Part 2 of 2
THE KING OF BOURBON AND BLACKMAIL
Though both men had legendary tempers and a legendary feud to match, Bronfman and Rosenstiel had major differences in character, particularly in how they managed their respective businesses and in their personal lives. One of these differences was the fact that Sam Bronfman did not share Rosenstiel’s obsession with blackmail.
Indeed, reports of Rosenstiel’s behavior at his company’s offices, as cited by Nicholas Faith, included Rosenstiel having placed “bugging devices” throughout his offices. Per Faith, he would treat his employees “like dirt, sacking them at a moment’s notice” and then go “to the toilet to leave them time to compromise themselves by talking in his absence.” Those employees were “compromised” as their conversations were recorded by the devices that Rosenstiel had strewn about the premises.
Additional assertions made in court and under oath by one of Rosenstiel’s ex-wives held that Rosenstiel had also placed microphones throughout his home in order to record conversations that took place at social events he hosted for the alleged purpose of obtaining potential blackmail against his guests. In addition, several sources reported to the 1971 New York State Legislative Committee on Crime that Rosenstiel’s Manhattan home had been “wired from roof to basement with hidden microphones, so that he could spy on visitors and staff.”42
The system in Rosenstiel’s home had been installed by Fred Otash, an infamous private detective who had used electronic means to spy on the Kennedy family, Marilyn Monroe, and others. Otash later said that Rosenstiel’s home “was rigged to tape conversations for hours on end.” Otash had a penchant for blackmail himself, particularly sexual blackmail – he had once attempted to entrap John F. Kennedy using a call girl named “Sue Young” in the lead-up to the 1960 presidential election.43 As we’ll see shortly, Rosenstiel was also involved in a broader effort to obtain this variety of blackmail, which may explain why he had sought out the California-based Otash to bug his New York home.
Some of the sources that discuss Rosenstiel’s interest in blackmail also claim that Rosenstiel was bisexual. According to Nicholas Faith, discussions about Rosenstiel’s bisexuality among Schenley office employees were frequent enough for Rosenstiel to be referred to as “Rosie” around the office. Additional evidence for these claims later came from Rosenstiel’s fourth wife, Susan Kaufman.
Per Kaufman, whose previous marriage had collapsed because her first husband had been homosexual, she soon discovered that she had made a similar mistake in marrying Rosenstiel. Rosenstiel was reportedly un-interested in having sex with his new wife, but “went to great expense to have her dress up in clothes that made her look like a little girl.”44 He would later be discovered in bed with one of his lawyers, Roy Cohn, and shrugged it off to his wife by asking for some more “alone time” with his attorney. Kaufman remembered responding, “I’ve never seen Governor [Thomas] Dewey in bed with you,” as Dewey was also one of his attorneys at the time, and she walked out.45
Kaufman remembered the young Cohn, who was best known for his infamous stint as Joe McCarthy’s chief counsel during the height of the Red Scare, as flaunting his homosexuality whenever he was around Kaufman, openly caressing a former congressional associate in front of her and describing the homosexual antics of a close friend of his and Rosenstiel’s – Cardinal Spellman, one of the most powerful figures in the Catholic Church in North America. Cohn reportedly was so open with her because her first husband “had been gay and I must have understood because I’d stayed with him for nine years,” Kaufman later stated.46
In 1958, Kaufman accompanied her husband Lewis Rosenstiel to a “party” hosted by Cohn at the Plaza Hotel in New York. Kaufman recalled entering through a side entrance and taking an elevator to the 2nd or 3rd floor; her husband knew the way well enough that she “had the impression [he] had been there before.” The suite was one of the largest available at the hotel and it was “all done in light blue.” Inside the suite were Cohn and another figure closely associated with both Cohn and Rosenstiel: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. To Kaufman’s surprise, Hoover was wearing women’s clothes and wig, with Cohn introducing him as “Mary” in a bout of barely concealed laughter. “Mary” was also incidentally the nickname widely used among New York Catholic clergy for Cardinal Spellman, who was also alleged to attend other parties hosted by Cohn in the Plaza’s “blue suite.”47
After being served a few drinks, Kaufman recalled seeing “a couple of boys come in, young blond boys. I’d say about eighteen or nineteen. And then Roy [Cohn] makes the signal we should go into the bedroom.”48 Sexual activities between the “young blond boys,” Cohn and Hoover ensued, with Kaufman declining to participate after being urged to do so by her then-husband. The Rosenstiels then left, leaving the boys alone with Cohn and Hoover. Cohn later laughed about the incident to Kaufman, saying that “Mary Hoover” attends his parties regularly and that he would make sure to “arrive at the Plaza first with his clothes [the female clothes allegedly used by Hoover at the parties] in a suitcase.”49
Per her testimony, Kaufman was repulsed by the whole affair, but ended up attending another of these parties at the Plaza after Rosenstiel bribed her with “an expensive pair of earrings from Harry Winston’s.”50 The events of that evening played out as they had the time before, but the Rosenstiels later quarreled, and she never attended any more Cohn-hosted parties at the Plaza hotel.
These allegations made by Kaufman resulted in considerable efforts to discredit her testimony, especially during the 1971 New York State Legislative Committee on Crime. Kaufman had agreed to serve as a witness for the State regarding her exhusband’s ties to organized crime figures. The very week that she was due to testify, Kaufman was hit with an “attempted perjury” charge that was regarded as unprecedented and bizarre by lawyers and outraged the Committee’s Chairman and Chief Counsel. Kaufman still testified, but mostly behind closed doors, in executive session. Her testimony – several decades later – still remains sealed.
Members of the Committee believed at the time that the “attempted perjury” charges had been instigated by Lewis Rosenstiel himself in order to prevent his wife from testifying, as he had previously used similar tactics to protect his corrupt dealings.51 This “attempted perjury” charge has since been used by some authors to discredit Kaufman’s later testimony regarding her ex-husband and his associates.
However, the former Chief Counsel of the Crime Committee, New York Judge Edward McLaughlin, and Committee investigator William Gallinaro found Kaufman to be “an exceptionally good witness.”52 Mc-Laughlin later told journalist and Hoover biographer Anthony Summers, “I thought her absolutely truthful.… The woman’s power of recall was phenomenal. Everything she said was checked and double checked, and everything that was checkable turned out to be true.” Additional evidence corroborating Kaufman as a witness came from two male witnesses who supported the astonishing allegations of Hoover’s habit of cross-dressing, with those witnesses having learned of the former FBI director’s habit at a different time and place than the events described by Kaufman. They also had no knowledge of Hoover and the “blue suite” parties in New York.
In addition, Kaufman told Anthony Summers that she possessed photographs showing Hoover in the company of Lewis Rosenstiel’s organized crime associates. Though Summers did not see these pictures personally, they were confirmed as authentic and had been seen by journalist Mary Nichols of the Philadelphia Enquirer. Nichols told Summers “She did have suitcases of photographs that she had hauled away from her marriage to Lewis Rosenstiel. The ones I saw showed Hoover, lawyer Roy Cohn and Rosenstiel, at all sorts of social events with mobsters.”53
There is also evidence that, not only did these parties at the Plaza hotel take place, but that they were used to obtain sexual blackmail, with Kaufman asserting that her husband possessed pictures of Hoover wearing women’s clothes and that those images had been passed to Rosenstiel’s associate, mobster Meyer Lansky.54 Journalist and author Anthony Summers has noted that, given Rosenstiel’s interest and ability to have his residences and businesses bugged, “[Rosenstiel] was quite capable of having the sex sessions at the Plaza bugged or arranging for Edgar to be photographed in his female costumes.”55
In addition, New York attorney John Klotz, tasked with investigating Roy Cohn for a case well after Kaufman’s testimony, independently found evidence of the “blue suite” at the Plaza Hotel and its role in a sex extortion ring after combing through local government documents and information gathered by private detectives. It allegedly involved minors as well as young men aged eighteen and older. Klotz later summarized his findings, telling journalist and author Burton Hersh:
Roy Cohn was providing protection. There were a bunch of pedophiles involved. That’s where Cohn got his power from – blackmail.56
Further confirmation of Rosenstiel’s and Cohn’s activities in the “blue suite,” later determined to be Suite 233, comes from statements made by Cohn himself to former NYPD detective and ex-head of the department’s Human-Trafficking and Vice- Related Crimes Division, James Rothstein. Rothstein later told John DeCamp – a former Nebraska state senator who investigated the Franklin scandal of the 1980s – that Cohn had admitted to being part of a sexual blackmail operation targeting politicians with minors during a sit-down interview with the former detective.
Rothstein told DeCamp the following about Cohn:
Cohn’s job was to run the little boys. Say you had an admiral, a general, a congressman, who did not want to go along with the program. Cohn’s job was to set them up, then they would go along. Cohn told me that himself.57
Rothstein later told Paul David Collins, a former journalist turned researcher, that Cohn had also identified this sexual blackmail operation as being part of the anticommunist crusade of the time.58
The fact that Cohn, per Rothstein’s recollection, stated that this sex blackmail ring was part of the anti-communist crusade coupled with Hoover’s involvement in these “blue suite” events suggests that elements of the government, including Hoover’s FBI, may have been connected at a much broader level to the operation in a way that transcended Hoover’s own personal involvement.
Rothstein confirmed his statements to both DeCamp and Collins in an interview with me that was conducted in early 2020. He additionally told me that Cohn had told him that his role in this ring had originally come about because he himself had been entrapped and blackmailed, leading Rothstein to feel some sort of sympathy for Cohn.
For those that may find it hard to believe that such an operation would take place with the involvement of the FBI director, there are also other, related allegations to consider – that American intelligence operatives and organized crime had competed and then collaborated to blackmail Hoover years before Kaufman witnessed these events at the Plaza hotel beginning in 1958.
Lansky was credited with obtaining compromising photos of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover sometime in the 1940s, which showed “Hoover in some kind of gay situation,” according to a former Lansky associate, who also said that Lansky had often said of Hoover, “I fixed that sonofabitch.” Meyer Lansky’s widow also later claimed that her husband had acquired “hard proof of Hoover’s homosexuality and used it to neutralize the FBI as a threat to his own operations.”59 The photos showed Hoover engaged in sexual activity, specifically oral sex, with his long-time friend, FBI Deputy Director Clyde Tolson.60 There is considerable, separate evidence from the period that the close, professional relationship between Hoover and Tolson was also intimate and that this was an “open secret” in Washington.61
At some point, these photos fell into the hands of CIA counterintelligence chief James J. Angleton, who later showed the photos to several other CIA officials, including John Weitz and Gordon Novel.62 Both Weitz and Novel later stated that the pictures they had seen showed Hoover engaged in oral sex on a man who Angleton identified as Tolson; however, only Hoover’s face was recognizable in the photographs.63 Angleton also claimed that the photos had been taken in 1946.64 Angleton was in charge of the CIA’s relationship with the FBI as well as Israeli intelligence until he left the agency in 1972. Angleton was also a CIA figure who had pushed for the Agency to forge ties with Meyer Lansky, raising the possibility that Angleton could have received the photo from Lansky.
However, Anthony Summers, in Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover, has argued that it was not Lansky, but William Donovan, the director of the OSS, who obtained the original photos of Hoover and either he, or another person at the OSS or early CIA, had later shared them with Lansky. Summers also states that “To [gangster Frank] Costello and Lansky, the ability to corrupt politicians, policemen and judges was fundamental to Mafia operations. The way they found to deal with Hoover, according to several mob sources, involved his homo-sexuality.”65
With the mobster associates of Rosenstiel being under significantly more pressure during the 1950s, in large part thanks to the Kefauver Committee, it’s possible that Hoover’s appearances at The Plaza Hotel may have served as additional “insurance” for these interests.
Hoover, for his part, was likely already used to the realities of being blackmailed by this point, given that his private sex life had been known to the mob and US intelligence community for years. He likely saw the opportunity to partake in the scheme as a means of amassing his own, massive collection of blackmail. With thick dossiers on friend and foe alike, Hoover’s office contained “secret files” on numerous powerful people in Washington and beyond, files he used to gain favors and protect his status as FBI director for as long as he wished. Even former OSS veterans like Richard Helms have made such claims, alleging that Hoover “played ‘a very skillful game’ with knowledge of the sexual habits of prominent people.”66
Further evidence for this comes from journalist and author Burton Hersh who alleges in his book Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America that Hoover had also been tied to Sherman Kaminsky, who helped run a sexual blackmail operation in New York that involved young male prostitutes.67 Kaminsky claimed to have been New York-bred, but federal investigators later stated he was originally from Baltimore. Some reports claim Kaminsky had ties to Israel, having served in the Israel Defense Forces.68
The ring, which was called “The Chickens and the Bulls” by the NYPD, targeted prominent men who were closeted homosexuals throughout the United States, many of them married with families. Among those who had been blackmailed were a Navy admiral, two generals, a US congressman, a prominent surgeon, an Ivy League professor and well-known actors and television personalities.69 That operation was busted and investigated in a 1966 extortion probe led by Manhattan District Attorney Frank Hogan, though the FBI quickly took over the investigation and photos showing Hoover and Kaminsky together soon disappeared from the case file.70 Kaminsky successfully avoided arrest for 11 years, having “disappeared” from a New York courthouse undetected during his sentencing hearing.71
Why would Hoover have been involved with the activities of Kaminsky? There are only a few possibilities. One possibility is that Hoover had been blackmailed by Kaminsky, though it’s more likely that Kaminsky instead had ties to figures in organized crime that had already blackmailed Hoover long before. Another possibility is that Hoover was cozy to a second sexual blackmail operation targeting closeted homosexual men because he sought to pad his own library of blackmail for personal and professional gain.
What does seem clear is that Hoover was well aware of the power that amassing blackmail afforded and was willing to indulge in taboo behavior at the “blue suite” because he was no longer concerned about being extorted or manipulated with sexual blackmail in ways that would end his career or destroy his public image. He had fallen in with the very crowd that had reportedly blackmailed him, later developing a symbiotic relationship with that same network.
The most obvious, and troubling, symptom of this symbiosis was Hoover’s reluctance to tackle organized crime as FBI director. Hoover repeatedly declined to use the Bureau to target organized crime networks, referring to organized crime as a “local” problem in which the FBI did not need to intervene for most of his nearly fifty year stint as the top law enforcement administrator in the country.72
According to congressional crime consultant Ralph Salerno, Hoover’s apparent aversion to targeting organized crime networks, such as those in which Rosenstiel and Lansky figured prominently, “allowed organized crime to grow very strong in economic and political terms, so that it became a much bigger threat to the wellbeing of this country than it would have been if it had been addressed much sooner.”73
BUSINESS AS USUAL
Other aspects of Hoover’s symbiotic relationship with these organized crimetinged networks can also be seen in Hoover’s ties to Rosenstiel, and Rosenstiel’s close associate Roy Cohn, in the “above-board” worlds of “legitimate” business and politics.
Most records place the beginning of Hoover’s relationship with Rosenstiel as occurring in the 1950s, the same decade that that Hoover was allegedly attending Rosenstiel’s blackmail parties. Rosenstiel’s FBI file, obtained by Anthony Summers, cites the first Rosenstiel meeting as taking place in 1956.74 after requesting that meeting, Rosenstiel was granted a personal face-to-face meeting with the director in a matter of hours, a rare feat. However, Summers notes that there is evidence that the two men had met much earlier, as Hoover was on record showing an unusual concern in the FBI’s handling of Rosenstiel’s criminal links as early as 1939.75
The “blue suite” parties and blackmail may also explain the uncharacteristic ease with which a young Roy Cohn was able to meet with J. Edgar Hoover upon his arrival as a young man in Washington DC in 1952, an event that has puzzled Cohn’s biographers. Roy Cohn’s account of how he was able to meet Hoover in person, deemed “improbable” by Cohn biographer Nicholas von Hoffman, involves Hoover calling Cohn after the latter had unsuccessfully sought to go through the normal channels to communicate with the FBI Director.76 Cohn, only in his mid-20s, had been seeking Hoover’s aid in gathering support for a controversial presentment, which alleged communist subversion among United Nations staff.
Hoover, who is supposed to be talking to Cohn for the first time per “official” accounts, is alleged to have said “Roy, are you trying to see me?” To that, Cohn claimed to have responded “You’re darn right I’m trying to see you. It’s been rather difficult.” Hoover then offered, “Whenever you want to see me, you just pick up the phone and ask for me and you’ll be able to see me.” “Well, when can I see you?” Cohn had asked, with the director then saying, “Come on over.” Per Cohn, he was then seated in front of Hoover within ten minutes. Von Hoffman, who notes elsewhere in his Cohn biography that some of Cohn’s unlikely stories “do turn out to be true,” notes that the story is improbable, in part, because the only tie he could find between Cohn and Hoover at the time was a connection to George Sokolsky, the director of the American Jewish League Against Communism.
Also unlikely, per Von Hoffman, was Hoover’s alleged urging to Roy that “When you want to see me, call me directly. Don’t go through channels … [The Justice Department] is monitoring your calls at your own office across the way.” Von Hoffman states that this degree of frankness “with a junior whom he had only recently met” is at odds with Hoover’s reputation “as one of the most adept of mountain goats in negotiating the trails and passes of the federal bureaucracy.” Von Hoffman asks, “Would merely sharing a political outlook on the dangers of communism be enough to seduce Hoover, who was never indiscreet, into such indiscretions as advising Roy, all else failing, to threaten to quit and back it up by calling a press conference if there were no other way to shake the presentment loose?”
Von Hoffman concludes that Cohn’s story was inaccurate, though he notes that “Roy’s account of what Hoover told him is a story that somebody with a dangerous secret to hide might tell.”77 However, in the context of the “blue suite” parties at the Plaza hotel, it’s certainly possible that both Cohn’s account of his first “official” meeting with Hoover and his harboring of “a dangerous secret” are both true. This is supported from press reports of the same period that claim that, soon after “Cohn caught Hoover’s eye” in Washington DC, Hoover “showered Cohn with compliments and notes and photographs.”78 Author Burton Hersh similarly asserts that, soon after meeting, Hoover and Cohn “traded favors, effusive compliments, gifts and elaborate private dinners. It quickly became ‘Roy’ and ‘Edgar.’”79
The “official” story also holds that the only bond initially shared between Rosenstiel and Cohn, as it is alleged with Hoover and Cohn, was a shared commitment to anti-communism, which has similarly left biographers and observers of their relationship puzzled by “improbable” anecdotes similar to that described above. Yet, in an era where the Red Scare raged alongside the so-called Lavender Scare (which targeted homosexuals with the same fervor as the Red Scare targeted communists), the bonds forged between a group of men who shared their forbidden passions in a milieu of secretive orgies, blackmail, and organized crime, would have fostered a much stronger sense of camaraderie.
The surprising closeness shared among Rosenstiel, Cohn and Hoover can be seen in other arrangements. For instance, soon after meeting Hoover “officially” for the first time in 1956, Hoover sent Rosenstiel flowers when the latter fell ill. A year later, Rosenstiel was heard telling Hoover “Your wish is my command” during a meeting.80 That same year, Louis B. Nichols, Hoover’s “Number 2” at the Bureau for decades, was hired to become executive vice president of Rosenstiel’s empire of Schenley. Around this time, it was reported that Rosenstiel had “bought large quantities of books about Hoover and distributed them as gifts.”81 In addition, Rosenstiel had also bought no less than 25,000 copies of Masters of Deceit, a book written by Hoover about how to fight communism in the United States, which he sent “to schools around the country.”82
A few years later, in 1965, Nichols incorporated the J. Edgar Hoover Foundation. Rosenstiel was the principal contributor, giving the foundation 1000 shares of Schenley stock. Nichols also gave a smaller, yet unknown amount of Schenley shares to the foundation, while the American Jewish League Against Communism, of which Roy Cohn was now president, gave $500 to help start the foundation. A year later, the Dorothy H. and Lewis Rosenstiel Foundation gave $50,000 to the foundation. In 1968, the Rosenstiel Foundation gave an additional $1 million to the foundation that was made in the form of bonds of the Glen Alden Corporation, which took over Schenley industries that same year. A 1969 report in the Washington Post later noted that “nearly everyone directly associated with Nichols in the Hoover Foundation is or was connected with either the FBI or Schenleys. The report also noted that, despite lofty promises regarding the foundation’s activities, it spent hardly any money at the time the Washington Post’s report was published in 1969, suggesting that something about the foundation’s activities during that period was odd.83
Around this same period, Rosenstiel began to retire, selling his controlling interest to Glen Alden in 1968 and resigning as chairman and CEO of Schenley. While it seemed that Cohn would serve as Rosenstiel’s successor in matters of blackmail, it seems another man served as his successor in matters of business. Per Rosenstiel’s New York Times obituary, around the time he sold his control of Schenley to Glen Alden and retired, he also sold his Manhattan town house, bugged for blackmail, to Israeli- American businessman Meshulam Riklis.84 Riklis was then an “influential figure” at Glen Alden, whose rise had been regarded with skepticism by Wall Street and the press. Indeed, Riklis had absorbed so many companies, including Glen Alden/Schenley in 1972, into his Rapid-American Corporation that he was forced to defend himself publicly, insisting that the fuel for his corporate takeovers involved “no mystery money, no un-named associates, no Swiss-bank money.”85
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Endnotes
1 Peter C. Newman, Bronfman Dynasty: The Rothschilds of the New World (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1978),66-68.
2 Michael R. Marrus, Samuel Bronfman: The Life and Times of Seagram's Mr. Sam (Hanover: Published by University Press of New England [for] Brandeis University Press, 1991), 15.
3 Marrus, Samuel Bronfman, 22.
4 Nicholas Faith, The Bronfmans: The Rise and Fall of the House of Seagram, 1st ed (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006), 217-18.
5 Eli Yahri, "Seagram, The Canadian Encyclopedia," February 13, 2012,
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ ... ny-limited.
6 Stephen Schneider, Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada (Mississauga, Ont: Wiley, 2009), 199.
7 Richard Allen, "Social Gospel, The Canadian Encyclopedia," February 7, 2006,
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ ... ial-gospel; Leona Anderson, Bryan Hillis, and Margaret Sanche, "The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan, Details," n.d.,
https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/religion.jsp
8 Faith, The Bronfmans, 28.
9 John M. Bumsted, The Peoples of Canada, Fourth edition (Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2014), 218-19.
10 Newman, Bronfman Dynasty, 74.
11 Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, First Scribner hardcover ed (New York: Scribner, 2010), chap. 10.
12 Faith, The Bronfmans, 34-5.
13 Marrus, Samuel Bronfman, 68.
14 Schneider, Iced, 200.
15 Faith, The Bronfmans, 34-5.
16 Okrent, Last Call, chap. 12.
17 Jesse Donaldson, "On BC Day, a Look at Five Wacky Stories from the Province's Past," The Tyee, August 5, 2019,
https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2019108/05/B ... ast-Wacky- Stories/.
18 Okrent, Last Call, chap. 11.
19 Davin de Kergommeaux, "Whisky Heroes: Sam Bronfman, Seagram, Scotch Whisky," March 21, 2019,
https://scotchwhisky.com/magazine/whisk ... anseagram/.
20 James W. Muller, "Two Churchills and the Hudson's Bay Company," APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, September 3, 2009),
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract-1451764.
21 Okrent, Last Call, chap. 12.
22 Thomas Maier, "Prohibition and Profit: The Secret Kennedy-Churchill-Roosevelt Deals;' TIME, October 21,2014,
https://time.com/3529756/kennedy-church ... ment-deal/.
23 Faith, The Bronfmans, 132. Note on Robertson's death. Source: Faith. Page 132?
24 Schneider, Iced, 203.
25 Faith, The Bronfmans, 64.
26 Okrent, Last Call, chap. 12.
27 Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce (1950, 1951), p. 544,
https://archive.org/details/investigati ... 4/mode/2up.
28 Schneider, Iced, 199.
29 Faith, The Bronfmans, 65.
30 Martin Mayer, "The Volatile Business;' Esquire, August 1959,
https://classic.esquire.com/article/195 ... e-business.
31 Faith, The Bronfmans, 65.
32 Leonard Sloane, "Lewis Rosenstiel, Founder Of Schenley Empire, Dies," New York Times, January 22, 1976,
https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/22/arch ... ounder-of- schenley-empire-dies.html.
33 Sloane, Lewis Rosenstiel Dies.
34 Sloane, Lewis Rosenstiel Dies.
35 Nicholas Gage, "Ex-Head of Schenley Industries Is linked to Crime 'Consortium;" New York Times, February 19, 1971,
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/19/arch ... -schenley- industries-is-linked-to-crime-consortium.html.
36 Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Pocket Star Books, 1994), 285,
https://archive.org/details/officialconfideOOOsumm.
37 Summers, Official and Confidential, 287.
38 Faith, The Bronfmans, 98-99.
39 Mayer, The Volatile Business.
40 Faith, The Bronfmans, 64.
41 Mayer, The Volatile Business.
42 Summers, Official and Confidential, 297.
43 M.A. Jones, "Potential Criminal Informant (PCI) Sue Young, Hollywood, Calif., Call Girl" (Archives.gov, July 26, 1960),
https://www.archives.gov/files/research ... ses/docid- 32304320.p-df.
44 Summers, Official and Confidential, 291.
45 Summers, Official and Confidential, 292.
46 Summers, Official and Confidential, 292.
47 Lucian K. Truscott IV, "I Was Groped by a Man Called 'Mary," The World Changes but Not the Catholic Church," Salon, February 9, 2019,
https://www.salon.com/2019/02/09/i-was-groped- by-a-man-called-mary-the-world-changes-but-not-the-catholic-church/.
48 Summers, Official and Confidential, 293.
49 Summers, Official and Confidential, 293.
50 Summers, Official and Confidential, 294.
51 Summers, Official and Confidential, 515.
52 Summers, Official and Confidential, 515.
53 Summers, Official and Confidential 516.
54 Michael Newton, The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957 (Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 2012), 117.
55 Summers, Official and Confidential, 297.
56 Burton Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-off between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 88.
57 John W. DeCamp, The Franklin Cover-up: Child Abuse, Satanism, and Murder in Nebraska (Lincoln, Neb: AWT, 1992), 179.
58 Terry Melanson, "The Ghost of Roy Cohn - Conspiracy Archive," August 24, 2014,
https://www.conspiracyarchive.com/2014/ ... -of-roy-co n/.
59 Jerome A. Kroth, Conspiracy in Camelot: The Complete History of the Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (New York: Algora Pub, 2003), 233,
https://books.google.cl/books? id=VStz10QcBOC.
60 "New Book Pictures J. Edgar Hoover as Drag Queen;' UPI, February 6, 1993,
https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/02/06 ... er-as-drag: Queen/10647289748001.
61 Many of the key pieces of evidence for Hoover's relationship with Tolson, as well as Hoover's closeted homosexuality, can be found in this article published by the UK's The Guardian: Anthony Summers, "The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover;' The Guardian, December 31, 2011 ,
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/j ... secret-fbi.
62 "J. Edgar Hoover Was Homosexual, Blackmailed by Mob, Book Says," Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1993,
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xp- ... 06-mn1078- story.html.
63 Summers, Official and Confidential, 280.
64 Jerome A. Kroth, Conspiracy in Camelot: The Complete History of the Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (New York: Algora Pub, 2003), 233.
65 Summers, Official and Confidential, 276.
66 Mark Riebling, Wedge: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11: How the Secret War Between the FBI and CIA Has Endangered National Security, 1st Touchstone ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002, n.d.),131.
67 Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 88.
68 William McGowan, "The Chickens and the Bulls," Slate, July 11, 2012,
https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/0 ... ncredible- fall-of-a-vicious-extortion-ring-that-p-reyed-on-p-rominent-ggy-men-in-the- 1960s.html.
69 McGowan, "The Chickens and the Bulls."
70 Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 88.
71 Ronald Smothers, "Seize 11-Year Fugitive in Homosexual Blackmail Case," New York Times, January 14, 1978,
https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01114/arch ... e-in-homo- sexual-blackmail-case.html.
72 Summers, Official and Confidential, 517.
73 Summers, Official and Confidential, 517.
74 Summers, Official and Confidential, 516.
75 Summers, Official and Confidential, 516.
76 Nicholas Von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 1st ed (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 123-24.
77 Von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 123-125.
78 Maxine Cheshire, "The Director," Washington Post, 1969, http;//jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/H%20Disk/Hoover %20J%20Edgar%20Foundation/Item%2005.pdf.
79 Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 133-134.
80 Summers, Official and Confidential, 516.
81 Cheshire, "The Director."
82 Summers, Official and Confidential, 289.
83 Cheshire, "The Director."
84 Sloane, Lewis Rosenstiel Dies.
85 "CORPORATIONS: The Rapid Riser - TIME," June 6, 1960,
https://web.archive.org/web/20111007012 ... -1,00.html.