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94TH CoNGRESS } 2d Session SENATE { REPORT No. 94-755 SUPPLEMENTARY DETAILED STAFF REPORTS ON FOREIGN AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BOOK IV FINAL REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES SENATE APRIL 23 (under authority of the order of APRIL 14), 1976 70-725 0 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 204()2 - Price $1.90 SEXATE SELECT COMMITTEE TO STUDY GOVERXMENTAL OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES FRANK CHURCH, Idaho, Chairman JOHN G. TOWER, Texas, Vice Chairmatn PHILIP A. HART, l\I1chigan WALTER F. MONDALE, Minnesota WALTER D. HUDDLESTON, Kentucky ROBERT MORGAN, North Carolina GARY HART, Colorado HOWARD H. BAKER, JR., Tennessee BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR., Maryland RICHARD S. SCHWEIKER, Pennsylvania WILLIAM G. MILLER, Btaff Director FREDERICK A. O. SCHWARZ, Jr., Ohief Oounsel CURTIS R. SMOTHERS, Counsel to tlw Minority AUDREY HATRY, Clerk of the Committee (II) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL On behalf of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, and pursuant to the mandate of Senate Resolution 21, I am transmitting herewith to the Senate two detailed staff reports which supplement Book I of the Committee's final report, entitled Foreign and Military Intelligence. In addition, this Book contains the addenda to the Committee's Interim Report on Alleged Assassination Plots and a composite of written interrogatories submitted by the Committee to former President Richard M. Nixon and his responses. The turbulent history of the past 30 years is closely bound to reasons for the growth and evolution of the intelligence functions in the rnited State's Government. The first study in this volume is an unclassified history of the Central Intelligence Agency. It is published to assist the Congress and the people of the United States to better understand the llature and character of the intelligence activities undertaken by their government. It is also intended to assist those \vho must make judgments about the necessity for intelligence activities by the rnited States in the future. The Select Committee is grateful for the assistance given by the Executive branch to the Committee in the preparation of this historical study. The second study contained in this volume, "Intelligence and Technology", was written by Dr. Richard Garwin, a distinguished scientist who has sernd the Select Committee as a consultant. It was prepared for the Committee in order to enable the Congress to understand the potential threats that intelligence technology can create for the rights of U.S. citizens. Successor committees will have the task of drafting charter legislation for the intelligence activities of the United States Government. This essay is intended to provide a glimpse into the future of intelligence technology so that in the drafting of new laws there could be a sufficient awareness of intelligence technology to make sensible balancing judgments between the needs of intellIgence and the rights of American citizens guaranteed by the Constitution. Once again I want to acknowledge the great effort, dedication, and talent of the Committee staff. Finally, I want to express the deep appreciation of the Committee to Senator Walter D. Huddleston for his work as Chairman of the Foreign and Military Intelligence Subcommittee and the work of the other Subcommittee members, Senator Charles McC. Mathias, Senator Gary Hart, and Senator Barry Goldwater. FRANK CHURCH, Ohai~. (ID) Page Letter of TransmittaL_________________________________________________ ill HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY_____________ 1 Introduction 1 PART ONE: The Central Intelligence Group and the Central Intelligence Agency, 1946--52___________________________________________________ 4 I. The OSS precedenL______________________________________________ 4 II. The Origins of the Central Intelligence Group______________________ 6 III. The Directors of Central Intelligence, 1946--52_____________________ 9 IV. The Evolution of the Central Intelligenee Funetion, 1946-49________ 12 V. Clandestine Activities____________________________________________ 25 PART TWO; The Dulles era, 1953-6L_________________________________ 42 1. The Clandestine Service__________________________________________ 45 II. Intelligence Production__________________________________________ 55 Ill. The Coordination Problem________________________________________ 60 PART THREE; Change and Routinization, 1961-70____________________ 64 I. The Directors of Central Intelligence, 1961-70_____________________ 65 II. The Clandestine Service__________________________________________ 66 III. The Effort at Management Reform________________________________ 72 IV. The Directorate of Science and Technology (D.D.S. & '1'.___________ 77 V. Intelligence Production__________________________________________ 78 PART FOUR; The Recent Past, 1971-75_______________________________ 83 I. The Directors of Central Intelligence, 1973-75_____________________ 84 II. Attempts at Redirection__________________________________________ 85 PART FIVE; Conclusions____________________________________________ 91 Organizational Charts________________________________________________ 96 List of Acronyms_____________________________________________________ 103 INTELLIGENCE AND TECHNOLOGY________________________________ 109 I. Background 109 II. Covert Observation and IntercepL________________________________ 110 III. File Technology_________________________________________________ 114 ADDENDA TO THE INTERDI REPORT ON ALLEGED ASSASSINATION PLOTS______________________________________________________ 121 I. Schneider Case__________________________________________________ 121 II. The "Special Operations" UniL___________________________________ 128 III. The Question of Discrediting Action Against Jack Anderson_________ 133 IV. Miscellaneons Evidence and Errata________________________________ 138 APPENDIX: SeNleicxtonCom--_m_i_t_te_e__I_n_t_e_r_r_o_g_a_t_o_r_ie_s__f_o_r__F__o_r_m_e_r__P_r_e_s_i_d_e_n_t__R_i_c_h_a_r_d__M__. 143 Staff list____________________________________________________________ 173 (V)
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