiffen into a clot, and then added the rest of the feeding solution. Finally, she placed the tubes into a rolling rack inside the laboratory's incubator.

Had Mary been staring through the glass doors of the incubator, she wouldn't have seen the early signs of life. It happens so slowly at first and so sporadically. Maybe it was a matter of hours, maybe the better part of a day passed. At some point, the cells in each little island of tumor began to quiver and dance ... and multiply. Where there had been one, there were now two. Where there had been two, now four, now sixteen, now thirty-two. In a few days, the signs of growth were visible: around each cube a translucent band of new cells was taking shape. On the fourth day Mary had to remove the burgeoning bits of flesh from the roller tubes, carve them up into smaller pieces, and transfer the cuttings into additional tubes.

Every other human cell line in the Gey lab had eventually weakened and faltered. Yet as the months passed the HeLa cells showed no such vulnerability. They just kept growing, doubling their number every twenty-four hours "spreading like crabgrass!" was how Margaret Gey described it. At one point George Gey compared the performance of the cancerous HeLa cells to the performance of the normal cervical tissue taken from Henrietta Lacks: the tumor cells were growing ten to twenty times faster. It was too early to start celebrating, and George Gey wasn't the sort to stop and congratulate himself anyway. But there was no doubt about it, these cells were different.

***

The tumor within Henrietta Lacks was different too, though the doctors didn't know it at the time. Most cervical tumors -- especially those found at an early stage, as was Henrietta's -- were easily beaten back by radiation. Most patients were still alive five years after therapy. So after several more radium treatments, the doctors gave her one month of X-ray therapy and hoped that would be the end of it. "No symptoms referable to the pelvis," wrote one who examined her in May. "Cervix is normal in size, mucosa red and smooth, cervix freely movable. Good radiation result. Rx: Return in one month." In June he wrote: "Patient feels fairly well, but continues to complain of vague lower abdominal discomfort. Cervix appears perfectly normal. No evidence of recurrence. Rx: Return in one month."

By late July Henrietta's side aches could no longer be described as vague. Now they were extreme and radiating down into the groin. Not only that, something was constricting the area around her bladder so severely that her kidneys began to swell with urine. The doctors also found a large, stony mass of tissue on the inside of her pelvis and another tumor in a lymph gland. With shocking speed the cancer had reappeared and spread so extensively that the doctors considered it inoperable: "For this reason, we are giving the patient a second course of deep X-ray therapy purely as a symptomatic therapy."

She was admitted to the hospital on 8 August, ten days before her thirty-first birthday. For the next twenty-two days she ran a constant fever of 100 to 102 degrees; she also began vomiting regularly. Despite the X-ray treatment, tumors were filling her abdomen. The treatment was halted.

In mid-September, with the fever, pain, and nausea continuing, she developed uremia, a buildup in the blood of poisonous waste products normally eliminated by the kidneys and bladder. The doctors tried to insert a catheter tube through the mass of tumors that choked her bladder, but failed. They gave her transfusions, replacing her own polluted blood with a fresh supply. Her intestine, however, was also blocked and her abdomen was beginning to expand.

On 26 September one of the doctors looked over her order sheet, the long list of various drugs, procedures, and treatments that had been prescribed to try to save Henrietta Lacks. At the bottom of the list, he scrawled: "Discontinue all medication and treatments except analgesics." All he could do was try to relieve the pain. On 29 September, Henrietta Lacks became disoriented, apparently confused about where she was and what she had been going through. She stopped breathing at fifteen minutes after midnight on 4 October 1951.

It had been only eight months from the time the small red patch was first discovered in her cervix to the day it killed her. For cancer of the cervix, the doctors said, it was some kind of a record.

***

No one in the Gey laboratory laid eyes on their unfortunate benefactor until 4 October when George Gey noticed a listing for the autopsy and went to observe. Because he wanted a few more samples of the remarkable tumor cell, he asked Mary Kubicek to meet him there and collect them.

The Hopkins autopsy room was buried in the basement of another building. Mary had never been there before. In fact she had never been to any autopsy facility or to a morgue or to anything like that. She made her way anxiously through the maze of dim underground hallways that connected the laboratory building to the other basement.

The room had high ceilings and a bare stone floor. At the far end Mary saw a body on the table. A pathologist was hunched over it, at work, and Gey stood nearby. The dead woman's arms had been pulled up and back so that the pathologist could get at her chest. Even from a distance Mary could see that the body had been split down the middle and opened wide.

She walked to the table, sidestepped one of the outstretched arms, and held out her petri dishes. As she waited she gaped at the greyish white tumor globules that filled the corpse. It looked as if the inside of the body was studded with pearls. Strings of them ran over the surfaces of the liver, diaphragm, intestine, appendix, rectum, and heart. Thick clusters were heaped on top of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. The bladder area was the worst, covered by a solid mass of cancerous tissue. "Bladder pushed to anterior abdominal wall," wrote the pathologist, "Almost entirely replaced with tumor."

Mary's eyes wandered down toward the corpse's feet and suddenly she was overcome. The toes. They were painted with bright red nail polish, and a dainty job it was. It suddenly made this carved-up cadaver real. All the laboratory experimentation had never hinted at the tragedy of this disease. But here, she thought, over here on the table is the proper demonstration. Here is what cancer does.

The pathologist sliced pieces of tumor from different organs and dropped them one-by-one into the dishes in Mary's hands. It seemed to Mary that he took forever. Finally, she fled: across the expansive stone floor and out of the autopsy room, through the catacombs, and up the stairs from the basement. Back at the lab she concentrated on the task at hand, cutting up the tissue and placing the pieces into roller tubes. In the bright familiar surroundings, her horror quickly faded. The image of the delicately polished toenails, however, lingered. In the years that followed, that sight came back to her often.

As for the cadaverous cells, they would not grow. The uremia had made it impossible for anything to live within the body of Henrietta Lacks. The cancer's sabotage had been so effective, it killed not only its host, but also itself.

That's not quite right, of course. Part of what had been Henrietta Lacks's cancer was not dead. Some of the cells had escaped their own poisonous wreckage eight months earlier on the edge of a surgeon's knife, abetted by the tissue culturing skills of Mary Kubicek. Dining on clotted chicken plasma, chopped beef embryo, and the blood from human placentas, the surviving cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks were living quite comfortably -- thriving, in fact -- in glass tubes in George Gey's lab.

***

In the early 1950s many Americans would have named cellophane science's niftiest invention. To the small community of researchers trying to grow human cells in their laboratories, however, the truly great breakthrough was the HeLa cell. At last, here was a cell with staying power, the first durable piece of a human being that could be watched up close and tinkered with. No more racing to finish an experiment before a sickly culture wheezed and fell dead. This cell would last, not just through one series of tests but through dozens, for months, maybe for years.

In fact George Gey and two co-workers at the University of Minnesota showed that HeLa cells were so rugged they could survive a 2,500-mile trip through the mail. They sent twenty-nine live cultures by air, rail, and truck from Minneapolis to Norwich, New York, and back; all but one returned in fine health. A cell line that held on in the lab was what everyone had been hoping for, of course, but one that could endure handling by the U.S. Post Office was a blessed miracle.

Soon it seemed every biomedical scientist in the country was either sending or receiving a HeLagram. Gey started it by mailing samples of HeLa cells to a few close colleagues, who grew up some extra cultures and sent them to their friends, who did likewise. When the frenzied demand for HeLa outpaced this informal network, a number of laboratories set up full-scale production lines and began passing around HeLa cultures the way McDonald's shovels out its burgers and fries. Mary Kubicek heard that one shipment of HeLa was being carried by backpack into Chile and another was on its way to Turkey. In a few years HeLa cells would even travel into space aboard the Discoverer XVII satellite.

Cancer researchers craved HeLa most of all because it was their long-sought tumor in a test tube. They watched the cells react to a battery of toxic chemicals and photographed the weirdly shaped chromosomes. Scientists interested in the general workings of human cells clocked the rate at which HeLa cells multiplied and studied their production of proteins. Virologists, who found that polio viruses multiplied a millionfold just two to three days after infecting a HeLa culture, made HeLa their major new tool for studying the viruses. A year later they knew enough about polio to produce the first successful vaccine.

And, of course, every scientist who wanted to learn the methods of tissue culture insisted on starting with HeLa. The newcomers had been told how frustrating much of the work would be, how rarely a piece of tissue would yield a sustainable cell line. But with HeLa, they knew they couldn't lose. The advent of HeLa was not only a boost for the beginners, though. It also seemed to change the luck of the researchers who were struggling to establish other human cell lines.

It was as though George Gey had broken biology's four-minute mile. Once he had shown it was possible to produce a strong and long-lived cell line from human tissue, his fellow cell culturists went back to the lab with new confidence and enthusiasm -- and damned if they weren't able to do it too. One scientist successfully cultivated a hardy strain of human liver cells. Another started up a cell line from a bit of amniotic sac. Then came a culture from a tumor of the larynx, followed quickly by sturdy lines of embryonic kidney cells and adult heart cells and cancerous blood cells. True, the cultures didn't always bloom right away. But eventually, a few days or a few weeks after being seeded, somehow they all began growing at a strong and steady pace. For the next ten years, from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, the science of cell culture flourished as well.

***

A few of the old guard saw the calamity coming. With so many new cells in circulation, and with no means of positively identifying them, they knew there would be mixups. So they tried to head off the problem. Some learned to tell cells apart by the shapes of the chromosomes, others by how antibodies reacted to particular cultures. The methods were crude, but they worked well enough to show the scientists they had been right to worry.

One of the first cultures they checked was a human line that one day, for no apparent reason, lost its susceptibility to polio. Their identification tests suggested the cells were no longer human but had somehow been replaced by mouse cells. Then the same thing happened to a monkey cell line. Soon they found human cells growing in what should have been pig, duck, and mouse cultures. And there were mouse cells growing in rabbit cultures and rabbit cells where monkey cells should have been.

Most cell culturists were still celebrating the renaissance. But by the late 1950s many samples of the useful cell lines -- both the old, established animal cultures and some of the new human ones -- had lost their identities. An investigator who needed a normal monkey cell for his experiments could no longer be sure he wasn't working on a tumor cell from a human larynx. How could he interpret results when he couldn't even say what he had been experimenting on?

The reasons for the mess were obvious to the old guard. In a word these new people were sloppy. They were probably mislabeling cultures. Hell, they were probably using the same pipettes to feed different cultures, inadvertently picking up a few cells out of one dish and dropping them into another. If the first cells were stronger, they would grow over the second culture and replace it. Such faux pas slipped by unnoticed in many hectic labs where accurate record keeping had become a lost art. In addition, cell swapping was rampant. And when one researcher traded materials with another, he also traded mistakes.

Well, things simply couldn't go on this way, declared the veterans who had uncovered the confusion. They decided to rescue the field by setting up a central cell bank, a Fort Knox for cell cultures. Not just any cell cultures, you understand, only those with clearly defined characteristics and carefully documented histories. No shadowy pasts allowed, no vagabond cells that had wandered from one nameless lab to another. With the help of the National Cancer Institute, which was also beginning to worry about the quality of cell cultures, the group announced in 1962 that the nation's "reference cells" would be housed at the American Type Culture Collection, a private supplier of biological materials in Washington, D.C. Workers there would maintain these purebred cultures and distribute them to any researcher who wanted the very best. Over the next four years, the cell bank filled its refrigerators and incubators with more than two dozen high-quality cultures. It looked as if the science of tissue culture had backed away from the brink of chaos.

Yet as careful as they were, the founders of the bank were for years haunted by doubts. Most of their screening tests determined only what kind of animal a cell line came from. They could tell mouse from human, but they couldn't easily tell most human cells apart. What they needed were markers, chemical or structural fingerprints that were readily recognized and unique to each cell line within a species.

In 1966 a Seattle geneticist named Stanley Cartier stood up at a scientific meeting in Bedford, Pennsylvania, and offered the tissue culturists just what they needed. In appreciation, the tissue culturists practically ran him out of town.

***

As part of his study of human genes, Cartier had been looking for long-lasting cell lines that produced certain isoenzymes, enzymes that are present in every human cell but may vary in style from person to person. One of the isoenzymes of interest to Cartier was C6PD, the glucose metabolizing enzyme that comes in two styles, type A and B. Another was PCM, available in types 1, 2, and 1-2, a combination of styles analogous to the blood type AB.

Cartier first analyzed the PCM in a few of the established human cell lines and was surprised to find the same form of the enzyme in each: type 1. He tested a few more and then a few more. He stopped at eighteen. Now it is true that in an average population many people would have type 1 in their cells, but the statistics require that nearly a third of them should not. That was what bothered Cartier. When he tested the cultures for the C6PD enzyme, again they were all the same: type A. That meant that every cell line he checked had come from a black person. Most of the established cell lines, however, had reportedly been cultured from Caucasian patients. Only HeLa was known to have come from a black.

Because HeLa was the earliest successful cell line, used in virtually every lab before the rest of these eighteen cultures came along, Cartier drew what he thought was an obvious conclusion.

Oddly enough he didn't think his serendipitous finding was all that important. After all, it offered no new scientific principle or insight. The main point to him was that these variants of different enzymes could be used for telling human cells apart; they were practical tools for sorting out existing mix-ups and preventing future ones. In fact the title of the paper he submitted to the Bedford conference was "Genetic Markers as Tracers in Cell Culture." But then Stan Cartier was a geneticist, not a tissue culturist.

"My Cod, they're going to tear you limb from limb," said a friend when Cartier arrived at the meeting to deliver his report. "I can't believe what you're saying."

Cartier said it nonetheless. He stood up in the convention hall of the Bedford Springs Hotel and said that his tools for distinguishing human cell cultures demonstrated that most of them weren't different at all. He said that the eighteen cell lines he tested, samples of which were now in the vaults of the nation's new cell bank, were really just the ever-popular HeLa cells. He added, almost incidentally, that researchers who had experimented on these cervical cancer cells believing they were liver, or blood, or bone marrow, or anything else had better reconsider their findings. "The work is open to serious question," said Cartier, "and in my opinion would be best discarded."

The tissue culturists were not pleased to hear this, particularly from a geneticist, particularly since they had spent the last ten or fifteen years studying samples of these cells, thinking they were looking at many distinct forms of cancer and at normal tissue from lots of different organs. Even the founders of the cell bank who had suspected trouble found it hard to believe. And to the researchers who had actually created the cultures on Cartier's list of spoiled goods, who had toiled for years and suffered repeated disappointments before they finally got those cultures to take root, his findings were impossible. They began hurling skeptical questions.

Just how did he know the cells hadn't been taken over by HeLa in his own laboratory?

They were all analyzed as soon as he received them, Gartler answered.

But hadn't some been sent to him frozen?

We can analyze frozen samples, said Gartler.

Well, isn't it possible for a cell to change its enzyme type -- from G6PD type B to A, for instance -- and still remain the same in all other ways?

Gartler sighed. These people were obviously not geneticists. He explained that there are indeed some characteristics in a cell that may readily change. In a developing embryo, for example, a cell that had been relatively nondescript may, in the process of "differentiating," turn on various genes that manufacture different kinds of proteins. But there is only one gene in each cell that controls the production of the G6PD enzyme; that gene specifies either type A or type B, and it is always turned on.

What about random mutations?

Gartler estimated that the chances of a mutation reshaping the gene for type B into a gene for type A would be less than one in a billion. Even if so unlikely a mutation took place in a single cell, why would that single cell overtake the rest of a culture, Gartler asked. And why should such unlikely occurrences have happened in all eighteen cell lines?

Leonard Hayflick stood up. A highly respected cell biologist and an officer of the Tissue Culture Association, which was sponsoring the conference, Hayflick was also the originator of a cell line known as WISH. WISH was one of the cultures that Gartler had discredited. It was a culture grown from a scrap of amniotic sac. In fact, Hayflick told the attentive audience, WISH had been taken from the amniotic sac in which his daughter Susan came into the world. WISH stood for Wistar Institute, where Hayflick was working, and for Susan Hayflick. Since Hayflick and his wife were both Caucasian, the claim that WISH showed a genetic trait found only in blacks was a tad awkward.

In perfect deadpan, Hayflick announced, "I have just telephoned my wife, who assured me that my worst fears are unfounded."

The crowd thought that was hilarious, and the tension eased. But Gartler wasn't so sure that Hayflick was genuinely jovial. And when the laughter died down, the eminent cell biologist dismissed the geneticist's conclusions, saying simply they were very difficult for him to accept.

Then rose Harvard University's Robert Chang, another luminary of cell biology and a trustee of the Tissue Culture Association. Chang was the creator of one of the most popular of human cell lines. The Chang liver culture was used extensively in studies of liver function.

Whatever culture Gartler claims to have analyzed, said Chang, it wasn't a culture that came from Chang. "I have never sent him any cell line, and I don't remember ever having corresponded with him."

Gartler explained that one of his samples of Chang liver had come from a co-worker at the University of Washington in Seattle. The other came directly from the cell bank at the American Type Culture Collection. In fact, six of the eighteen cultures he examined had come straight from that storehouse of only the best and most carefully screened cultures. The important point, said Gartler, is that while there may well be some genuine samples of these cultures at certain laboratories, there are others in active use that are impostors. Unless experimenters can tell the bona fide from the bogus, he said, much of the research done on these cultures is in doubt.

It looked to Gartler as if Chang was contemplating murder -- or suicide -- but all he did was sit down.

More skeptical questions, more icy speeches. The session finally ended at noon, Gartler escaped from the room, and the tissue culturists changed their tactics. Now it was a war of isolation. They ostracized him for his wild and insolent claims. Through most of lunch he sat alone. One of the few who dared to join him was a young researcher from California. As a technical advisor to the cell bank, the researcher was as disturbed as the others about Cartier's findings. At the same time, though, he admired Cartier for sticking his neck out, and he told him so. The researcher's name was Walter Nelson-Rees.

***

It wasn't until two years later that Gartler's incredible conclusions were confirmed. By 1968 two independent research teams had applied his methods to all the human cultures deposited in the cell bank at the American Type Culture Collection. Out of thirty-four cell lines, they found twenty-four to be HeLa.

How could it have happened?

The most likely explanation was the same combination of sloppiness and opportunity that in the late 1950s had shuffled mouse cells with human cells and duck cells with monkey cells. HeLa had a number of advantages that helped it pull the trick off on a disastrously large scale. Since it was the first useful human cell line, it was the most ubiquitous: wherever technicians were careless, there were always a few HeLa cells nearby to take advantage. Because it was also one of the most vigorous cultures known, it could easily take over weaker cultures if given half a chance.

HeLa was so tenacious, in fact, that it probably didn't need to wait for a lab worker to use the same pipette on different cultures. A startling series of experiments reported in 1961 by Lewis Coriell, one of the old guard who had helped start the reference cell bank, had shown HeLa could literally appear out of thin air. Coriell, working at the Institute for Medical Research in Camden, New Jersey, found that merely pulling a stopper from a test tube or dispensing liquid from a dropper could launch tiny airborne droplets containing a few HeLa cells. When the drops landed on open petri dishes holding live cultures, the HeLa cells began growing so feverishly that in three weeks they overwhelmed the original cultures.

To some it had seemed an unbelievable observation. But now it looked as though much the same thing must have happened to all the human cultures that appeared in the 1950s soon after HeLa. Those cells had probably been as weak and hard to cultivate as the ones that had been tried in the pioneering days; they were easy victims for HeLa. A few of the more cynical scientists suspected there had never been anything but HeLa in those new cultures. The cells from the original tissue samples had probably died immediately, leaving a culture dish of nutrients ripe and ready for the next HeLa cell that happened by.

Either way, for Coriell and some of the other experts, HeLa's surreptitious spread explained a few puzzling observations that cancer researchers had made in recent years. One such enigma was "spontaneous transformation," a mysterious process by which benign cells suddenly turned malignant. There it was right in the dish, the very nut of the cancer problem: healthy cells, going along in a calm and orderly way, abruptly burst into unbridled growth. Not only did they grow faster, they were no longer bound by the normal cells' lifetime limit of fifty to sixty divisions. The transformed cells ignored their biological clocks and continued doubling without end.

The weird thing about spontaneous transformation was that until the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was never known to occur in human cells. Cultures of rat, mouse, hamster, and other animal cells had been spontaneously transforming for years, but never a human cell culture. Then suddenly it was happening all the time. Not only that, these spontaneously transformed cells grew rings around many cells taken directly from patients' tumors. Nobody could explain why normal cells that turned malignant in the lab should be more aggressive than cells that had become malignant while in the body, but for the moment scientists were delighted to have all these tenacious new cultures.

Much later it became clear that these transformations were not spontaneous at all, but had been triggered by outside agents. In the case of the nonhuman cells, chemicals in the nutrient medium, oxygen in the air over the cultures, even fluorescent lighting in the laboratory were eventually found to inflict genetic harm that can turn normal cells cancerous. As for the human cells, most "transformations" appeared to be nothing more than takeovers of the cultures by the feisty HeLa cells.

Spontaneous transformation was not the only myth HeLa created about the nature of cancer. Researchers had observed that cancer cells shared many fundamental characteristics, and there had begun to emerge a unifying theory: all cancer cells grew relatively quickly and had the same basic nutritional requirements; they seeded new tumors when inoculated into the cheeks of hamsters; many had abnormally shaped chromosomes; and most carried the same surface antigens, proteins on the outside of the cell that stimulate the body's immune system. Like winning lemons in a casino full of rigged slot machines, these traits kept coming up one after another in dozens of cell lines the scientists thought had come from dozens of cancer patients. The truth was they had been studying one line of cells masquerading as all the others, and the common traits they saw were those of a single tumor, the one that killed Henrietta Lacks.

"They described a lot of things they thought were being produced by intestine and kidney and other cells," recalled Coriell years later. "There was a lot of data in the literature that was just wrong, just a lot of wasted time because they were all working with HeLa."

Cyril Stulberg of the Child Research Center in Detroit, like Coriell one of the deans of cell culture, came as close as anyone to assessing HeLa's effect on this early period of cell biology and cancer work. He made the remark in a letter to Nelson-Rees many years after Cartier's HeLa revelations. "I didn't realize then what the succeeding years would bring," Stulberg wrote. "Naturally, at the time, I was very defensive because I saw 15 years work go down the drain."

But Stulberg, Coriell, and the other veterans faced up to the calamity and began to clear away the wreckage. As the architects of the fledgling central cell bank, they were reluctant to simply throw out the twenty-four HeLa-contaminated cultures. HeLa, after all was a sturdy line and these individual strains had various quirks and characteristics that made them particularly useful to certain fields of research. The solution, they decided, was an addendum to the cell bank's catalogue in 1968 warning that the twenty-four lines were actually HeLa and should be used as such. Moreover, they required even more detailed descriptions of new lines deposited in the bank and recommended not only Cartier's enzyme tests but any other promising techniques of identification as well.

This time, they hoped, they would put HeLa contamination and all the other chaos behind them. And, indeed, as the 1960s came to a close, it appeared that the cell biologists had recovered from Stan Cartier's bombshell. Cartier himself went back to studying genetics, having done quite enough for cell culture.

-- A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman's Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused, by Michael Gold

[THIS INITIATED THE GLOBAL CANCER PANDEMIC MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE.]

[U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH]

[ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK. LAUGHTER NOT ADDED.]

[DR. SHORTER IS CURRENTLY CHAIRMAN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL HISTORY AT THE UNIV. OF TORONTO.]

[WE HAD NO PRESS RELEASE ON IT. OBVIOUSLY, YOU DON'T GO OUT [TO TELL THIS TRUTH.] THIS IS A SCIENTIFIC AFFAIR WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.]

[SALK VACCINE HAILED AS MEDICAL VICTORY. END OF DREAD, CRIPPLING DISEASE WITHIN SPACE OF TWO YEARS NOW SEEN A POSSIBILITY. NO FATALITIES RECORDED AMONG 460,000 CHILDREN GIVEN THE THREE INJECTIONS LAST YEAR. FIRST AND SECOND GRADERS (ABOUT 250,000) TO GET BAY STATE INJECTIONS ... THE ANNOUNCEMENT WAS MADE HERE TODAY WITH ALL THE BUILDUP AND DRAMA OF A HOLLYWOOD PRODUCTION ... DR. FRANCIS ASSERTED THAT THE VACCINE DEVELOPED BY DR. JONAS E. SALK PROVED "INCREDIBLY SAFE." HE SAID THAT THE VACCINATION WAS 80 TO 90 PERCENT EFFECTIVE AGAINST PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS, 60 TO 70 THE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE MOST COMMON BRUNHILDE TYPE OF VIRUS, 90 PER CENT AND MORE EFFECTIVE AGAINST THE TWO OTHERS STRAINS LEON AND LANSING.]

[NATION-WIDE TESTS PROVE DR. SALK'S VACCINE A SUCCESS, COMMENTARY BY PETER ROBERTS, NEWS OF THE DAY]

[WE KNEW [SV40] WAS IN OUR [VACCINE CULTURE] SEED-STOCK.]

[CANCER VIRUS SV40]

[IT WAS GOOD SCIENCE AT THE TIME.]

[CONFLICTING INTERESTS: THE MERCK DRUG COMPANY RECEIVED A LION'S SHARE OF THE NAZI WARCHEST AT THE TIME COMPANY PRESIDENT, GEORGE W. MERCK, WAS AMERICA'S BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS INDUSTRY DIRECTOR.]

[DR. HILLEMAN DIED APRIL 11, 2005]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:34 am

[CENSORED INTERVIEW OF MERCK COMPANY CHIEF RECORDED FOR BOSTON'S FAMED PUBLIC BROADCASTING STATION, WGBH. PRODUCTION STAFF ARE HEARD IN THE BACKGROUND.]

[CENSORED INTERVIEW]

[ALL VACCINES CONTAIN FOREIGN DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN THAT MAY PROMPT ALLERGIES AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES FROM BACTERIA, VIRUSES, FUNGI, YEAST, BOVINE FETAL SERUM, MONKEY KIDNEY TISSUES, TOXIC METALS, MERCURY AND ALUMINUM, MSG, AND CORPSE PRESERVATIVES FORMALDEHYDE AND FORMALIN.]

[UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, VIRUS RESEARCH LABORATORY, DR. JONAS E. SALK]

[DR. ALBERT SABIN, POLIO VACCINE PIONEER]

Attorney Walter Kyle of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, began representing Plaintiffs with vaccine injuries ten years before the Vaccine Injury Act began, and has argued more than forty cases before the Special Masters of the United States Court of Federal Claims [under the Vaccine Injury Compensation Act] – 42 U.S.C.A. §300aa, et.seq. As a result, Attorney Kyle has unique insight into the nuances of vaccine injury law.

Q. To start our interview, may I ask how you became involved in vaccine law?

A. I began representation of vaccine-injured clients in Arkansas in 1977. My first case out of law school was representing a paraplegic mother who acquired paralytic polio from mutated Sabin live trivalent oral polio vaccine [TOPV] viruses shed from her three-month-old infant’s diapers. Centers for Disease control classified the woman in the “immune deficient” category of “vaccine associated contact cases” from Type 2 Sabin vaccine.

Q. Walter, you just mentioned the phrase “vaccine viruses shed.” For those who are not familiar with such terminology I’d like to say it means certain types of vaccines contain certain viruses that are alive and once injected into [orally administered to] an individual can infect others via contact with bodily fluids, excrement, and sometimes coughing or sneezing. In your first vaccine case, the mother contracted paralytic polio from viruses “shed” in her infant’s diapers soiled with urine and feces.

Walter, how did you present that case at court?

A. In the first case against the manufacturer, American Cyanamid, which defended based on the fact that the woman was categorized as “immune deficient” and implied the reaction was her fault, I countered with the position that the Type 2 vaccine caused her immune deficiency since she had never been sick in her life before contact with that vaccine. After settling that lawsuit against the manufacturer for failure to warn, I instituted a Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) lawsuit against HEW for regulatory violations in the license and release of OPV, in general, and the individual Lot of polio vaccine, in particular. In addition, I challenged the FDA’s intention to use Sabin’s live oral polio vaccine (OPV) for immunization of unwitting contacts of vaccine recipients as an unconstitutional invasion of their privacy (see Loge v. United States, 662 F.2d 1268 8th Cir. 1981), which evolved into civil actions of “battery” against the sole manufacturer of the Sabin vaccine –American Cyanamid.

Q. Can you tell us what happened in that case?

A. From my perspective I gained a profound disrespect for the FDA and pro-vaccine defense experts who pretended the case could have been from wild polio in spite of the fact that most, if not all of the polio in the United States at that time, arose from parents coming into contact with the polio viruses shed in their child’s stool or saliva.

Their justification then, similar to their justification now, arose from an unwritten CDC/FDA policy to “sacrifice some for the good of the whole” – a comment related to me by a senior CDC physician, Dr. Michael Gregg, in a private conversation.

This explains why zero funding is available to do clinical studies of vaccine reactions in the United States.

Both of the lawsuits settled before trial. The trial judge dismissed the FTCA lawsuit and was overturned on appeal in the decision cited above.

Q. Before you go further, can you please explain what a Vaccine Injury Table is?

A. According to HHS Health Resources and Services Administration, “The Vaccine Injury Table (Table) makes it easier for some people to get compensation.” [1]

It makes it easier for some and impossible for others. Certain reactions within a set time period are automatically compensated. For example, the parent of a child who became paralyzed by polio within 60 days of the child’s receiving the live polio vaccine would automatically be compensated. This was the most common reaction to both live and inactivated polio vaccines.

However, a child acquiring an encephalitis where the Colburn strain of CMV (cytomegalovirus) was isolated from his brain at the age of six, would not be compensated unless his lawyer were clever enough to discover that the Colburn strain of CMV is actually simian in origin and came from the African green monkeys used to produce the live polio vaccine.

Recently Baboon endogenous retrovirus (BERV) was discovered in MMR vaccine, but no one has access to the tests to detect it in children with possible vaccine reactions. Since it is a live vaccine, one would expect the onset to occur within 3 days to three years, nor would anyone know how to correlate it to the particular Lot of vaccine given as FDA keeps such information secret.a “commercial privilege” protection under FOIA.

Q. Walter, what I find interesting about the Vaccine Injury Table is something most proponents of vaccines/vaccinations probably are not aware and it is “The Table lists and explains injuries/conditions that are presumed to be caused by vaccines.” [1] So, in effect, HHS/CDC/FDA agree vaccines can cause damage. I suggest every parent becomes familiar with the Vaccine Injury Table in the link at reference [1].

A. The Table is per se inadequate and a mother or father should follow their gut instinct when faced with a vaccine reaction most of which are probably not on the Vaccine Injury Table. Currently there are laboratory-testing methods developed, but withheld from diagnostic use by FDA that can quickly and cheaply link reactions to vaccines. I do not feel anyone should subject their child to an immunization unless faced with an actual, not a CDC forecast, epidemic of a life-threatening pathogen. That is, until those testing procedures are made available to the general public for diagnostic evaluations of both the injured and of the vaccines which are administered.

I am not anti-vaccine but strongly oppose FDA/CDC/NIH B.S. (rhetoric and hyperbole) when it comes to evaluation of vaccine reactions. For example: Dr. Jonas Salk, developer of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) gave unchallenged testimony before the Senate Committee establishing the Vaccine Injury Table that there had been no paralytic reactions to the Salk vaccine in 450,000,000 doses resulting in a Table that provided no compensation for IPV-caused polio. The FDA stood by and said absolutely nothing, but had good reason to know Salk’s testimony was not true. Really!

Salk had provided expert assistance and consultation to me for 12 years while the ongoing feud between Sabin and Salk brewed over which vaccine should be used in the United States.

When the Chief Special Master appointed me to head an Attorneys Committee to investigate the possibility that Salk’s vaccine had caused hundreds of cases of polio that had never been linked to the vaccine by FDA, I truly believed that Salk’s vaccine had never caused polio except in one isolated manufacturing problem in 1955.

After the Committee investigated and discovered that not only had Salk’s IPV caused polio, it had probably started epidemics, and the famous “Frances Field Trials,” which the FDA’s predecessor touted as proving IPV’s absolute safety, were “rigged” and probably caused as much polio as they prevented.

Q. Walter, that’s something that isn’t well known and apparently pushed under the carpet, as they say.

A. Under the carpet would have been nice, HHS pushed the attorneys on my committee out the door. The Justice Department attorney began attacking members of the Committee on trivial issues, objected to our being paid promptly in all matters including other cases and ultimately all of us stopped practicing in the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.

By 1988, I concluded, based on evidence discovered from the OPV manufacturer’s files and FOIA litigation against the FDA, that FDA allowed release of live Sabin oral polio vaccines that also contained live simian retroviruses and/or viable genetic sequences of such retroviruses within the polio vaccine itself – a fact admitted by the Director of the Bureau of Biologics on April 15, 1980 in the Federal Register.

In 1992 a world renowned medical journal, The Lancet, published my paper, “Simian retroviruses, polio vaccine and origin of AIDS” 339:600-601 (Mar. 7 1992), which linked the 1981 AIDS outbreak in the United States to the nationwide use of OPV for treatment of genital herpes in homosexual men by dermatologists. Following multiple oral doses of OPV, the viruses passed in their stools along with the then unknown simian retroviruses and herpes viruses (i.e., SIV and KSHV – Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpes Virus – and CMV – Cytomegalovirus). Curiously, this panorama of simian herpes viruses also infected the first AIDS victims.

That article identified specific lots of contaminated OPV and suggested independent testing, which FDA refused to retest, but “pretended” that it had through false press releases in 1996. The FDA faced huge liability here so they spent millions sending someone to find AIDS-like virus in chimpanzees which is more genetically similar to HIV than any of the other simian viruses, problem was, the chimps would eat the same African green monkeys, the source of all SIVs, which were used in the oral polio vaccine.

Curiously, Sabin’s Type II oral polio vaccine, most frequently (of the three Types in a single dose of Sabin OPV) associated with the immune deficient category of paralytic polio was administered to and ultimately isolated from the stool of a chimpanzee.

I believe an honest evaluation of the science would place AIDS under the vaccine injury table, and what a massive expense that would be.

-- Exposing The FDA’s Vaccine Injury Cover-Up: An Interview With Walter Kyle, Esq., by Catherine J. Frompovich

[HILLEMAN REALIZED THAT THE DISCOVERY OF THESE "VACULATING VIRUSES" BY BERNICE EDDY AND SARAH STEWART FORESHADOWED PANDEMIC CANCER.]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:20 am

[-- Smallpox Alert!, by Vaccination Liberation]

[DR. LEDERBERG, A ROCKEFELLER UNIV. GENETICIST AND ATCC CURATOR, LIED TO CONGRESS ABOUT SHIPPING BIOWEAPONS TO IRAQ AND PROSTITUTED HIMSELF ON BEHALF OF DEADLY ANTHRAX AND SMALLPOX VACCINE MAKERS.]

[ANTHRAX AND SMALLPOX]

[250 MILLION DOSES "FOR EVERY MAN, WOMAN AND CHILD IN AMERICA." $$$$$ THE VACCINE WAS UNSAFE AND WIDELY KNOWN TO BE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST MODERN SMALLPOX THREATS.]

[THE MOST DANGEROUS VACCINE: DAN RATHER REPORTS ON THE DEBATE OVER SAFETY OF SMALLPOX VACCINE]

[-- The Most Dangerous Vaccine: Dan Rather Reports on the Debate of Smallpox Vaccine, by David Kohn]

[NEW FEARS ABOUT SMALLPOX VACCINE: CBS: GOV'T MAY SLOW INOCULATION PROGRAM DUE TO BAD SIDE EFFECTS, MAY 7, 2003]

[ -- New Fears About Smallpox Vaccine, by Dan Collins
Three months into the smallpox inoculation campaign, sources say the government is doing an about-face and will let states stop administering the high-risk vaccine, if they choose, reports CBS News Correspondent Sharyl Attkisson.
That's a sharp contrast to the original rush to vaccinate a half-million health care workers as a frontline defense against a possible bio-terror attack. So far, only 35,000 of the targeted workers have been inoculated.
Dr. Brian Strom of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine heads the independent advisory committee that urged the government to slow – or stop – its program.
"This is a toxic vaccine. We should only use it in people who need it," says Strom. "And we need a few weeks or months to just step back and say let's replan the plans to see how many people need to get the vaccine before we continue on with it."
The turnaround comes amid serious and unexpected adverse events in the first people to get the shots.
An aggressive government surveillance program set up to detect any dangerous trends recently uncovered one: 11 cases of unusual heart inflammation among military troops who got the smallpox vaccine; three civilian deaths are also under investigation.
But CBS News has learned of one high-profile death that hasn't yet been counted – that of NBC Correspondent David Bloom. He died of an apparent blood clot several weeks after getting both the smallpox and anthrax vaccines.
Asked if an individual death that occurred within a matter of weeks a smallpox vaccination should have been reported, Strom said, "Yes."
The link between the smallpox vaccines and blood clots like Bloom's isn't widely accepted in the medical community, but has been claimed for years by some researchers. All adverse events are required to be reported so researchers can look for new, dangerous trends and see whether the vaccine may be at fault.
Strom says it would be "a surprise if we did not see new adverse reactions emerge."
Bloom's case may have mistakenly gone uncounted because civilians are being monitored under a civilian system and the military is tracking the troops. But it's unclear who – if anybody – is tracking the hundreds of civilian journalists who embedded with the military during the war with Iraq.
Bloom's case would make four deaths under investigation for a possible link to the smallpox vaccine. Already considered the riskiest of its kind, the smallpox vaccine may be even more dangerous than anyone thought.]

[VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS]

[Fig. 6.7. Major United States Army Biological Weapons Contractors for Fiscal Year 1969
Mr. Mahon. List for the record the major contractors and the sums allocated to them in this program in fiscal year 1969
(The information follows:)
The following list contains the major contractors and amounts of each contract
Contractor / Fiscal year 1969
Miami, University, of Coral Gables Fla. / $545,000
Herner and Co., Bethesda, Md. / 515,000
Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo. / 250,000
Chicago, University of Chicago, Ill. / 210,000
Aerojet General Corp., Sacramento, Calif. 210,000
Bionetics Research Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va. / 180,000
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. / 177,000
Maryland, University of, College Park, Md. / 170,000
Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. / 158,000
Hazelton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Reston, Va. / 143,000
New York University Medical Center, New York, N.Y. / 142,000
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo. / 134,000
Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. / 126,000
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. / 124,000
Pfizer and Co., Inc., New York, N.Y. / 120,000
Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. / 117,000
Computer Usage Development Corp., Washington, D.C. / 110,000
New England Nuclear corp., Boston, Mass. / 104,000
Source: Department of Defense Appropriations For 1970. Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Ninety First Congress, First Session, H.R. 15090, Part 5, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Biological Weapons, Dept. of the Army. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C., 1969, p. 689.]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:16 am

[D. CARLETON GADJUSEK: THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 1976
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
My scientific interests started before my school years, when as a boy of five years I wandered through gardens, fields and woods with my mother's entomologist-sister, Tante Irene, as we overturned rocks and sought to find how many different plant and animal species of previously hidden life lay before us. We gut open galls to find the insects responsible for the tumors, and collected strange hardening gummy masses on twigs which hatched indoors to fill the curtains with tiny praying mantises, and discovered wasps with long ovipositors laying their eggs into the larvae of wood-boring beetles. In petri dishes we watched some leaf-eating insects succumb to insecticide poison while others survived, and on exciting excursions visited the laboratories and experimental greenhouses of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research in my hometown of Yonkers, New York, where my aunt, Irene Doborscky, worked, studying in the 1920s virus inclusions in the cells of leaf -hoppers.]

[PRION]

[BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1: MINIMAL BIOHAZARD. STUDY OF LOW RISK INFECTIOUS AGENTS: PENUMOCOCCUS, SALMONELLA.]

[BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2: MODERATE BIOHAZARD, INFECTIOUS AGENTS: HEPATITIS, LYME DISEASE, INFLUENZA]

[BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3: HIGH BIOHAZARD. MULTIPLE VACCINATIONS REQUIRED. INFECTIOUS AGENTS: ANTHRAX, TYPHUS, H.I.V.]

[THE COMING PLAGUE: EBOLA, AIDS, HIV, HEPATITIS, YELLOW FEVER, MALARIA, VIRUS HUNTERS]

[CHOOSE YOUR COVER: http://WWW.CDC.GOV/CHOOSEYOURCOVER. CDC.]

[NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
A12540 Adenovirus 12 + SV-40
A2540 2 + SV-40
Ad 2P 2 + para influenza
Ad 7 7
Al Acute leukemia
ALL Acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALL1 Acute lymphocytic leukemia + influenza
ALL P1 + para influenza
AM BL American Burkitt's lymphoma
AML Acute myelogenous leukemia
AM MOL Acute myelogenous leukemia + monocytic leukemia
AMOL Acute monocytic leukemia
Arbo Arthropod-borne virus
AT MON Atypical monocytosis
Au Ag Australia antigen]

[ARE YOU READY? AN IN-DEPTH GUIDE TO CITIZEN PREPAREDNESS
IS 22 / AUGUST 2004
FEMA]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:14 am

[BATELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE]

[BIOPORT]

[FUAD EL HIBRI, SAUDI/CITICORP LINKS]

[PREPARED ANTHRAX MAILING PROTOCOL TWO YEARS BEFORE FELLOW AGENT(S) WITH SECURITY CLEARANCE SEIZED AND MAILED THE ANTHRAX]

[TOM BROKAW, NBC TV, 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA, NEW YORK, NY 10112]

[4TH GRADE, GREENDALE SCHOOL, FRANKLIN PARK, NJ 08852. SENATOR LEAHY, 433 RUSSELL SENATE OFFICE BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20150-4502

[911: IN PLANE SITE, BY VONKLEIST/LEWIS]

[WAR ON TERROR]

[COERCIVE COMMERCIAL COMING]

[HISTORY OF BIOTERRORISM]

[SCREEN FOR LIFE: NATIONAL COLORECTAL CANCER ACTION CAMPAIGN, 1-800-MEDICARE]

[NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEMORANDUM 46, BY ZBIGNIEW BREZINSKI]

[-- National Security Council Memorandum 46, by Zbigniew Brezinski]

[MARK YOUR CALENDAR: MAY 19TH, A TRIBUTE TO MALCOLM X, CLUB TIMBUKTU, 520 EAST CENTER ST.]

[COINTELPRO]

[EUGENICS]

[§ 1520. Use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents by Department of Defense; accounting to Congressional committees with respect to experiments and studies; notification of local civilian officials.
(a) Not later than thirty days after final approval within the Department of Defense of plans for any experiment or study to be conducted by the Department o Defense, whether directly or under contract, involving the use of human subjects for the testing of chemical or biological agents, the Secretary of Defense shall supply the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives with a full accounting of such plans for such experiment or study, and such experiment or study may then be conducted only after the expiration of the thirty-day period beginning on the date such accounting is received by such committees.
(b) (1) The Secretary of Defense may not conduct any test or experiment involving the use of any chemical or biological agent on civilian populations unless local civilian officials in the area in which the test or experiment is to be conducted are notified in advance of such test or experiment, and such test or experiment may then be conducted only after the expiration of the thirty-day period beginning on the date of such notification.
(2) Paragraph (1) shall apply to tests and experiments conducted by Department of Defense personnel and tests and experiments conducted on behalf of the Department of Defense by contractors.
(Pub. L. 95-79, title VIII, Sec. 808, July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 97-375, title II, Sec. 203(a)(1), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1822.)
The above text has been reset verbatim from United States Code Annotated Title __, War and National Defense, Chapter 3). Chemical and Biological Warfare Program Title _____ on the Use of human subjects for testing of a chemical or biological agent by Department of Defense. January, 1996, pp. 410. This represents a revision from 1977 Act House Report No. _____ and House Conference Report No. _____, see 1977 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. ___]

[BIOLOGICAL FIELD TESTING, ANTI-PERSONNEL, BIOLOGICAL SIMULANTS INVOLVING PUBLIC DOMAIN
LOCATION OF TEST / DATE(S) OF TEST / SIMULANT/AGENT USED
Washington, D.C. / 18 Aug 1949; 24 Aug. 1949; 12-13 Dec. 1949; 11 Mar. 1950 / Serratia marcescens
USS Coral Sea anchored in Kampton Rds, & USS F.D. Bailey at sea off entrance to Kampton Roads, Kampton Roads, VA 1 trial at anchor. 16 trials at sea off the entrance / 1-21 Apr. 1950 / Bacillus globigii (Bacillus subtilis or niger); Serratia marcescens
San Francisco, CA / Sep. 1950 / Serratia marcescens, Bacillus globigii]

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To: Mr. A.H. Belmont
From: Mr. W.C. Sullivan
Subject: Communist Party, USA, Negro Question, Communist Influence in Racial Matters, Internal Security -- Communist
Date: January 27, 1964
Memorandum 1/23/64 from Mr. F.J. Baumgardner to myself advised of authority given to the Milwaukee Office for a microphone surveillance [illegible] to cover the activities of Martin Luther King, Jr., and his associates while in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he is scheduled to appear for a talk tonight (1/27/64), [DELETE]
SAC Baker of the Milwaukee Office phone me this morning to advise that King had arrived in Milwaukee and checked into the [illegible] Hotel as scheduled and that the [illegible] activated at 10:30 a.m. today. Symbol numbers assigned are [DELETE] and [DELETE]
Baker also advised that the local police have taken a room close to the suite of rooms engaged by King so that protection might be afforded King. In view of this, it was the conjecture of [illegible] that the likelihood of King's going ahead with any [DELETE] plans is greatly minimized. I agree with this observation.
Milwaukee is to keep the Bureau promptly advised of all developments and upon receipt of additional information you will be further informed.
-- Mr. Belmont
Mr. Sullivan
Mr. Baumgardner
[illegible]]
Mr. Forsyth
Mr. Ryan
Mr. Donohue]

[-- Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, by Wikipedia]

[THE COMING PLAGUE, TBS]

[PLAGUE]

[SEARLE]

[THE NUTRASWEET COMPANY]

[GILEAD SCIENCES]

[NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEWS: BIRD-FLU FEARS SPUR SALES OF STAR ANISE SPICE, BY BRIAN HANDWERK, NOVEMBER 28, 2005]

[-- Bird-Flu Fears Spur Sales of Star Anise Spice, by Brian Hand]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:08 am

[IMMUNIZATIONS VS. VACCINATIONS]

[THE COMING PLAGUE, TBS]

[PROPAGANDA]

[MICROBES, HEAVY METALS AND FOREIGN GENETICS]

[NEWSWEEK: AFTER THE AIR WAR. ANTHRAX: A SPREADING SCARE THE MEDICAL FACTS. FBI OFFICIALS SKEPTICAL THAT ANTHRAX CASES CONNECTED TO TERRORISTS]

[RENSE.COM: INVESTIGATORS CLAIM RUSSIAN DEFECTOR LEAD SUSPECT IN ANTHRAX MAILINGS, BY RANDY BOSWELL]

[-- Investigators Claim Russian Defector Lead Suspect in Anthrax Mailings, by Randy Boswell]

[CIPRO]

[INVESTIGATIVE REPORT: BIOTERRORISM: GOVERNMENT RIPOFF ON THE CIPRO DEAL, BY KELLY PATRICIA]

--Government Ripoff on the Cipro Deal, by Kelly Patricia O'Meara

[X-FILE MOVIE, TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX]

[FBI DIRECTOR ROBERT MUELLER
FBI OFFERS $1 MILLION REWARD TO SOLVE MYSTERY OF ANTHRAX MAILINGS.]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 1:00 am

[FIGURE 16.5. US-USSR AGREEMENT UNDER WHICH BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS INCLUDING THE MOST ADVANCED CANCER VIRUSES, WERE TREATED DURING THE COLD WAR
US-USSR Agreement. A Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in the study of the microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology of cancer viruses was first signed on November 18, 1972. The Memorandum established procedures for joint studies through the exchange of information, materials and scientists between the two countries.
Delegation Meetings: November, 1972: Moscow, USSR
November, 1973: Bethesda, USA (Subcommittee)
May, 1974: Moscow, USSR
May, 1975: Bethesda, USA
June, 1976: Sukhumi, USSR
October, 1977: Bethesda, USA
September, 1978: Riga, Latvian USSR
As agreed, the fifth meeting of the US-USSR Joint Working Group on Cancer Virology, Co-Chairman Dr. J.B. Moloney and Professor V.M. Zhdanov, took place at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, on October 26-28, 1977. At a symposium held on October 27 and 28, members of both delegations and invited speakers presented recent studies in cancer virology. The main emphasis at this meeting was given to reviewing the progress of current cooperative efforts and assessing the problem of recombinant DNA research. Dr. Michael Crawford (University of Kansas)presented preliminary results of a study to determine the role of genetic factors in an outbreak of leukemia in baboons. This work, conducted jointly by laboratories in the USA and in the USSR, is an excellent example of the cooperative research efforts sponsored under the US-USSR Agreement.
The Chairmen of both sides reported on the recommendations made in the ...
Delegates expressed interest in conducting co ... following areas: (1) studies of viruses isolated from human tissues in cell culture or in animals and their possible role in the pathogenesis of human neoplasia; (2) continuation of studies on non-human primate viruses as they relate to human cancer; (3) studies on the role of viruses in the induction of human breast tumors, including continuation of studies on MPMV and related viruses; (4) studies on cocarcinogenesis -- viral/viral, viral/chemical, and viral/hormonal; (5) characterization of nucleic acids and their role in the induction of animal and human cancers, particularly the detection of transforming sequences in cellular nucleic acids and molecular genetic studies with DNA from human tumor cells; (6) studies on viral proteins as probes for viral gene expression in animals and humans; and (7) studies on oncogenic viruses important to human ecology, e.g., those derived from bovine, avian, ...]

[EXPLOITING THE GENETIC ENGINEERING (MICROBE MUTATING) TECHNOLOGY PROVIDED BY NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE INVESTIGATORS AT THE TIME, KISSINGER AND THE ROCKEFELLERS WERE DEPLOYING PROFITABLE WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION ... THIS GROSSLY EVIDENCES A GLOBAL CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT TREASON AND GENOCIDE AGAINST HUMANITY WITH ALL BIOLOGY AT RISK.]

[BEFORE THE 70S, EARLIER METHODS WERE USED BY THE MILITARY AND CANCER INDUSTRY TO MUTATE AND MASS PRODUCE GERMS.]

[AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES MOST COMMONLY COME FROM VACCINES INJECTING FOREIGN PROTEINS INTO YOUR BLOOD. THESE FORM ANTIGENIC COMPLEXES THAT CONFUSE YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM. INSTEAD OF SIMPLY KILLING GERMS, YOUR IMMUNE DEFENSES START ATTACKING YOUR OWN BODY.]

[LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE CAME, LIKEWISE, FROM LABS. IT WAS NAMED FROM ITS APPARENT TEST ON VETERANS ATTENDING THE AMERICAN LEGION'S BICENTENNIAL CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA, JULY 21-24, 1976 AT THE BELLEVUE-STRATFORD HOTEL. THE AEROSOLIZED GERM KILLED 34 AND SICKENED 221.]

[ANTHRAX SPORES BLAMED IN '79 SOVIET DEATHS, BY ASSOCIATED PRESS]

[U.S. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE-RELATED DUAL USE EXPORTS TO IRAQ AND THEIR POSSIBLE IMPACT ON THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR. A REPORT OF CHAIRMAN DONALD W. RIEGLE, JR. AND RANKING MEMBER ALFONSE M. D'AMATO OF THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS WITH RESPECT TO EXPORT ADMINISTRATION, UNITED STATES SENATE, MAY 25, 1994.]

[-- U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Gulf War: A Report of Chairman Donald W. Riegle, Jr. and Ranking Member Alfonse M. D'Amato of the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs With Respect to Export Administration]

[FRAUD]

[1983 DONALD RUMSFELD & SADDAM HUSSEIN]

[Gozer] Subcreatures! Gozer the Gozerian, Gozer the Destructor,



Volguus, Zildrohar, the Traveller has come. Choose and perish.



[Dr. Ray Stantz] What do you mean, "choose"? We don't understand.

[Gozer] Choose. Choose the form of the destructor.



[Dr. Peter Venkman] Oh, I get it. I get it. Oh, very cute. Whatever we think of. If we think of J. Edgar Hoover, J. Edgar Hoover will appear and destroy us. Okay? So empty your heads. Empty your heads. Don't think of anything. We've only got one shot at this.

[Gozer] The choice is made.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa!

[Gozer] The Traveller has come.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] Nobody choosed anything! [To Egon] Did you choose anything?

[Dr. Egon Spengler] No.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] [To Winston] Did you?

[Winston Zeddmore] My mind is totally blank.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] I didn't choose anything!

[Dr. Raymond Stantz] I couldn't help it. It just popped in there.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] What? What just popped in there?



[Dr. Raymond Stantz] I tried to think --



[Dr. Egon Spengler] Look!

[Dr. Raymond Stantz] No! It can't be.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] What is it?

[Dr. Raymond Stantz] It can't be.

[Dr. Peter Venkman] What did you do, Ray?

[Winston Zeddmore] Oh, shit.



[Dr. Raymond Stantz] It's the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man.



[Marshmallow Man roaring and stomping]



[Dr. Peter Venkman] Well, there's something you don't see everyday.



[Dr. Raymond Stantz] I tried to think of the most harmless thing. Something I loved from my childhood. Something that could never ever possibly destroy us. Mr. Stay Puft.



[Dr. Peter Venkman] Nice thinking, Ray.

[Dr. Raymond Stantz] We used to roast Stay Puft marshmallows by the fire at Camp Waconda.



[Dr. Peter Venkman] Ray has gone bye-bye, Egon. What have you got left?

[Dr. Egon Spengler] Sorry, Venkman.



I'm terrified beyond the capacity for rational thought.



[Marshmallow Man roars and stomps on a church]

-- Ghostbusters, directed by Ivan Reitman

[FILMED BY U.S. MILITARY PERSONNEL, WITHOUT ORDERS, HOURS BEFORE BLOWING UP THE ARSENAL. THE MAINSTREAM MEDIA HAS NEVER REPORTED ON THIS FILM OR GEN. SCHWARTZKOPF'S PERJURY.]

[CARTRIDGES: W/FUZE MR2515]

[JOYCE RILEY, RN]

[UNITED STATES PATENT [19] 5,242,820
September 7, 1993
LO
[54] PATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMA
[75] INVENTOR: SHYH-CHING LO, POTOMAC, MD.
[73] ASSIGNEE: AMERICAN REGISTRY OF PATHOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
[21] APPL. NO.: 710,361
[22] FILED: JUN. 6, 1991
RELATED U.S. APPLICATION DATA
[63] CONTINUATION-IN-PART OF SER. NO. 265,920, NOV. 2, 1988, ABANDONED, WHICH IS A CONTINUATION-IN-PART OF SER. NO. 875,535, JUN. 18, 1986, ABANDONED
[51] INT. CL.: C12N 5/00; C12N 5/02; C12N 1/00; C12Q 1/70
[57] ABSTRACT
The invention relates to a novel pathogenic mycoplasma isolated from patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and its use in detecting antibodies in sera of AIDS patients, patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC) or patients dying of diseases and symptoms resembling AIDS diseases. The invention further relates to specific DNA sequences, antibodies against the pathogenic mycoplasma, and their use in detecting DNA or antigens of the pathogenic mycoplasma or other genetically and serologically closely related mycoplasmas in infected tissue of patients with AIDS or ARC or patients dying of symptoms resembling AIDS diseases. The invention still further relates to a variety of different forms of vaccine against mycoplasma infection in humans and/or animals.]

[TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS CONDUCTED BY BAYLOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE:
Hong Kong Flu program
Flu-influenza vaccine
Rhinovirus 353 vaccine
Adenovirus vaccine
A/Z Hong Kong flu
Equine Flu study: 7-26-69
Adenovirus 5 challenge: 9-27-69
Influenza: 11-08-69
Blood draw: 1-27-70
Parainfluenza study: 5-29-70
Mycoplasma pneumonia vaccine study: 9-10-70
Rhinovirus type 15 plague pool: 9-10-70
Parainfluenza: 3-17-71
Mycoplasma pneumonia hall study: 5-19-71
X-32 vaccine hall study:6-13-71]

[A REPORT OF CHAIRMAN DONALD W. RIEGLE, JR. AND RANKING MEMBER ALFONSE M. D'AMATO OF THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS WITH RESPECT TO EXPORT ADMINISTRATION, UNITED STATES SENATE]

[THE INSTITUTE FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE
... MYCOPLASMA FERMENTANS (INCOGNITOS STRAIN), AN UNUSUAL ORGANISM THAT HAD BEEN FOUND PREVIOUSLY IN SOME AIDS PATIENTS BY DR. SHYH-CHING LO OF THE ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. WE DID NOT REALIZE AT THAT TIME THAT DR. LO HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN EMPLOYED AT THE BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND TANNOX BIOSYSTEMS OF HOUSTON, A PRIVATELY HELD BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANY THAT HAS BEEN NAMED IN DESERT STORM VETERANS' LAWSUITS (FILED BY COLLARD & PITTS, AMONG OTHERS) AS ONE OF THE COMPANIES THAT ILLEGALLY SOLD BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS TO IRAQ."
CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY: DR. GARTH L. NICOLSON, PH.D.]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:58 am

[CHAPTER 5. THE FALLACY OF DEFENSIVE BIOLOGICAL WEAPON PROGRAMMES, BY HARLEE STRAUSS AND JONATHAN KING
I. Introduction
Organisms dangerous to human health and welfare, such as influenza virus, dengue virus, Bacillus [illegible] already plague human society. There is little doubt, given the fiscal resources available to the military establishments of major industrial nations and the new developments in biotechnology, that new variations of these and many other harmful organisms can be generated. Despite this development in the name of national security, the existence of such organisms is likely to increase significantly the risk of [illegible] and international security.
Article I of the Biological Weapons Convention of 19 [illegible] pledges signatory ...]

["Mr. Anthrax"]

[CRITERIA FOR POTENTIAL BW AGENTS ...]

[-- Q Fever, by Wikipedia
[-- Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, by Wikipedia]

[WAR ON CANCER]

[DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1970. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.
There are two things about the biological agent field I would like to mention. One is the possibility of technological surprise. Molecular biology is a field that is advancing very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to 10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired.
MR. SIKES. Are we doing any work in that field?
DR. MACARTHUR. We are not.
MR. SIKES. Why not? Lack of money or lack of interest?
DR. MACARTHUR. Certainly not lack of interest.
MR. SIKES. Would you provide for our records information on what would be required, what the advantages of such a program would be, the time and the cost involved?
DR. MACARTHUR. We will be very happy to.
(The information follows:)
The dramatic progress being made in the field of molecular biology led us to investigate the relevance of this field of science to biological warfare. A small group of experts considered this matter and provided the following observations: 1. All biological agents up to the present time are representatives of naturally occurring disease, and are thus known by scientists throughout the world. They are easily available to qualified scientists for research, either for offensive or defensive purposes.
2. Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease.
3. A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million.
4. It would be very difficult to establish such a program. Molecular biology is a relatively new science. There are not many highly competent scientists in the field. Almost all are in university laboratories, and they are generally adequately supported from sources other than DOD. However, it was considered possible to initiate an adequate program through the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council (NAS-NRC).
The matter was discussed with the NAS-NRC, and tentative plans were made to initiate the program. However decreasing funds in CB, growing criticism of the CB program, and our reluctance to involve the NAS-NRC in such a controversial endeavor have led us to postpone it for the past 2 years.
It is a highly controversial issue and there are many who believe such research should not be undertaken lest it lead to yet another method of massive killing of large populations. On the other hand, without the sure scientific knowledge that such a weapon is possible, and an understanding of the ways it could be done, there is little that can be done to devise defensive measures."
Should an enemy develop it, there is little doubt that this is an important area of potential military technological inferiority in which there is no adequate research program.
CROSS-COUNTRY SHIPMENT OF LETHAL AGENTS
MR. SIKES. Now, let's talk about shipments. There has been a great deal of discussion--most of it hostile--about the proposal to ship certain stocks of nerve gas across country for transporting to a deep ...]

[-- Senate Testimony of Dr. Donald MacArthur]

[Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease....It is a highly controversial issue and there are many who believe such research should not be undertaken ..."]

[LITTON INDUSTRIES]

[THE CANCER SOLUTION]

[BIONETICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC. (NIH-71-2025)
Title: Investigations of Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates
Contractor's Project Directors: Dr. John Landon, Dr. David Valerio, Dr. Robert Ting
Project Officers (NCI): Dr. Roy Kinard, Dr. Jack Gruber, Dr. Robert Gallo
Objectives: (1) Evaluation of long-term oncogenic effects of human and animal viral inocula in primates of various species, especially newborn macaques, (2) maintenance of monkey breeding colonies and laboratories necessary for inoculation, care and monitoring of monkeys, and (3) biochemical studies of transfer RNA under conditions of neoplastic transformation and studies on the significance of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human leukemic tissues.
Major Findings: This contractor continues to produce over 300 excellent newborn monkeys per year. This is made possible by diligent attention to reproductive physiological states of female and male breeders. Semen evaluation, artificial insemination, vaginal cytology and ovulatory drugs are used or tried as needed.
Inoculated and control infants are hand-fed and kept in modified germ-free isolators. They are removed from isolators at about 8 weeks of age and placed in filtered air cages for months or years of observation. The holding ...
Date Contract Initiated: February 12, 1962]

[DOCUMENT PROVES GENE CLONING AND RETROVIRAL ENGINEERING UNDERWAY BY THE LATE 1960s.]

[EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS & EBOLA, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, DMD, MA, MPH]

[--Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola, by Leonard G. Horowitz, DMD, MA, MPH]

[FIG. 6.5. DEVELOPMENT OF AIDS-LIKE VIRUSES, BY ROBERT GALLO AND ASSOCIATES AT THE NCI AND LITTON BIONETICS.
Gallo's group at the NCI and Litton Bionetics also experimented with other simian and human cancer viruses. (e.g., SV40), [10, 11] and developed recombinants (i.e., mutants) of these with other viral nucleic acids including those that caused the prominent features of AIDS-WBC dysfunction, leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, progressive wasting, and ultimate death in rats, mice, chickens, and humans. [10, 12-14] All this in the likely presence of other easily mutated retrovirus contaminants.
In 1971, Gallo and co-workers reported that a simian foamy virus (SFV) -- a common contaminant of monkey kidney cells used to make vaccines -- was the "only one" of 27 then known retroviruses, containing reverse transcriptase, that could not cause cancer in humans. [10] For this reason, little attempt to remove them from cancer virus cell cultures and viral vaccines was made.
Finally, these and other NCI investigators injected such mutant viruses into human WBC and fetal tissue cultures to enable them to infect humans and even transmit these same diseases. [15, 16]

[1970: Herrera F. Adamson RH and Gallo RC. Uptake of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid by Normal and Leukemic Cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1970; 67;4:1943-1950. Presented at the NATO International Symposium on Uptake of Informative Molecules by Living Cells, Mol, Belgium, 1970.]

[DISCOVERY OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN TYPE ... ATED WITH LYMPHOMA. BY ADDING A SYNTHETIC RNA AND ... LEUKAEMIA VIRUS "TEMPLATE" TO THE HUMAN VIRUS, THE RATE OF ... (AND SUBSEQUENT PROVIRUS SYNTHESIS) INCREASE TWO AND ... SPECTIVELY. THIS HUMAN "TYPE C VIRUS" POSSESSES A DNA ... VERSE TRANSCRIPTASE) WHICH CAN UTILIZE BOTH ENDOGENOUS (I.E. ... RAL) RNA, OR "EXOGENOUS RNA" AS A TEMPLATE, (I.E., FOREIGN ... FROM OTHER CELLS OR VIRUSES) TO PRODUCE THE EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN ... FOR BY THE NEW GENETIC MATERIAL.]

[DISCOVERY OF AIDS ENZYME, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, IN LYMPHOMA CANCER VIRUSES ADDED TO CAT LEUKEMIA VIRUS "TEMPLATES" FORMING NEW HUMAN CANCER VIRUSES.]

[UNPROVEN DEFENSE NEGLECTS MILITARY'S 10-15 YEAR LEAD OVER BIOTECHNOLOGY R&D, AND EARLIER METHODS USED TO RECOMBINE VIRUSES.]

[-- Killer Klowns From Outer Space, directed by Stephen Chiodo]

[-- Bully: It's Time to Take a Stand, directed by Lee Hirsch]

[BIONETICS RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC. (NIH-71-2025)
Title: Investigations of Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates
Contractor's Project Directors: Dr. John Landon, Dr. David Valerio, Dr. Robert Ting
Project Officers (NCI): Dr. Roy Kinard, Dr. Jack Gruber, Dr. Robert Gallo
Objectives: (1) Evaluation of long-term oncogenic effects of human and animal viral inocula in primates of various species, especially newborn macaques, (2) maintenance of monkey breeding colonies and laboratories necessary for inoculation, care and monitoring of monkeys, and (3) biochemical studies of transfer RNA under conditions of neoplastic transformation and studies on the significance of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human leukemic tissues.
Major Findings: This contractor continues to produce over 300 excellent newborn monkeys per year. This is made possible by diligent attention to reproductive physiological states of female and male breeders. Semen evaluation, artificial insemination, vaginal cytology and ovulatory drugs are used or tried as needed.
Inoculated and control infants are hand-fed and kept in modified germ-free isolators. They are removed from isolators at about 8 weeks of age and placed in filtered air cages for months or years of observation. The holding ...
Date Contract Initiated: February 12, 1962]

[LITTON BIONETICS CONTRACT CO-DIRECTED BY ROBERT GALLO TO DEVELOP AIDS-LIKE VIRUSES CREATING THE NEVER-BEFORE-SEEN LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA-SARCOMA CANCERS WE NOW CALL AIDS.]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:52 am

[WAR AND THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA]

[--War and the Role of the Mass media: Changing Technology and a New Kind of War for the United States Present Both the U.S. Military and News Reporters with New Challenges and Ethical Dilemmas, by Waller, J. Michael]

[THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS AND CONFLICT SHORT OF WAR, BY STEVEN METZ AND JAMES KIEVIT
While advances in robotics and information technologies may make it possible to perform many commercial activities with fewer employees in dangerous regions, those Americans who are overseas will be more isolated and dispersed. This complicates the main problems of NEOs: identification and notification of the individuals to be evacuated, identification of safe evacuation routes, and assessment of threats to the evacuation. Technology could diminish these problems. In the near future every American at risk could be equipped with an electronic individual position locator device (IPLD). The device, derived from the electronic bracelet used to control some criminal offenders or parolees, would continuously inform a central data bank of the individuals' locations. Eventually such a device could be permanently implanted under the skin, with automatic remote activation either upon departure from U.S. territory (while passing through the security screening system at the airport, for example) or by transmission of a NEO alert code to areas of conflict. Implantation would help preclude removal of the device (although, of course, some terrorists might be willing to remove a portion of the hostage's body if they knew where the device was implanted). The IPLD could also act as a form of IFFN (identification friend, foe, or neutral) if U.S. military personnel were equipped with appropriate challenge/response devices. Finally, such a device might eventually serve, like Dick Tracey's wrist radio, as a two-way communication channel permitting the NEO notification to be done covertly.]

[-- The Revolution in Military Affairs and Conflict Short of War, by Steven Metz and James Kievit
The use of new technology may also run counter to basic American values. Information age--and in particular information warfare--technologies cause concerns about privacy.38 For example, the individual position locator raises several thorny issues: Would Americans overseas be forced to wear (or worse have implanted) such a device or would its use be voluntary? If forced, would it apply equally to those employed overseas and tourists? Will Americans accept the fact that the government might, by access to the NEO locator data base, know every move they make? If a locator device could be remotely activated, how could Americans be sure that activation was only effective outside the United States? How would they know that "wrist radios" were not used to monitor personal conversations? Similarly, military use of television against foreign adversaries raises the specter of domestic applications. Even if domestic use was never contemplated, its possibility might cause greater public skepticism regarding television appearances, reducing the impact of one of the American politician's greatest communication tools. Deception, while frequently of great military or political value, is thought of as somehow "un-American."
American values also make the use of directed energy weapons against suspected narco-trafficking aircraft technologically feasible but morally difficult, perhaps unacceptable. The advantage of directed energy weapons over conventional ones is deniability. Against whom is such deniability aimed? Certainly not the narco-traffickers, who will quickly recognize that interception by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) or military planes leads to loss of their aircraft.39 Instead, deniability must be aimed at the American people, who do not sanction the imprisonment, much less execution, of individuals without a trial (and execution is how they will perceive it--the argument "we only disabled the aircraft, it was the crash which killed the pilot" will carry little weight). Deniability will not last long, since narco-traffickers can choose any number of ways to make such interceptions public such as landing and then challenging the intercept technique in court, or arranging to relay communications with their aircraft to a ground station which could broadcast the "nonlethal" downing (ideally of a plane carrying no drugs). The American public may perceive the DEA or military involved in such actions to be as bad or worse than the narco-traffickers.
Certain biotechnical weapons--considered by some to violate the biological warfare convention to which the United States is a signatory--also may transgress American values regarding appropriate means.40 Most Americans would not support the use of a weapon designed to target only a specific racial or ethnic group in anything less than a war for survival of the nation.41 Could the government and military of this multi-ethnic republic face charges that it was developing or using a weapon targeting Africans, Jews, Koreans, Hispanics, etc.? Would defense against such a charge occupy the attention of policymakers to the detriment of other essential business? And even accidental injuries or deaths caused by "nonlethal" anti-material substances could be politically damaging.
American values and attitudes thus form significant constraints on full use of emerging technology, at least in anything short of a perceived war for national survival. Overcoming these constraints to make a RMA in conflict short of war would require fundamental changes in the United States--an ethical and political revolution may be necessary to make a military revolution.]

[NATIONAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: GLOBAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT, BY RALPH SANDERS]

[NATIONAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: GLOBAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT, BY RALPH SANDERS
INTRODUCTION
The celebrated Chinese, Sun Tzu, writing on military affairs in the Fifth Century B.C., in his The Book of War, stressed the importance of destroying the enemy's will to fight through such means as surprise and noise. This ancient Chinese suggested beacons and drums in night fighting, using great numbers of banners in day fighting, and spreading tales of treachery of trusted leaders and their associations with enemy leaders. All this was calculated to destroy the enemy's will to resist with minimum cost to one's own fighting capacity. Some 2500 years later, Sun Tzu's doctrines have come back to haunt mankind. The Sino-Soviet bloc, aiming to defeat the West with minimum cost to itself, and bidding to dominate the world, has refined Suz Tzu's simple prescriptions into a fine art.
This volume provides a concise treatment of the psychological aspects of the global conflict. Mainly, it offers discussions of the efforts to direct and sway the attitudes considered relevant in the cold war. Conversely, it does not examine in any detail specific psychological techniques and devices used in open warfare. Its analyses deal with Communist and Free World motivations and the methods employed to influence the minds of men.
The economics of national security can be better understood through familiarizing oneself with the international aspects of mobilizing all resources to meet the Communist menace. And, as we shall see, the manner in which we use our resources undoubtedly has a great influence on the thinking of millions of people throughout the world. The thoughts and attitudes of these millions are of paramount significance since the mind is one of the most important battlegrounds of the cold war. Consequently, it is important to learn the ideology advocated by each side as well as the respective approaches to and operational techniques of psychological conflict. Chapter I reviews the role of ideology in this conflict, its importance, and its relation to national power.
Psychological operations are not formulated or executed in a vacuum; they need direction and organization. There must be a policymaking apparatus and an implementation mechanism, both under capable leadership. Since psychological factors influence or are influenced by a multitude of actions, ranging over the entire spectrum of national life, governments must coordinate, at least, the major plans and operations of their psychological efforts. Chapters II and III examine the organization of the psychological activities of the Soviet Union and the United States. The next two chapters investigate the views of the chief contenders in the psychological battle and their attitudes toward psychological strategy.
Chapter VI is concerned with the use of the language tool in the struggle for men's minds. The message is often clothed in semantic apparel designed to be attractive, and preferably, seductive. The bulk of chapter VI examines how the Soviets manipulate words to serve their psychological ends.
Chapters VII and VIII examine the psychological considerations in our conduct of foreign relations in the cold war. The first of these chapters discusses the importance of human reactions and behavior as they relate to general foreign policy; the second covers the psychological factors underlying the economics of the cold war. The West now faces a growing Communist economic offensive in many parts of the world. There is no doubt that Russia intends to reap more than just the gratitude of underdeveloped peoples for the aid it provides; in fact, it seeks a psychological and political payoff. By highlighting the psychological aspects of this economic conflict, the chapter should aid the student to understand a very important international phase of the economics of national security.
The last chapter summarizes the material of the previous chapters, relating them to the deeper psychological characteristics of contemporary societies. It examines how the Communists exploit personal and group insecurity so prevalent in today's complex world to serve their own ends. Technology, especially sophisticated weaponry, increasingly prompts irrational behavior from which the Communist can profit. It is concluded that there is a need for an understanding of these deeper psychological functions by the Free World.]

[Revolution in Military Affairs]

[WAR AND THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA: C2W]

[PSYCHIATRISTS: THE MEN BEHIND HITLER, BY DR. THOMAS RODER]

[NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND]

[SECRET: ACTIVITIES AT PINGFAN
SUBJECT: Biological Warfare
DATE: 11 October 1945
INTERVIEWED: Col. Tomosada MASUDA, Lt. Col. Seiichi Niizuma
INTERVIEWER: Lt. Col. Murray Sanders]

[--Select Documents on Japanese War Crimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 1934-2006, Compiled by William H. Cunliffe]

[GRUINARD ISLAND: THIS ISLAND IS GOVERNMENT PROPERTY UNDER EXPERIMENT. THE GROUND IS CONTAMINATED WITH ANTHRAX AND DANGEROUS. LANDING IS PROHIBITED. BY ORDER -1981-]

[-- The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control, by John Marks
-- The Manchurian Candidate, by Richard Condon]

[--Merchants of Doubt, directed by Robert Kenner]

[WHO'S TEACHING THE DOCTORS? DRUG FIRMS SPONSOR REQUIRED COURSES -- AND SEE THEIR SALES RISE, BY DAN VERGANO]

[--Who's teaching the doctors? Drug firms sponsor required courses - and see their sales rise, by Dan Vergano]

[SALES PITCH: DRUG FIRMS USE PERKS TO PUSH PILLS: COMPANIES PLY DOCTORS TO WRITE PRESCRIPTIONS, BY JULIE APPLEBY]

[-- Sales Pitch: Drug Firms Use Perks to Push Pills: Companies Ply Doctors to Write Prescriptions, by Julie Appleby]

[ARBEIT MACHT FREI]

[CONFESSIONS OF A NAZI SPY]

[TIME MAGAZINE, OCT. 7, 1940, AUTOCRAT OF THE MONEYBAGS
A wonderful attraction for money had Abraham Flexner. For 30 years the fattest moneybags in the U. S. opened to his touch. He loosened up no mean part of the Rockefeller, Carnegie, Eastman and Morgan fortunes, channeled them into U. S. education. Last week, in his autobiography, I Remember (Simon & Schuster; $3.75), billiard-bald, wizened Dr. Flexner, 73, explained how he did it.
Louisville-born Abraham Flexner got a job with the Carnegie Foundation in 1908. His first assignment was to investigate the 155 U. S. and Canadian medical schools. His now famed report enabled...]

[-- The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later, by Thomas P. Duffy, MD]

[PARTNERS IN DISCOVERY: GOVERNMENT, ACADEMIC, INDUSTRY]

[CUTTING EDGE: A HISTORY OF FORT DETRICK, MARYLAND, 1943-1993, COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY NORMAN M. COVERT]

[ROCKEFELLER CANCER EXPERIMENT]

[MONEY. MERCK HALTS VIOXX SALES, BY RITA RUBIN, USA TODAY]

[-- Merck Halts Vioxx Sales, by Rita Rubin]

[ANTHRAX SPORES BLAMED IN '79 SOVIET DEATHS, BY ASSOCIATED PRESS]

[-- MILITARY GOOF? '79 Russian Deaths Blamed on a Germ-Warfare Accident, by Associated Press]

[SECRET: ACTIVITIES AT PINGFAN
SUBJECT: Biological Warfare
DATE: 11 October 1945
INTERVIEWED: Col. Tomosada MASUDA, Lt. Col. Seiichi Niizuma
INTERVIEWER: Lt. Col. Murray Sanders]

[CHAPTER 4: THE ROAD TO FORT DETRICK RUNS THROUGH BETHESDA
DETRICK'S SILVER ANNIVERSARY
Fort Detrick was the nation's, and likely the world's, "largest and most sophisticated" BW testing center. The facility employed some 300 scientists, including 140 microbiologists, 40 of whom had PHds, 150 specialists "in other disciplines ranging from plant pathology to mathematical statistics," and between 700 and 1,000 supporting staff. The operation occupied "some 1,230 acres of federally owned land" upon which 450 structures were maintained. It produced annually "some 900,000 mice, 50,000 guinea pigs, 2,500 rabbits ... and 4,000 monkeys." There was also a large "corral" area for holding larger animals such as horses, cattle and sheep. The cost of running Detrick's BW research alone was reported as $21.9 million in 1969. [1-3]
Among the academic festivities planned for Detrick's twenty-fifth anniversary was an international symposium dealing with the "entry and control of foreign nucleic acid" into cells during the process of human and animal immunosuppression. The frank threat of manipulating nature's own ...]

[THE DETROIT FREE PRESS: SALK: SERUM IMPROVED; U.S. OK'S PRIVATE SALE]

[-- The Hidden Dangers in Polio Vaccine, Chapter 10 of "Poisoned Needle," by Eleanor McBean]

[-- Progress Report #8, Special Virus Cancer Program, Etiology Area -- National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, August 1971]

[-- An Administrative History of the National Cancer Institute’s Viruses and Cancer Programs, 1950-1972, by Carl G. Baker, M.D.
Continuing analysis of grant supported research, assisted in part by the analysis by the NCI Grants and Training staff was made. In addition to several grants made in conjunction with the cooperative program on cell culture characterization and certification, a major effort is underway in many laboratories attempting to evaluate the role of viruses in human cancer. The finding of Trentin that human adenovirus-type 12 induces tumors in hamsters (confirmed by Huebner and Rowe along with the demonstration that adenovirus-type 18 also is oncogenic in hamsters) and confirmation of the oncogenic nature of SV-40, further characterization of its properties in tissue culture (e.g., growth of virus and transformation with chromosomal changes in human cells in culture), and delineation of the nature of the PAPOVA viruses (especially by Melnick, Koprowski, and Hilleman) represent important highlights resulting from grant supported research. Production of tumors by combinations of viruses and chemical agents (e.g., lung epidermoid carcinoma induction in mice with influenza virus and an ozonized gasoline fraction) has provided base information for NCI program expansion aimed at clarifying interrelationships among chemicals, viruses, and radiation in their roles in carcinogenesis. Production of Shope papilloma tumors with highly purified nucleic acid by Ito and Evans adds to the growing body of information indicating that bare nucleic acid can produce disease (polyoma, poliomyelitis, phage, etc.). Knowledge of the type of nucleic acid and the intracellular sites of virus production for several oncogenic viruses has now been determined. The studies of Rubin on avian lymphomatosis which showed that chickens carrying the virus from the egg stage did not develop antibodies against the virus (presumably because of immune tolerance) have important implications for approaches to be employed in studying human cancer. These same studies showed that chickens free of virus at birth could become infected when placed in a flock containing chickens with the virus, but that the incidence of disease was six times lower in these chickens than in those which contained the virus in the egg stage. Studies on virus interference phenomena are throwing further light on the problems in need of solution for the detection of viruses in tumor and other tissues, and some leads have been developed in viral chemotherapy (fermentation producers, e.g., statolon, xersin; naturally occurring products, e.g., interferon; synthetic products, e.g., iododeoxyuridine, thiosemicarbazones, etc.)(Internal NCI document, September 10, 1962)....
Other items on the agenda included: a Proposal for Sero-Epidemiological Survey of Human Cancers (Dr. Rowe for Dr. Huebner); a status report on Surveillance of SV-40 Inoculated Patients; and an open discussion of Strategic Approaches to Virus-Cancer Targets....
II. Viruses-initiated reactions in which viruses of different types act as biological carcinogens in the production of a variety of autonomous neoplasms of different tissues and in different species, but the virus is not associated with continuation of the neoplastic reaction (at least in a detectable form). Examples: tumors, or in vitro cell transformations, induced by the polyoma and SV-40 viruses and by adenoviruses 12 and 18....
The cell-free transmission of methylcholanthrene-induced lymphomas and development of murine leukemia viral antibody suggested that unmasking of latent leukemia virus might represent an indigenous actuating cause of the leukemia. Dr. Miller, based on experience gained from study of mass-immunization with polio-vaccine containing SV-40, suggested four steps that would greatly simplify follow-up studies:
1. to maintain samples of vaccine lots frozen in storage;
2. for manufacturers to keep records identifying persons experimentally immunized, with notation of the vaccine lot used;
3. for physicians to note on their records the lot numbers of (at least) newly approved vaccines for general use; and
4. for similar permanent immunization records to be kept by the mother for each of her children....
Identification and production of mutants of DNA and RNA tumor viruses were underway in 1968-1969 by Leo Sachs, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Temin, Peter Vogt, David Baltimore, and G.S. Martin. A SVCP contract with Dulbecco was active to produce such mutants of polyoma and SV-40; they would be made available to investigators. These research activities led to very important tools: temperature-sensitive mutants. Some of these Rous sarcoma virus mutants would induce oncogenic transformation of tissue culture cells grown at 34 degrees C., but would lose that ability if growth was at 41 degrees C. These changes were reversible. The viruses would continue to multiply at either temperature. Further studies indicated that a single gene -called src - was involved in transformation. Thus, the stage was set for mapping the region (about 2000 nucleotides) of the src gene...
Dr. Robert Miller, et al., have identified family clusters of cancer that suggested a hereditary tendency. In these families healthy persons potentially at high risk of cancer can be identified for intensive study by new laboratory procedures. These tests may detect subclinical abnormalities that account for predisposition to neoplasia. One such procedure, developed by Dr. Todaro, measures the susceptibility of skin fibroblasts to “malignant” transformation in vitro by SV-40, a virus that causes cancer in laboratory animals.]

[SV40]

[-- Alarm Spreads in Brazil Over a Virus and a Surge in Malformed Infants, by Simon Romero]

[A12540 Adenovirus 12 + SV-40
A2540 2 + SV-40
Ad 2P 2 + para influenza
Ad 7 7
Al Acute leukemia
ALL Acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALL1 Acute lymphocytic leukemia + influenza
ALL P1 + para influenza
AM BL American Burkitt's lymphoma
AML Acute myelogenous leukemia
AM MOL Acute myelogenous leukemia + monocytic leukemia
AMOL Acute monocytic leukemia
Arbo Arthropod-borne virus
AT MON Atypical monocytosis
Au Ag Australia antigen
Bac Agt Bacterial agent
BL Burkitt's lymphoma
BoL Bovine leukemia
CA Condyloma acunatum
CCHy Congenital cerebral hiperplasia
CF Control familial
C H Chediak Higashi
Chondrosarcoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Cytomegalovirus
Congenital stem cell leukemia
Dawson's encephalitis
Ecovirus 9
Erythroid leukemia
Eosinophilia
Fibrosarcoma
Glioblasloma
H 1 virus
H. genitalis
H. simplex
Hodgkin's disease
Herpes virus
Influenza
Infectious mononucleosis
Kuru (mad cow disease prion)
Leukemia
Mammary tumour
Meningitis
Miscellaneous leukemia
Moloney sarcoma virus
Moloney sarcoma virus + leukemia]

"By 1970, a year after Nixon ratified the Geneva Protocol, nothing had changed except the public's perception of Chemical/Biological/Warfare risks."

"Rather than receive the promised annual cut in biological warfare research funding, the DOD's biological weapons budget increased from $21.9 million to $23.2 million"

"The stockpiled biological weapons Nixon pledged would be rapidly destroyed, remained intact in Pine Bluff, Arkansas ..."

"... and the announced transition of Fort Detrick from a biological weapons testing facility to a solely defensive NIH run health research lab had not occurred."

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:37 am

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To: Mr. A.H. Belmont
From: Mr. W.C. Sullivan
Subject: Communist Party, USA, Negro Question, Communist Influence in Racial Matters, Internal Security -- Communist
Date: January 27, 1964
Memorandum 1/23/64 from Mr. F.J. Baumgardner to myself advised of authority given to the Milwaukee Office for a microphone surveillance [illegible] to cover the activities of Martin Luther King, Jr., and his associates while in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he is scheduled to appear for a talk tonight (1/27/64), [DELETE]
SAC Baker of the Milwaukee Office phone me this morning to advise that King had arrived in Milwaukee and checked into the [illegible] Hotel as scheduled and that the [illegible] activated at 10:30 a.m. today. Symbol numbers assigned are [DELETE] and [DELETE]
Baker also advised that the local police have taken a room close to the suite of rooms engaged by King so that protection might be afforded King. In view of this, it was the conjecture of [illegible] that the likelihood of King's going ahead with any [DELETE] plans is greatly minimized. I agree with this observation.
Milwaukee is to keep the Bureau promptly advised of all developments and upon receipt of additional information you will be further informed.
-- Mr. Belmont
Mr. Sullivan
Mr. Baumgardner
[Illegible]]

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To : Mr. A. H. Belmont
From : Mr. W. C. Sullivan
Subject : COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, IS - C
Date : August 30, 1963
Reference is made to the enclosed material on which the Director has written: "This memo reminds me vividly of those I received when Castro took over Cuba: You contended then that Castro and his cohorts were not Communists and not influenced by Communists. Time alone proved you wrong. I for one can't ignore the memos re King, [DELETE] et al as having only an infinitesimal effect on the efforts to exploit the American Negro by the Communists."
The Director is correct. We were completely wrong about believing the evidence was not sufficient to determine some years ago that Fidel Castro was not a communist or under communist influence. On investigating and writing about communism and the American Negro, we had better remember this and profit by the lesson it should teach us.
I do think that much of the difficulty relating to the memorandum rightly questioned by the Director is to be found centered in the word ""influence."" We do not have, and no Government agency or private organization has, any yardstick which can accurately measure ""influence"" in this particular context, even when we know it does exist such as in the case of the obvious influence of [DELETE] over Martin Luther King and King's influence over other Negro leaders. Personally, I believe in the light of King's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders over all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes. We must mark him now, if we have not done so before, as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism, the Negro and national security.
On determining membership of Negroes in the Communist Party, we are not confronted with the same problem. We do have here accurate yardsticks for establishing membership. Of course, our standards are very exacting. This means there are many Negroes who are fellow-travellers, sympathizers or who aid the Party, knowingly or unknowingly, but do not qualify as members. These we must not ignore. The old communist principle still holds: "Communism must be built with non-communist hands." Therefore, it may be unrealistic to limit ourselves as we have been doing to legalistic proof or definitely conclusive evidence [DELETE]]

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To : Mr. W.C. Sullivan
From: Mr. F.J. Baumgardner
Subject : COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RADICAL MATTERS, INTERNAL SECURITY -- COMMUNIST
Date : September 16, 1963
This memorandum recommends increased coverage of communist influence on the Negro. The history of the Communist Party, USA (CPUSA), is replete with its attempts to exploit, influence and recruit the Negro. The March on Washington, 3-28-63, was a striking example of such communist activity as Party leaders early put into motion efforts to accrue gains for the CPUSA from the March. Well-documented information concerning the Party's influence on a principal March leader, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., is but an example. The presence at the March of around 200 Party members, ranging from several national functionaries headed by CPUSA General Secretary Gus Hall, to many rank-and-file members, is clear indication of the Party's favorite target ( the Negro) today.
All indications are that the March was not the "end of the line" and that the Party will step up its efforts to exploit racial unrest and in every possible way claim credit for itself relating to any "gains" achieved by the Negro. A clear-cut indication of the Party's designs is revealed in its plans to hold a highly secretive leadership meeting in November, 1963, which will deal primarily with the Negro situation. This meeting is to be preceded by a Gus Hall "barnstorming" trip through key areas of the country to meet Party people and thus better prepare himself for the November meeting.
The entire field is being alerted to this situation in a proposed SAC letter (attached). The field is being instructed to intensify our coverage of communist influence on the Negro by giving fullest consideration to the use of all possible investigative techniques. In addition, the field is being told to intensify its coverage of those communist fronts through which the Party channels its influence and to intensify its investigations of the many Party members and dupes who engage in activities on behalf on the Party in the Negro field. Further, we are stressing the urgent need for imaginative and aggressive tactics to be utilized through our Counter-intelligence Program -- these are designed to attempt to neutralize or disrupt the Party's activities in the Negro field. Necessity for prompt handling of all facets of this matter to insure timely dissemination to the Department and other interested agencies is also being emphasized."]

[Memorandum to Mr. Sullivan
RE: COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS
100-3-116
The proposed SAC Letter requires key security offices to submit to the Bureau, within 30 days, an analysis of their current coverage of communist activities in the Negro field plus details of their plans for intensification. Also, those 10 offices participating in the Counterintelligence Program on a regular basis are being required to include in their next monthly letters due 10-15-63 their plans to neutralize or disrupt Party activities in the Negro field.
RECOMMENDATION:
If approved, attached SAC Letter go forward apprising the field as above and urging full implementation so that the desired results may be achieved. Also attached for approval are necessary Manual changes.]

[To:Mr. A. H. Belmont
From:Mr. W. C. Sullivan
Re:COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS , INTERNAL SECURITY -- C
Date: September 25, 1963
Predication:
Reference is made to the enclosed memorandum dated 9/16/63 and to the attached proposed SAC Letter.
On returning from a few days leave I have been advised of the Director's continued dissatisfaction with the manner in which we prepared a Brief on the above-captioned matter and subsequent memoranda on the same subject matter. This situation is very disturbing to those of us in the Domestic Intelligence Division responsible for this area of work, and we certainly want to do everything possible to correct our shortcomings. We absolutely will not be stubborn about admitting any mistakes we have made or be stiff-necked and unbending concerning our analysis of this matter. The Director indicated he would not approve our last SAC Letter until there was a clarification and a meeting of minds relative to the question of the extent of communist influence over Negroes and their leaders. In this memorandum I will seriously and sincerely try to clarify a most regrettable situation. It is prepared not on official office memorandum but rather on plain bond believing this discussion need not be made a matter of official record.
Common Agreement:
First, I am sure we are all in agreement on the following which was in both the cover memorandum and the detailed brief attached: (1) for the past 44 years the Communist Party, USA, has spent enormous sums of money and ceaseless efforts to influence Negroes and to make communists out of them; (2) the 19 million Negroes in the country today constitute the greatest single racial target of the Communist Party, USA; (3) Negro leader Martin Luther King, [DELETE] does have as an extremely important advisor [DELETE]; (4) we are right now in this nation engaged in a form of social revolution and the tie has never been so right for exploitation of the Negroes by communist propagandists; and (5) the Communist Party could in the future make prodigious strides and great successes with the American Negro to the serious detriment of our national security. In addition to the above, the material furnished contained many pages of specific examples of communist policies, programs, and activities.]

[Memorandum for Mr. Belmont
RE:COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS
showing communist involvement in Negro racial matters in this nation, relative to which we can all agree.
Essence of the Situation:
The essence of the situation seems to be this: We presented what facts there are in our files in the Brief in question and I know that the Director certainly would not want us to do other than this. The position taken at the time the Brief was written was that, while there is communist influence being exerted on Negroes and Negro leaders, it has not reached the point of control or domination. This historically has been the position of the Bureau in this matter in light of file reviews going back ten to twenty years. [Handwritten note: "Certainly this is not true with respect to the [DELETE] King] correct.]
The Historical Position:
For example, in a detailed document prepared on Communist Party and the Negro in 1953, we find the statement referring to "the failure of the Communist Party to attract even a significant number of Negroes in the United States to its number." Another example is to be found in an analysis in this same field prepared by the Bureau in 1956 to the effect that communist efforts have been "unsuccessful on a state or national level" in infiltrating "legitimate Negro-fraternal, protest and improvement organizations," although they made limited success in some "isolated chapters." The Director's book, Masters of Deceit, published in 1958, states: "It became obvious that the Party, despite great efforts, had failed to win over even a significant minority of Negroes." In 1960 the Director's statement to The Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, reads: "It is no secret that one of the bitterest disappointments of communistic efforts in this Nation has been their failure to lure our Negro citizens into the Party." In 1962 similar public statements were made. On page seven of the Brief submitted to the Director under the date of August 23, 1963, this historical position was restated and it was said, "One of the bitterest disappointments of the communists has been their single failure to lure any significant number of our Negro citizens into the Party." This statement was set forth in the cover memorandum which the Director marked.
The point I wish to make here is this: The fact that this has been our historical position in the Bureau for many years is no reason to assume that it is the correct position at this time, as the Director has clearly explained. Times and conditions change and, as the evidence mounts, naturally we need to change our position along with this evidence.]

[UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON, D.C.
In Reply, Please Refer to
File No. 100-106670
100-3-116
October 7, 1963
MEMORANDUM FOR THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
RE: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., SECURITY MATTER - COMMUNIST, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATERS
[DELETE]
It is further requested that authority be granted to place a technical surveillance on the SCLC office at the current New York address or to any other address to which it may be moved.
Respectfully,
John Edgar Hoover
Director]

[10/17/63
Mr. Tolson:
The attached analysis of Communism and the Negro Movement is highly explosive. It can be regarded as a personal attack on Martin Luther King. There is no doubt that it will have a heavy impact on the Attorney General and anyone else to whom we disseminate it. It is labeled TOP SECRET. However, even such a classification seems to be no bar today to a leak, and should this leak out it will add fuel to a matter which may already be in the cards as a political issue during the forthcoming Presidential campaign.
The memorandum makes good reading and is based on information from reliable sources. We may well be charged, however with expressing opinions and conclusions, particularly with reference to some of the statements about King.
[Handwritten Note: "We must do our duty." H.]
This memorandum may startle the Attorney General, particularly in view of his past association with King, and the fact that we are disseminating this outside the Department. He may resent this. Nevertheless, the memorandum is a powerful warning against Communist influence in the Negro movement, and we will be carrying out our responsibility by disseminating it to the people indicated in the attached memorandum.
[Handwritten Note: I am glad this [illegible]]

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To: Mr. Mohr
From: C.D. DeLoach
Subject: Martin Luther King, Dissemination of Monograph [DELETE]
December 7, 1964
Bill Moyers, Special Assistant to the President called me on Friday, 12/4/64, to indicate that he and the President had read the Director's letter in connection with possible dissemination of captioned monograph. He stated it was both his and the President's opinion that the FBI should disseminate this monograph if it was felt that dissemination would be in the best interest of internal security.
I told Moyers that under the circumstances he appeared to be telling me that we should go ahead and disseminate. He answered in the affirmative.
ACTION:
For record purposes.
1 - Mr. Belmont
1 - Mr. Sullivan
1 - Mr. Jones
ADDENDUM 12/7/64 - Attached are appropriate letters, disseminating this monograph to appropriate government officials
A.H. Belmont]

[UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
To. Mr. A.H. Belmont
From Mr. W.C. Sullivan
Subject: COMMUNIST PARTY USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS, INTERNAL SECURITY- COMMUNIST
In view of the influence the Communist Party, USA (CPUSA), is exerting on the racial situation, particularly through Martin Luther King, head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Director approved a conference be held between representatives of our Atlanta Office and Seat of Government personnel.
Recognizing the delicacy of this entire situation because of the prominence of King, the primary purpose of the conference was to explore how best to carry on our investigation to produce the desired results without embarrassment to the bureau. Included in our discussion was a complete analysis of the avenue of approach aimed at neutralizing King as an effective Negro leader and developing evidence concerning King's continued dependence on communists for guidance and direction.
The conference was held at the Seat of Government on 12-23-63. It was attended by Security Supervisor [DELETE] and SA [DELETE] from our Atlanta Office. The Seat of Government representatives were Assistant Director W.C. Sullivan, Inspector Joseph A. Sizoo, Section Chief F.J. Baumgardner, and Supervisors [DELETE] and [DELETE]. The conference lasted from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Assistant Director Sullivan briefed the conference on the task at hand. He pointed out the necessity for good judgment and discreetness in conducting any investigation concerning this matter. He made it clear it was necessary for us to continue obtaining evidence of the CPUSA's influence on King and, through King, influence on the Negro people. Mr. Sullivan also stressed the fact that, although King is a minister, we have already developed information concerning weaknesses in his character which are of such a nature as to make him unfit to serve as a minister of the gospel.
Mr. Sullivan pointed out that the field should continue to gather information concerning King [DELETE]
FJB:skw]

[Memorandum to Mr. Belmont
RE: COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS
100-3-116
[DELETE] in order that we may consider using this information at an opportune time in a counterintelligence move to discredit him.
During the discussion which followed, the men from the field outlined in detail the operation of the SCLC in Atlanta and the manner in which it is managed by King.
Our discreet approach to this case has been necessitated by King's prominence and the delicate situation which surrounds the entire racial movement. A wrong move could well result in extreme embarrassment to the Bureau. As a result of the conference, it was decided we need to develop additional information in the following areas:
(1) We must determine and check out all of the employees of the SCLC.
(2) We must locate and monitor the funds of the SCLC.
(3) We must identify and check out the sources who contribute to the SCLC.
(4) We must continue to keep close watch on King's personal activities.
(5) We will, at the proper time when it can be done without embarrassment to the Bureau, expose King as an immoral opportunist who is not a sincere person but is exploiting the racial situation for personal gain.
(6) We will explore the possibility of utilizing additional specialized investigative techniques at the SCLC office.
Our technical coverage on King and the SCLC is producing excellent information. It was decided that, in view of this fact and since we could not engage in active investigation at this time without embarrassment to the Bureau, we would hold in abeyance open investigation as outlined above for another 90 days. During this time, we will utilize the information obtained from our technical coverage and conduct whatever investigation can be made discreetly.]

[Memorandum to Mr. Belmont
RE: COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, NEGRO QUESTION, COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN RACIAL MATTERS
100-3-116
This conference proved to be most beneficial, and the men from the field expressed their appreciation for the opportunity of being brought in the Seat of Government for the purpose of exploring this entire matter. They were both enthusiastic about the case and stated the conference was of assistance in setting the future course of the investigation.
ACTION:
We will continue to give this case priority attention both at the Seat of Government and in the field and will expose King for the clerical fraud and Marxist he is at the first opportunity. At the end of the 90-day period, or sooner if conditions permit, we will make a further recommendation as to whether we are in a position at that time to take further action against King and the SCLS without embarrassment to the Bureau.]

[GENOCIDE: THE MASS KILLING OR ENSLAVING OF PEOPLE FOR PROFIT, POLITICS, AND/OR IDEOLOGY.]

[COULD THIS BE HAPPENING IN AMERICA?]

[EMPOWERMENT?]

[WAKE UP!]

[REPORT FROM IRON MOUNTAIN: ON THE POSSIBILITY AND DESIRABILITY OF PEACE, BY THE SPECIAL STUDY GROUP, WITH INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL BY LEONARD C. LEWIN]

[ -- Report From Iron Mountain, by The Special Study Group]

[-- Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain, by Dan Stone
-- War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, by Edwin Black]

[-- The Doctrine of Fascism, by Benito Mussolini (Encyclopedia Italiana)
-- The Doctrine of Fascism, by Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile
-- Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism, by George Seldes]

[NSSM 200:
Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests
December 10, 1974
Classified by Harry C. Blaney, III, Subject to General Declassification Schedule of Executive Order11652 Automatically Downgraded At Two Year Intervals and Declassified on December 31, 1980.]

[-- National Security Study Memorandum 200, by Henry Kissinger]

[-- We Will Expose King For the Clerical Fraud and Marxist He is, by Federal Bureau of Investigations]

[Subject: Civilian Personnel Spaces to Accommodate the PAPERCLIP and PROJECT 63 Programs.
1. The Department of Defense has two classified projects, deemed of utmost important, that result in the employment and exploitation of foreign scientists by the Department:
a. The first, PAPERCLIP, provides a means of obtaining services of foreign specialists for specific assignments within the technical services of the Departments of Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Primary function of this program is the utilization of the individual, the denial aspect being a highly desirable, although secondary feature. Such specialists sign a year's contract for a specific assignment prior to leaving their place of residence.
b. PROJECT 63 is primarily a denial program with utilization as a desirable feature. The aim of this program is to secure employment in the United States of certain preeminent German and Austrian specialists, thus denying their services to potential enemies. Such specialists sign a six-month Department of Defense contract which guarantees them an income until permanent employment is arranged with Department of Defense agencies or industry within the United States.]

[-- Erich Traub, by Wikipedia]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:29 am

[60 MINUTES
Produced by Josh Howard]

[OVERCOMING YOUR FEAR OF THE DENTIST, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H.]

[DR. LEONARD HOROWITZ, AUTHOR, "DEADLY INNOCENCE"]

[DENTISTRY IN THE AGE OF AIDS: A PRACTICE BUILDING MANUAL: INSPIRING CONFIDENCE & MARKETING INFECTION CONTROL TO YOUR PATIENTS, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, MA.A, M.P.H.]

[AUDIOTAPED RELAXATION, IMPLOSION, AND REHEARSAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DENTAL PHOBIE, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ]

[SURVEY ON AIDS, FEAR AND INFECTION CONTROL: ATTITUDES AFFECTING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H. AND ROBERT D. LIPKOWITZ, D.D.S.]

[SEXUAL HOMICIDE WITH HIVA IN A FLORIDA DENTAL PRACTICE? AND MURDER AND COVER-UP COULD EXPLAIN THE FLORIDA DENTAL AIDS MYSTERY, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H., BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL, DECEMBER, 1994, THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY]

[LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, DMD, MA, MPH, DNM, DMM]

[CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL]

[HENRY SCHEIN]

[LEONARD HOROWITZ, EDUCATOR/AUTHOR, CKCK TELEVISION]

CORRELATES AND PREDICTORS OF SEXUAL HOMICIDE WITH HIV IN THE FLORIDA DENTAL AIDS TRAGEDY, BY LEONARD G. HOROWITZ, DMD, MA, MPH, AIDS PATIENT CARE, AUGUST, 1994]

[ADA, AMA]

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:11 am

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO READ THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AT THIS LINK BEFORE YOU READ THE FOLLOWING WORK, THAT IS AVAILABLE SOLELY FOR PRIVATE STUDY, SCHOLARSHIP OR RESEARCH PURSUANT TO 17 U.S.C. SECTION 107 AND 108. IN THE EVENT THAT THE LIBRARY DETERMINES THAT UNLAWFUL COPYING OF THIS WORK HAS OCCURRED, THE LIBRARY HAS THE RIGHT TO BLOCK THE I.P. ADDRESS AT WHICH THE UNLAWFUL COPYING APPEARED TO HAVE OCCURRED. THANK YOU FOR RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

-- Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola: Nature, Accident or Intentional?, by Leonard G. Horowitz, DMD, MA, MPH

Statistics: Posted by admin — Sun Jan 03, 2016 12:09 am