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THE ABANDONMENT OF THE JEWS -- AMERICA AND THE HOLOCAUST, 1941-1945

[b]CHAPTER 14. "LATE AND LITTLE"[/b]

 

1 FSR, 46; WH, 112; MD 704/52.

 

2 Pehle to Kuhn, 3/24/44, W 33, Measures Directed; NYT, 8/30/43, 3, 11/2/ 43, 14, 11/5/43, 14; CW, 11/12/43, 12; Kahn to Ickes, 1/5/44, HI, Associations; HID, 8522-3. The two times that reference had been made specifically to Jews were 7/21/42 (messages from FDR & Churchill to the NYC mass meeting) & 12/17/42 (UN war-crimes declaration). Major war-crimes warnings that did not mention Jews, besides those from the Quebec and Moscow Conferences, included those of 1/13/42 (EHR, 82, 86- 7), 8121/42 (DSB, 8/22/42, 710), 10/7/ 42 (NYT, 10/8/42, 1), 6/30/43 (NYT, 7/1/43, 4), 7/30/43 (NYT, 7/31/43, 3).

 

3 Wkly Rpt, "since 2/2/44, " W 28; MD 702/142, 704/52, 706/124, 708/1- 3; early draft of Declaration by the President [3/44], PSC 3/62; NYT, 3/25/44, 1, 4; PPA, 103-5.

 

4 MD 707/223, 242-3, 708/1-3, 42; Stettinius to Early, 3/8/44, FDR, PSF: Refs (copy in PSC 3/62).

 

5 MD 708/1-3, 42; Pehle, Memo for Files, 3/9/44, W 28, WRB 3.

 

6 MD 7071219-34, 239A, 708/4; PPA, 105.

 

7 MD 708/1-3; PPA, 104-5; NYT, 3/ 25/44, 4; FR 1944, v 1, 1033, 1037, 1069.

 

8 FSR, 51; WH, 314; MD 714/21-2; FR 1944, v 1, 1088-9, 1101, 1161-3.

 

9 NYT, 10/11/44, 4, 11/8/44, 21; FR 1944, v 1, 1250; Schoenfeld to SS, 9/29/ 44, SD, EW/9-2944; WH, 298; FSR, 55; MD 791/103-4; Lesser, "Germans, " 9/ 27/44, Pehle to McCloy, 9/28/44, W 72, Eisenhower Stmt; Convsn ER with Rosenheim et al, 10/14/44, JM, 324 ER; SHAEF to War Dept, 10/14/44, ASW 2. A specific reference to Jewish inmates was deleted on the advice of the Psychological Warfare Division, which maintained that it would hand the Germans a "powerful propaganda line."

 

10 WH, 326; FR 1944, v 1, 1174-5; FSR, 55-6; NYT, 4/24/45, 1.

 

11 WH, 12; FSR, 70; MD 805/8, 11- 7.

 

12 NYT, 10/8/42, I, 12/29/42, 3, 2/2/ 45, 6; FR 1942, v 1, 48-71; FR 1943, v 1, 402-38; EHR, 82-106; Pell to FDR, 4/12/43, SD, EW/994.

 

13 Pell to Hull, 11/11/43, 6120/44, SD, EW/1218 & 6ˇ2044; Stettinius to Hackworth, 4/18/44, SD, EW/4-1844; AJHQ, 6176, 343-5; Winant to SS, 10/ 6144, W 19, Punishment; MD 805/8, 12; NYT, 1/11/45, 9; Draft by GHH for FDR to Pell, 6/13/44, SD, EW/6-1344; WH, 423; Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, SD, EW/3-1645; FR 1944, v 1, 1322, 1401- 5; Mann to Pehle, 1/13/45, W 16, Mann.

 

14 Winant to SS, 10/6/44, Akzin to Marks, 12/22/44, W 19, Punishment; AJHQ, 6/76, 335, 340-5; Pell to SS, 4/ 24/44 (#500), CP; Stettinius to Hackworth, 4/18/44, SD, EW/4-1844; FR 1943, v 1, 407; Mann to Pehle, 9/19/44, W 70, England; Pell to Hull, 6/20/44, SD, EW/6-2044; Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, SD, EW/3-1645; Pell OH, 584-7.

 

15 MD 805/8-17, 27, 815/101; Stettinius to Pehle, 12/14/44, Friedman, Memo for Files Re WC, 12/16/44, Pehle to Morgenthau, 1/17/45, W 19, Punishment; WH, 424; Stettinius to FDR, 12/ 27/44, FDR, PSF: WCC (copy in CP).

 

16 Fite, Convsn with Pell, 12/7/44, SD, EW/12-744; Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, SD, EW/3-1645; Pell's 15-page retrospective [summer 1945], CP; Hackworth, Convsn with Pell, 1/9/45, Stettinius to Pell, 1/17/45, SD, EW/1- 945; NYT, 1/30/45, 3; Pell OH, 589- 91; GGT to FDR, 1/9/45, FDR, OF 5152 (copy in CP); Stettinius to FDR, 12/27/44, FDR, PSF: WCC (copy in CP); WP, 1/31/45, 10; Claiborne Pell- Jarvik interview, 1/22/79. Stettinius replaced Hull as secy of state on 12/1/44.

 

17 Hackworth, Convsn with Pell, 1/9/ 45, SD, EW/1-945; Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, SD, EW/3-1645; Stettinius to FDR, 12/ 27/44 (& FDR's pencil note on it), FDR, PSF: WCC (copy in CP).

 

18 WH, 423; Grew, Convsn with Pell, 1/24/45, SD, EW/1-2445; Hackworth, Convsn with Stone, 2/8/45, SD, EW/2- 845; Pell to FDR, 1/9/45, 1/17/45, Pell to Watson (nd), Pell to Watson, 1/15/ 45, Watson to Pell, 1/16/45, Tully to Pell, 1/24/45, FDR, OF 5152 (copies in CP); Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, FDR to Stettinius, 3/16/45, SD, EW/3-1645; Pell to FDR, 4/5/45, FDR to Stettinius, 4/9/45, SD, EW/4-945; "The following information" (nd), PSC 1/16; Ans, 2/45, 20; Hackworth, Convsn with Pell, 1/24/45, SD, EW/1-2445; CJR, 4/45, 195; NYT, 1/27/45, 1, 5, 1/30/45, 3, 1/31/45, 20, 2/2/45, 6; WP, 1/31/45, 10; MD 805/ 27, 815/101-2; CW, 2/2/45, 2; NYP, 2/ 2/45, 18; Pehle to Morgenthau, 1/17/45, W 19, Punishment; AJCf, Pr Rei, 1/31/ 45, AJCf Pr Rels, ZAL; Perlzweig to OfficeCom, 2/1/45, SW, AJCg, Perlzweig.

 

19 Grew, Convsn with FDR, 3/2/45, SD 500.CC/3-245; Henry L. Stimson & McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace & War (1947), 585-7; SG, 1/46, 5; Robert H. Jackson, Rpt of Robert H. Jackson, US Representative to the Inti Cf on Military Trials (1949), vii, 3-9; FR 1944, v 1, 1398; HSD, v 48, 188; MD 815/101-2; Ulio to Rosenberg, 9/29/44, VH, B8.

 

20 MD 815/101-2; FR 1944, v 1, 1378-80; WH, 12.

 

21 NYT, 1/27/45, 5, 5/3/45, 9, 5/13/ 45, 8, 8/9/45, I, 10, 11; Hackworth, Convsn with Pell, 1/24/45, SD, EW/1- 2445; Pell to FDR, 3/5/45, SD, EW/3- 1645; Grew to Pell, 1/29/45, CP; Grew, Convsn with FDR, 3/2/45, SD 5oo.CCI 3-245; Winant to SS, 4/4/45, Acheson to London (for Rosenman), 4/5/45, SD, EW/4-445; Jackson, Report, 420-9; Robert H. Jackson, The Nurnberg Case (1947), v-vi, 23; Robert H. Jackson, The Case Against the Nazi War Criminals (1946), viii; Bradley Smith, Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg (1977), 60 & chs 2-3 generally.

 

22 Pehle to Ernst, 4/11/44, W 7, Ernst; FR 1944, v 1, 1007-8, 1018-9, 1053, 1058-9, 1071; MD 693/101, 697/90, 705/288, 291, 707/235-6, 708/276, 712/ 109, 726/116; Stettinius to Morgenthau, 2/1/44, Smith to Marks, 4/29/44, W 47, Temp Havens/NAfr; FSR, 63; Russell to Warren, 12/27/44, SD, R/12ˇ2744.

 

23 Wolff to Anderson, 1/11/44, "Camp Lyautey, Fedhala, Morocco (Near Casablanca)" (nd), Hayes to SS, 1/8/45, W 39, Evacns to Lyautey; Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS 5; NAfr Ref Ctr, Camp Marecha! Lyautey, 9/12/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Genl; FSR, 61-2; WH, 222-4; Murphy, Relief & Evacn Projects, 2/17/44, W 28, WRB 3; Ackermann to Pehle, 3/4/44, 11/4/44, Beckelman to Anderson, 2/20/ 44, W I, Ack; Hayes to SS, 2/16/44, W 8, McDonald, Exhs; MD 702/86-7; Stmt on Casablanca Ref Camp, 5/29/44, OC; Standish to Lesser (4/44], W 49, ICR 3.

 

24 MD 716/258, 736/224; WH, 222, 442; Ackermann to Pehle, 11/4/44, W I, Ack; Pehle to Land, 7/11/44, W 50, WSA.

 

25 Hayes to SS, 1/8/45, Rpt on Fedhala Camp, 8/28/44, u/c Offie to SS, 9/ 22/44, W 39, Evacn to Lyautey; Emgn Figures, u/c Cleveland to Joy, 2/7/45, USC, AF; Blickenstaff, Evacn of Stateless Refs to N Afr, 12/27/44, u/c Blickenstaff to AF Lisbon, 12/27/44, Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS 5; Beckelman to Anderson, 2/20/44, W I, Ack; FR 1944, v 1, 996-7; WH, 11, 225-8. The camp was named Marechal Lyautey.

 

26 FR 1944, v 1, 1064, 1080, 1093-4; Weatherford to Jessup, 2/20/45, AF, FS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from; WH, 140, 229; Ackermann to Pehle, 11/4/44, W 1, Ack. This camp was called Jeanne d'Arc Ref Camp. The Allied military incorrectly estimated its capacity at 10, 000 to 40, 000. The French hampered its use by imposing regulations making refugee exit through liberated France difficult. (Marks, Memo for Files, 4/11/45, W 16, Mann.)

 

27 MD 707/239-40, 712/229; WH, 232; Standish to Lesser (4/44], W 49, ICR; HID, 9783; Burton to Joy, 5/7/44, USC, Sen Burton; Pehle, Memo, 4/15/ 44, TH 1.

 

28 MD 707/239-40; Pehle to Ackermann, 4/13/44, W I, Ack; JPC 1025-7; Marks & Murphy, Cfs Held in Office of Ennis (3/44], TH 1. Emergency camps in the US had been suggested at least as early as summer 1942 (eg, AI Rpt, 4th, 6, 15; NYP, 6/21/43, 23).

 

29 MD 716/175.

 

30 MD 716/171-3.

 

31 MD 708/43; HSD, v 46, 86, 114-5, 145, v 47, 21; Stimson to Pehle, 3/31/ 44, ASW 5; Pehle, Memo, 3/9/44, TH 1; Hull, Morgenthau, & Stimson to FDR, 5/8/44, FDR, OF 3186; Estb TH. Earlier discussions of the plan with the 3 secretaries are covered in MD 709/27, 712/229, 716/174, 178-9; Pehle, Memo for Files, 3/9/44, TH 1. Stimson's Diary for Mar 9, 21, & 31 clearly shows his resolute restrictionism. There is also a hint of anti-Semitism, but a broader examination of Stimson's diary and papers tends to nullify that impression (MD 708/44).

 

32 MD 726/33-9, 146-62.

 

33 MD 726/33; HSD, v 46, 114-5, v 47, 21; Travers to Hull, 5/5/44, Warren to SS, 5/5/44, SD, R/5499; Estb TH.

 

34 Hull, Morgenthau, & Stimson to FDR, 5/8/44, FDR, OF 3186; Estb TH; HSD, v 46, 209; MD 716/175, 178. The attorney general advised that legal justification existed for instituting the plan by executive action (Gitlin to Cooley, 4/ 3/44, 4/8/44, Cooley to Ally Gen, 4/10/ 44, Legis 17437; Estb TH).

 

35 NYT, 6/3/44, 15; MD 717/196, 198, 741/234; NYP, 4/5/44, 24, 4/15/ 44, 10, 4/21/44, 4; Grafton script, 4/23/ 44, W 66, G-H.

 

36 All dates in 1944. Eg, NYP, 4/20, 23, 4/22, 4, 5/15, 18-9, 5/31, 6, 6/1, 4, 19, 23, 6/2, 1, 6/5, 17, 6/10, 11; NYHT, 4/20, 22, 5/27, 10; NYT, 5/4, 18, 6/10, 14, 6/12, 21; Lesser to Sheerin, 5/1, W 25, Sheerin; NY Daily Mirror, 5/13, 13; Gomberg to Beck & Rosenwald, 5/16, NRS 557; BG, 5/8, 10, 6/28, 13; MD 724/108-12, 738/42; Pringle, History of the War, 4/19, Wise to Pehle, 4/3, Baerwald to WRB, 4/26, TH 1; NR, 5/15, 666; Nation, 6/10, 670-1; Commonweal, 5/12, 76-7, 6/9, 172; CC. 5/24, 636; Weinstein to Pehle. 4/20, W 22, Radio/Grafton; CfR 10; Kalmanowitz to Pehle, 5/8, W 68, T-V; Draft Itr to FDR. 5/9, AJC, Imgn Series. Refs-Rescue of; YSH, 28.

 

37 MD 721/181. 735/217-9. 738/42- 3, 741/234; Frenyear to Hull. 5/12/44. Frenyear to Pehle. 5/17/44, FDR, OF 5477; WHo231; Cavert to Smith. 5/22/ 44, FCC, B 100. FCC 1940-49; Ingraham to Pehle. 4/20/44. W 29, YWCA; Pickett to FDR. 4/27/44, W 66, A; Atkinson to Pehle, 5/3/44, W 66. C-D; Joy to Burton. 5/12144. USC, Sen Burton; McDonald to FDR, 5/12/44, W 67. M-N; Green to FDR, 5/8/44, FDR, OF 3186; NYT, 5/26/44, 19.5/30/44, 8; IR. 7/10/44, 226.

 

38 Pickett. Memo on Visit to Wn. 4/4/ 44. AF. FS. Wn Trips; MD 722/340; NYHT, 4/19/44, 1; NYT, 4/19/44. 1; Gomberg to Beck & Rosenwald, 5/8/44, 5/16/44, 5/31/44. Beck to Gomberg, 5/ 12/44. NRS 557; Dept Heads' Mtg. 5/2/ 44. NRS 734; Gomberg to Slobodin, 9/ 26/45. NRS 559; Lesser to Pehle, 3/21/ 44, TH 1; Wn EC Mins. 4/13/44, JI. EC #48.

 

39 MD 722/134, 726/146. The poll registered 23% disapproval & 7% "don't know." WRB files include 3-1/2, boxes (66-69) of incoming correspondence on free ports. It was very heavily favorable (Towler to Hodel [9/44], W 52, Admin Matters).

 

40 Pehle, Memo, 5/11/44, TH 2; MD 732/62-3; Pehle to Hull, Morgenthau, & Stimson. 5/20/44, FDR. OF 3186.

 

41 Ch 12 above, Italy section; MD 732/63-4; DuBois, Memo for Files, 5/ 26/44. TH 2.

 

42 Pehle to FDR. 5/18/44. FDR. OF 3186.

 

43 Ch 12 above, Italy section; PC/ FDR, 5/30/44, 203; MD 737/85; Gomberg to Beck & Rosenwald, 5/31/44. NRS 557.

 

44 MD 738/39-40.

 

45 PC/FDR. 6/2/44, 212-4.

 

46 McCloy to Morgenthau. 6/2/44. TH 3; MD 741/47-8; PCIFDR, 6/9/44, 233-4; NYT. 6/10/44. 1, 9.

 

47 Proposed Message by the President to the Congress (nd). u/c Pehle to FDR. 5/18/44. FDR. OF 3186; PPA. 168-71; NYT, 6/13/44. 1, 8.

 

48 See pages 136. 153-4; PM, 8/2/44. 2.

 

49 MD 712/229; Pehle. Memo. 5/11/ 44. TH 2; Estb TH.

 

50 Pehle to Steinhardt, 4/22/44. W 26, Tur; Pehle to Ackermann, 4/25/44, W 1. Ack; Estb TH; MD 741/234.

 

51 Warren to 55, 5/5/44, SD, R/5499; DuBois, Memo for Files, 5/26/44, TH 2; ch 12 above, Italy section.

 

52 Joy to Grossmann, 6/10/44, USC, F: Dr. Joy-Com on Spec Ref Probs. Pehle later informed FDR that the Ft Ontario contribution had persuaded the British to allow 1, 500 refugees into Libya and the French to agree to the camp at Philippeville. Actually, the British acceded to the Libyan proposal before FDR accepted the Ft Ontario plan. And the decision on Philippeville was the result of pressure from the Allied military. (Pehle to FDR. 10/4/44, FDR, OF 4849; FR 1944. v 1. 1058. 1064, 1080. 1093-4.)

 

53 Pro free ports: eg, MD 743/43-6; Ans. 7/15/44. 17; NR, 6/19/44, 801; Nation, 8/12/44. 171; Christian Council on Pal. Pr Rei. 8/4/44; Towler to Hodel [9/ 44]. W 52, Admin Matters; Fry to FDR. 6/14/44. AJCg (LA) to Pehle. 8/3/44, W 66, A; Detzer to Pehle. 6/26/44. W 68, Ltrs from WRB; Petitions in W 68. Admsn of Refs; NYP, 6/22/44. 10; NYT, 8/5/44, 24; WH, 234; FDR to Hun, 8/14/44, FDR, OF 3186.

 

54 Watertown Daily Times [8/27/44], u/c Speight to FDR. 8/29/44, W 68, 5; Jordan to FDR [6/44], W 67, I-J; Mann to Sirs, 6/12/44, Fast to Johnson, 6/15/ 44, W 68, Disapproval; Mott to Hull, 6/ 21/44, SD, R/6373; NY Sun, 7/29/44, 6; WTH, 8/19/44, Memo beginning, "Mrs. Brown, representing Life Magazine, " 8/ 30/44, TH 5.

 

55 Miami Herald, 6/15/44, 6A, 7/28/ 44, 6A, 9/28/44, 4A; Watertown Daily Times [8/27/44], u/c Speight to FDR, 8/29/44, W 68, S; Kinnear to Wallgren, 8/30/44, W 27, Wallgren; John Trevor, Refugees 1944 (7/44), Wilmeth to Dickstein, 7/27/44, Hetzel to Dickstein, 7/ 30/44, Legis 16453; NYT, 10/13/44, 8; WH, 948; NYP, 7/3/44, 15, 8/10/44, 7; Standish to Lesser [4/44], W 49, ICR 3; HID, 9783; Joy to Burton, 5/4/44, Burton to Joy, 5/7/44, USC, Sen Burton; Pehle, Memo, 4/15/44, TH 1; Biddle to FDR, 12/29/44, FDR, OF 3186; Dubin, Rpt on discussion with Travers, 12/5/45, NRS 558; Dubin to Loeb, 5/23/45, NRS 552; Macon Telegraph, 8/8/44, TH 5.

 

56 TS, 10-3, 17-9; FO Rpt 1, p 39; NYT, 8/5/44, 13, 8/6/44, 29; SG, 9/44, 386; IR, 9/28/44, 295-6; Probs & Recomndns (nd), u/c Marks to O'Dwyer, 3/20/45, TH 10; WH, 235; FO Statistics Memo #6, 3/19/45, u/c Rose to Larned, 4/7/45, IMS, Oswego Proj. 7% were Roman Catholic; 3%, Greek Orthodox; 1%, Protestant.

 

57 TS, 22.

 

58 Rpts Office Narrative Rpt for 8/44, WRA 180; MD 763/33; Newspaper clippings in TH 5; JR, 9/28/44, 293; Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, u/c Pehle to FDR, 10/4/44, FDR, OF 4849.

 

59 WH, 11; US Dept of Interior, WRA: A Story of Human Conservation (1946), 164.

 

60 FO Statistics Memo #6, 3/19/45, IMS, Oswego Proj; FO Rpt 1, p 39; Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, FDR, OF 4849; Memo beginning, "Experience proves that living in a camp" [4/20/45], NRS 552; Schuchman's rpt [8/44], NRS 557.

 

61 Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, FDR, OF 4849; TS, 21, 28, 36-7; FSR, 65; FO Rpt 1, p 42; IR, 9/28/44, 296; FOH, 57.

 

62 Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, FDR, OF 4849; TS, 30-3; Memo beginning, "Experience proves" [4/20/45], NRS 552; Excerpt of ltr from Smart, 9/23/44, u/c Dubin to Beck 10/30/44, Dubin to Beck, 10/11/44, Gomberg to Dubin, 11/ 1/44, NRS556; Reifer, Confidential Rpt, 1/22/45, USC, WRA; JPC 1022-4, 1037-41.

 

63 Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, FDR, OF 4849; TS, 40.

 

64 JPC 1012, 1052-3; FOH, 109-10, 178-9; MD 754/225; Schuchman's rpt [8/44], Brandeis, Rpt on ERS [8/30/44], NRS 557; PM, 2/26/45, 10; TS, 11-2; Interview with Mrs. Reifer, 8/11/44, USC, WRA; Wolff to AF, 5/5/45, with enclosure, draft Memorial to the President & Congress [5/45], u/c Smart to Jones, 5/8/45, AF, FS 4.

 

65 Bondy, Emerg Ref Shelter Ft Ont, 1/45, NRS 559; Myer to O'Dwyer, 3/16/ 45, with enclosures, Probs & Recomndns (nd), u/c Marks to O'Dwyer, 3/20/45, TH 10.

 

66TS, 41; Nell to ER, 12/12/44, ER 2994/190 Misc; Wolff to ER, 2/1/45, with enclosure, ER 944/70 Morgenthau; Godfrey to ER, 2/17/45, ER to Godfrey, 2/24/45, ER 1758/100; Schauffler to Jones, 2/21/45, AF, FS 4; JPC 1022-4; Holstein to Wise, 2/2/45, NRS 552; Notes on Mtg of Com on Camps, 11/14/ 44, USC, WRA; Myer to WRB, 9/19/44, FDR, OF 4849.

 

57 Bondy, Emerg Ref Shelter Ft Ont, 1/45, NRS 559; Memo beginning, "Experience proves" [4/20/45], NRS 552; TS, 41-3; Pitts to Myer, 6/4/45, WRA 202; Powers, Final Rpt of Shelter Director, 4/18/46, pp 13-9, FO Rpts; FO Rpt 1, pp 39, 41; Gruber to kkes, 9/24/44, WRA220; Smart, AMessage to the People of FO, 11/9/44, Pitts to All Shelter Residents, 6/20/45, WRA 005.3; Harding to Myer, 1/31/45, Rpt of Sanitary Inspection of Shelter Kitchens, 3/20/45, WRA290; Schroeder, Final Rpt of Mess Operations Section, 2/20/46, FO Rpts; Reifer, Rpt on Work at FO, 1/22-2/22/ 45, USC, WRA; The Children of A --- B ---, u/c Myer to O'Dwyer, 3/16/45, TH 10.

 

68 Bondy, Emerg Ref Shelter Ft Ont, 1/45, NRS559; Bondy, Observations on ERS (nd), FO Rpts; Schuchman's rpt [8/44], Brandeis, Rpt on ERS [8/30/44], NRS 557; Announcement by Shelter Dir, 1/3/45, WRA220; Smart, An Apology, 8/19/44, WRA 005.3; Interview with Mrs. Reifer, 8/11/44, USC, WRA.

 

69 Wolff to ER, 2/1/45, ER 944170 Morgenthau; Godfrey to ER, 2/17/45, ER 1758/100; Schauffler to Jones, 2/21/ 45, AF, FS 4; JPC 983, 1022-4, 1052- 3; Myer to Ickes, 12/7/44, TH 9; FO Rpt 3, p 14; MD 825/300-3; HID, 9783, 9789, 9812; Ickes to Byrnes, 7/31/ 45, SD, R/7-3145; Shaughnessy to Carusi, 12/28/44, Legis 17436.

 

70 MD 825/300-3; JPC 1022-4; Smart to Myer, 9/4/44, WRA 001.

 

71 JPC 985, 1037-41; Biddle to FDR, 12/29/44, FDR to Atty Gen, 1/17/45, FDR, OF 3186; MD 825/299, 8281/102- 3, 829IV391, 852/141; Schauffler, Bkgd of Oswego Situation, 3/28/45, MEJ, WRA: Re ERS, Oswego, 5/2/45, AF, FS 4; Cf Held in Office of Under Secy of Interior, 12/28/44, Stmts of US Govt Officials, 12/26/44, TH 9; FO Rpt 3, p 13; TS, 91-2; O'Dwyer, Memo for Files, 3/14/45, TH 10.

 

72 MD 8281/103.

 

73 NYWT, 9/22/44, TH 6; PM, 2/15/ 45, 20; ER to Spitzer, 3/13/45, ER to Selden-Goth, 3/5/45, ER 1764/100; ER to Godfrey, 2/24/45, ER 1758/100.

 

74 Myer to Ickes, 1217/44, TH 9; F-- K--, u/c Myer to O'Dwyer, 3/ 16/45, TH 10; Koppelmann to Dickstein, 7/6/45, Legis 17436; TS, 71.

 

75 Schauffler, Bkgd of Oswego Situation, 3/28/45, Jones to Curtis, 5/11/45, Am Chr Com for Refs et al to O'Dwyer [5/15/45], AF, FS 4; Margolies, Wkly Rpts of Welfare Section, 3/11-17/45, 4/ 8-14/45, 4/15-21/45, WRA 007.1; Probs & Recomndns (nd), u/c Marks to O'Dwyer, 3/20/45, TH 10; JPC 1037- 41; FOH, passim; Markley, New Residents of Am: Final Study of Attitudes, 2/13/46, p 49, FO Rpts; NYHT, 3/13/ 45, 21.

 

76 Cf Held in Office of Under Secy of Interior, 12/28/44, TH 9; IMS, Statistical Section of a Study Made at FO, 5/1/ 45, pp 13-4, Hutchinson to Myer, 5/16/ 45, IMS, Oswego Proj.

 

77 Myer to O'Dwyer, 3/16/45, with enclosures, Black to ER, 3/5/45, TH 10; PM, 2/26/45, 10; FOH, 39-40; Myer to Ickes, 12/7/44, TH 9; TS, 71; Mins of Com on Camps, 5/11/45, AF, FS 4.

 

78 CEP Jour, 12/14/45; JPC 1046-7, 1074; Robinson, Larned, et al to HST, 10/22/45, NRS 558; NYT, 8/26/45, 1, 34, 35, 9/30/45, 1, 38, 39; Sherman to Wahl, 11/16/45, Legis 17436.

 

79 JPC 1065, 1074; Robinson, Larned, et al to HST, 10/22/45, NRS 558; Sherman to Wahl, 11/16/45, Legis 17436.

 

80 JPC 1072.

 

81 FO Rpt 3, pp 18-24; WRA, Semi- Annual Rpt, 7/1/45-12/31/45, pp 32- 3, FO Rpts; HID, 10190; JPC 1037-41, 1054, 1059-63, 1066, 1073-5; Ickes to Byrnes, 7/31/45, SD, R/7-3145; Sherman to Wahl, 11/16/45, Legis 17436; Dubin to Hurwitz, 1/30/46, NRS 557; Robinson, Larned, et al to HST, 10/22/ 45, Levy to Dubin, 12/11/45, Dubin, Mins of Mtg held 12/12/45, NRS 558; Smart to Myer, 5/4/45, WRA 213; Friends of FO, Stmt by Sponsors Com (nd), u/c Smart to HST, 7/9/45, WRA 111; NYT, 6/3/45, 17, 6/11/45, 16, 7/ 16/45, 9; Vance to Halla, 8/2/45, SD, R/ 7-645; FOH, 8-9, 100-2.

 

82 NYT, 5/17/45, 3; FOH, passim, esp ii, 1-5, 25-30, 41-96; Smart to Dickstein, 6/19/45, with enclosure, Legis 17436; "A. Preliminary Statement" (handwritten notes) (nd), Legis 17437; Myer to Ickes, 6/30/45, with enclosed "Rpt on the Hearing at FO, " WRA 003; Memo beginning, "In accordance with an Exec Memo, " 10/1/45, Dubin to Perlman, 11/20/45, NRS 558. For press coverage: Newspaper Clippings file of TH; Clippings file of Legis 17436.

 

83 Memo beginning, "To be used only in the event" (nd), Resol passed by House Com on Imgn [7/3/45], Cooley, Memo for File, 7/6/45, Pr Rei [7/6/45] (not issued), Dickstein, Com on Imgn Resol, 7/6/45, Cooley to Smart, 7/9/45, Legis 17436; Notes on mtg of Camp Com, 7/10/45, USC, Am Council; FO Rpt 3, pp 19-24; WRA, Semi-Annual Rpt, 7/1/45-12/31/45, p 33, FO Rpts; NYHT, 6/27/45, 3; Myer to Ickes, 6/30/ 45, WRA 003; NYT, 10/5/45, 21, 10/ 16/45, 25; Dickstein to HST, 10/3/45, NRS558.

 

84 NYT, 12/23/45, 1, 10. For Truman's overall policy on rhe European DP problem, see Leonard Dinnerstein, Am & the Survivors of the Holocaust (1982).

 

85 JPC 1087-91, 2075. Sixty-six of the refugees had already returned voluntarily to Yugoslavia (Vance et al to State, Justice, & Interior Depts, 10/24/45, TI:I, Paneling. of Refs at FO).

 

86 JPC 1091.

 

87 AJC, Memo to Members, '1/14/46, AJC, Imgn Series, Refs-Rescue of; Syracuse Post-Standard, 1/2/46, wRA 190.

 

88 Saunders to Smart, 9/20/44, Silverˇ man to Smart, 5/14/45, Smart to Silverman, 5/18/45, WRA 130; Oswego Palladium-Times, 8/4/45, WRA 190; Nash to Markley, 9/7/44, Smart to Nash, 9/11/44, WRA 170; Rpts Office Narrative Rpt for 8/44, WRA 180; FO Rpt 2, p 7; Markley, New Residents of Am, 2/13/46, p 20, Markley, Prelim Rpt 2, 1/21/46, pp 4-5, Markley, Prelim Rpt 7, 1/28/46, p 3, FO Rpts; FOH, 53-77; Whitney to Jones, 9/9/44, AF, RS, Internees, AF Proj at ERS, FO; Godfrey to ER, 2/17/45, ER 1758/100; PM, 2/27/ 45, 10; NYP, 11/22/44, 8; Time, 8/6/45, 22.

 

89 FO Rpt 2, p 8; TS, 8; Godfrey to ER, 2/17/45, ER 1758/100.

 

90 Pitts to Myer, 6/12/45, WRA 007.1; numerous newspaper clippings in WRA 190; Syracuse Post-Standard [7/2/45], Legis 17436; Markley, Prelim Rpt 7, 1/ 28/46, P 1, FO Rpts.

 

91 FOH, 56; FO Rpt 2, p 8; Burke to Wagner, 5/21/45, Nase to Hawkes, 5/ 31/45, TH, May-June 1945; Myer to Ickes, 6/30/45, with enclosed "Rpt on the Hearing at FO, " WRA 003; Quinn to HST, 6/4/45, SD, R/6-445; Ltr from Litchfield, 6/10/45, SD, R/5-1045. The extensive press coverage on the hearings is reflected in TH, Newspaper Clippings file; & in Legis 17436, Clippings file; also Time, 8/6/45, 22, and Newsweek 7/ 16/45, 30. Correspondence to the Dickstein committee, including the 3 quotations, is in: Com VI-Incoming Corresp file in Legis 17436.

 

92 Eg, Biddle to FDR, 12/29/44, FDR, OF 3186; Joy to Burton, 5/4/44, Burton to Joy, 5/7/44, USC, Sen Burton; Dubin to Loeb, 5/23/45, NRS 552; Dubin, Rpt on discussion wirh Travers, 12/5/45, NRS 558; Pehle, Memo, 4/15/44, TH 1; Draft Itr to Mrs. Morgenthau [10/44], TH 7; HID, 9783.

 

93 Memo on Ber Cf on rhe Ref Prob (nd), W 3, Ber Cf.

 

94 FR 1944, v 1, 1076; MD 758/71; H II, 16, Exh K; WH, 286.

 

95 Clattenburg, Convsn with Schenkolewski, 5/25/44, SD, R/6406; FR 1944, vI, 1076, 1146-7, 1175-80, 1188; WH, 284-5; RM, 56.

 

96 RM, 55; FSR, 43-4; Memo Concerning Jewish Civil Internees, 5/1/44, W 56, Jews in Eur: Feb-Apr; AI Rpt, 5th, 4; Segal to Slawson, 4/20/44, AJC, Imgn Series, Refs-Rescue of. Some of the camps were at Vittel, Compiegne, Liebenau, & Tittmoning (WH, 247). On this topic, also see YVS, v 1, 125-52.

 

97 FSR, 33; WH, 247, 253; BL to Travers, 12/16/43, BLP, B 202, Refs; RM, 54-5; FR 1944, vi, 1000-1; Memo Concerning Jewish Civil Internees, 5/11 44, W 56, Jews in Eur: Feb-Apr.

 

98 MD 718/224, 723/347-8; Polish Emb (Wn), Memo, 12/24/43, SD, R/ 5054; Travers to Tress, 1/11144, SD, R/ 5053; RM, 57; JM, Memo for Files Re Paraguayan Citizens in Fr, 2/21/44, W 46, LA Passports 1; Hull to Istanbul, 12/ 29/43, SD, R/4969.

 

99 MD 718/89-90, 224; FR 1944, v 1, 1000-1, 1023-4; WH, 247.

 

100 MD 718/90-2, 173, 194, 222-4, 719/181; C1attenburg, Memo of Cf [4/ 10/44], SD, R/3-2344.

 

101 MD 718/92, 106-15, 172, 192, 225; AI Rpt, 6th, 5; FR 1944, v 1, 1023- 4; Tait to Huddle, 4/19/44 (twice), JKH to Tait, 4/21144, W 56, Jews in Eur.

 

102 Clattenburg, Memo of Cf [4/10/ 44], SD, R/3-2344; MD 719/158, 180.

 

103 Clattenburg, Memo of Cf [4/10/ 44], SD, R/3-2344; FR 1944, v 1, 1024- 5; MD 718/194.

 

104 Clattenburg, Memo of Cf [4/10/ 44], SD, R/3-2344; FR 1944, v 1, 1026- 7, 1086-7; WH, 252-62. Peru did not comply (WH, 261).

 

105 WH, 262, 268-9; FR 1944, v 1, 1071-3, 1085-6, 1100-2, 1131, 1141, 1154, 1161; RM, 56-7; FSR, 34; Mc- Cormack to Exec Dir, 2/19[45], W 28, WRB (2 entries: Lat Am Passports & Exchange).

 

106 Rosenheim to Pehle, 112/45, W 46, LA Passports; RM, 57; Rescue, 10/44, 11; Am Legation (Bern) to Swiss Div of Foreign Interests, 2/15/45, W 56, Jews in Eur; PR, 1977 (v 22/4), 12; MD 718/ 89-90, 759/220.

 

107 Hayes, Memo re Baraibar, 3/18/43, CH, B 3, Jordana; Excerpts & Summary of Rpt on Spain from Conard, 11/20/43, AF, RS 6; Avni, 131-8. More regarding the Sephardic Jews appears in Avni, ch 5.

 

108 Hayes, Memo re Baraibar, 3/18/43, CH, B 3, Jordana; Blickenstaff to Boyer- Mas, 12/7/43, u/c Mann Rpt; Excerpts & Summary of Rpt on Spain from Conard, 11/20/43, AF, RS 6; Avni, 141-2.

 

109 Avni, 142, 144, 147-56; Blickenstaff to Pan de Soraluce, 11/10/43, AF, FS, Ctry Sp 1943-45, Ltrs, Conlid; MD 702/36; Rescue, 11/44, 7; NYT, 2/17/ 44, 7.

 

110 Avni, 162; MD 752/131, 778/54, 793/287; Hull to Madrid, 9/11/44, SD, R/9-1144; Pehle to Leavitt, 10/24/44, W 19, AJJDC 1. WH, 274, mentions the evacuation of an additional 500 Sephardic Jews in late spring or summer 1944. FR 1944, v 1, 1036, repeats it. This is an error, probably based on a misreading of MD 752/131. The correct information appears in CH 2, pp 5-6, & CH 3, p4.

 

111 Kershner to Joy, 1/31144, use, AF; FR 1944, v 2, 266, 271-2; MD 706/ 311; FSR, 55-6.

 

112 GR, i, ii, iv, 14; Laughlin to Pehle, 3/7/44, W 9, Gr Relief Prog; FR 1943, v 4, 167-8, 172-5; Hull to Cairo, 3/23/ 44, SD, R/5481B; NYT, 10/6/44, 1, 4, 5, 11/1/44, 7. The depth of suffering in Greece is readily seen in NYT dispatches in early 1942 (eg, 1/19, 3, 1128, 12, 2/7, 4, 2/15, 25, 3/1, 27). The agreement with Germany permitted the removal of surplus varieties of food from Greece, but only if they were replaced with other food (GR, i). There were several indications of German violations (eg, NYT, 9/7/43, 12, 1/9/44, 31, 8/2/ 44, 8, 8/3/44, 10). But other reputable reports denied violations (eg, CSM, 4/9/ 43, 11; NYT, 4/20/43, 22, 4/21/43, 11).

 

113 Hyman, Extension of Relief in Occupied Poland, 11/13/42, Baerwald to Wise, 11/27/42, JDC, G/E, Poland, Gen; AF Mins, For Serv Section (Ctr, Ref & Relief), 5/27/43; AF Mins, Jt For Serv Exec Com (Ctr, Ref & Relief), 6/ 24/43; Boris Shub, Starvation Over Europe (Made in Germany) (1943); CW, 4/ 30/43, 3-8; NYT, 11/13/43, 8.

 

114 NYT, 5/12/43, 4; FR 1943, v 1, 387; FR 1944, v 2, 254; FR 1945, v 5, 29.

 

115 Long, Convsn with Goldmann, Wise, & Acheson, 9/29/42, Brandt, Convsn with Leavitt, Baerwald, Hyman, et al, 12/2/42, BLP, B 209, Special Div Relief for Jews; BLD, 261-2; Hayes to Leavitt, 8/4/42, Buchman to Hayes, 8/ 7/42, Leavitt to Schwartz, 12/13/42, Katzki to AJDC, 5/4/43, 6/8/43, 8/19/ 43, Leavitt to AJDC Lisbon, 8/2/43, JDC, G/E, Poland, Gen; CW, 5/14/43, 13-4; JF, 3/42, 4-5, 3/43, 3; FR 1943, v 1, 386-7; Lehman to Acheson, 3/16/43, BLP, B 194, For Relief& Rehab.

 

116 Detzer, Appointment, 244-9; Kershner to ER, 6/5/42, ER 2607/170; NYT, 12/4/42, 17; NYT (1943), 1/23, 7, 3/12, 7, 5/21, 18, 1115, 2, 11/8, 6, 11/15, 24, 11/16, 20, 12/27, 15; NYT, 3/12/44, rv, 6; Israel, 160; AF Mins, Jt For SeIVExec Com (Ctr, Ref & Relief), 6/24/43, 11/1/ 43; Johnson to ER, 3/30/44, ER 1729/ 100.

 

117 NYT (1943), 7/9, 4, 11/5, 2, 11/11, 8, 11/12, 14, 11/27, 12, 12/21, 10; NYT (1944), 1/28, 19, 1/30, 36, 2/16, 34, 3/ 12, rv, 6, 4/18, 5, 6/5, 14; Sen Rpt No 624 (78 Cong, 1st ses), 12/20/43; SFE, 12/21/43, 9; Detzer, Appointment, 245- 51; S Res 100, u/c Mins of Exec Com of NRS, 5/20/43, AF, RS, C/O, NRS; WP, 1/25/44, 10, 3/25/44, 10; Johnson to ER, 3/30/44, ER 1729/100. The Gallup poll recorded 22% opposed & 13% with no opinion (NYT, 2/12/44, 6).

 

118 FR 1944, v 2, 252-64, 268-81, 285-300; FR 1945, v 5, 26-31; CEP Jour, 7/13/44; Stettinius, Convsn with Kershner, 8/9/44, BLP, B 202, Relief.

 

119 My Day, 3/6/44 release, ER, B 3148; WP, 3/2/44, 13.

 

120 CEP Jour, 1/16/43, 3/26/43, 4/12/ 43, 6/15/43, 7/13/44; Long, Convsn with Pehle, 10/28/43, SD 862.4016/ 2292; BLD, 258, 277.

 

121 MD 701/262.

 

122 WH, 10, 351; FSR, 57-8; Schauffler to Branson, 4/11/44, AF, FS, Food & Feeding; Peduck to Mign Staff, 3/24/ 44, NRS 585; NYT, 4/15/44, 12.

 

123 WH, 10, 329; FSR, 56-7. This proposal had been advocated by the UOR as early as 1942 and by the JEC in the program it sent to Bermuda in 1943 (BG, 6/25/42, 14; CW, 4/30/43, 14).

 

124 WH, 329-30, 1176-8; Huber to Harrison, 5/12/44, W 47, IRC.

 

125 MD 744/191, 755/290; Rpt to the President, u/c O'Dwyer to HST, 6/25/ 45, W 51, Food Pkgs 6; Foreign War Relief Operations (House Doc 262), 7/ 17/45, 94; Zollinger to Pehle, 7/26/44, PSC 1/12; WH, 336; RM, 45; Burckhardt, Communique 284b, 5/17/45, W 60, ICRC/Camps.

 

126 MD 744/191; FR 1944, v 2, 267; Rpt to the President, u/c O'Dwyer to HST, 6/25/45, W 51, Food Pkgs 6; RM, 46; FSR, 14-5, 58; WH, 7, 341-2. At the end of 1944, blockade authorities authorized 300, 000 additional food parcels, and Roosevelt allotted $1, 125, 000 more from foreign-war-relief funds. But these parcels were not ready before the war in Europe ended.

 

127 FSR, 58-9; WH, 342-5; FR 1945, v 2, 1136-40; MD 826/90-4, 840/226.

 

128 Harrison to SS, 3/22/45, W 60, ICRC/Camps; MD 834/172, 840/226; RM, 52-3; FSR, 59; McC to O'Dwyer, 4/13/45, W 4, Central L I; Harrison to SS, 4/27/45, 5/4/45, W 44, Switz-New Prog. Felix Kersten was probably involved in these arrangements (Kersten, Memoirs, 9-21, 275-80).

 

129 Numbers in parentheses refer to pages in this book.

 

Evacuation: via Turkey, 4, 000-5, 000 (pages 216-20); via Spain, 1, 000 (page 226); from Finland, 150 (page 231); to Switz, 4, 250 (page 233); to Switz by negotiations, 2, 896 (pages 246-7, 250); Hungary to Rumania, 2, 000 (page 233); Hungary to Yugoslavia, some (pages 229, 233).

 

Protection: McClelland's fund, 8, 000 & up (page 232); exchanges & Latin American document recognition, 2, 000 (pages 277, 279).

 

Diplomatic/Psychological: Transnistria (pages 219-20); Budapest (pages 237-8, 240-3).

 

Non-Jews Evacuated: to Sweden, 16, 200 (pages 229-30); to Switz, 1, 400 (page 284); Yugoslavs (by reopening flow in spring 1944), 5, 000-6, 000 (pages 227-8); also Wilson to AGWAR for CCS, 5/24/44, 6/9/44, W 14, It 2).

 

The WRB left no final estimate of the numbers it helped save, only referring to "tens of thousands" (WH, 13). In Feb 1945, the WRB did calculate that about 126, 604 (Jews & non-Jews) had been rescued since its formation (McCormack to Exec Dir, 2/19[45], W 28, WRB 3).

 

130 Hn to Lubin, 4/20/44, FDR, OF 5477; Hn to Cox, 3/13/44, OC; H III, 8. Excluding Soviet Jews, about 1, 000, 000Jews remained alive in Europe at the end of the war-though estimates ranged as high as 1, 500, 000 (FSR, 72; Pinkerton to SS, 6/23/45, SO, R/6-2345; NYT, 1/11/45, 17, 5/24/45, 7).

 

131 Hyman to Warburg, 5/10/44, JDC, Rpts; CEP Jour, 4/4/44; RM, 75.

 

132 WH, 1300; Pickett to Pehle, 10/ 18/44, AF, RS, US Govt, WRB; Kalmanowitz to Pehle, 2/1/45, W 27, VH; Mohler to Mulholland, 6/11/45, Mulholland to Mohler, 6/13/45, BI 98, WRB, W-1.

 

133 AAF, 636-7, 649; NYT, 7/24/44, 1, 8/3/44, 1, 8/22/44, 1; KCS, 8/6/44, lOA, 8/25/44, 2; WP, 8/31/44, 4; Marks, Draft Exec Order, 9/12/44, W 28, WRB 3; MD 799/179-80, 800/1-6, 12, 245; NYHT, 12/1/44, 17.

 

134 Pehle to Hoffman, 12/23/44, W 9, M Hoffman; MD 809/91, 812/202; Memo beginning, "The Emerg Com ... has noted with regret" (nd), A. W. Bennet Papers, B 25, F I, J Affairs; Bergson to Celler, 1/8/45, PSC 1/16; NYP, 1/29/ 45, 4; NYT, 1/28/45, 19; Pehle to WRB, 1/27/45, W 28, WRB 3.

 

135 O'Dwyer biographical data, 4/6/ 45, W 26, Un J Welfare Fund; FEA, Brief Review of O'Dwyer's Activities (nd), O'Dwyer; NYT, 4/7/42, 23, 6/24/ 44, 7, 9/5/44, 3, 11/7/45, 2.

 

136 AF Mins, For Serv Staff, 3/19/45; MD 816/45-6, 823/240, 825/134, 826/ 14; Schauffler to Jones, 2/21/45, AF, FS 4; O'Dwyer's Press Cf, 1/31/45, W 28, WRB 3; NYT, 1/31/45, 23, 2/2/45, 4, 5/2/45, 12.

 

137 MD 825/92, 134, 8281/104, 831/ 229-30, 839/110, 124-6A, 243, 847/31- 2, 132-4; Schauffler to Jones, 2/21/45, Jones to Schauffler, 5/16/45, MEJ, Cf with Silverman, 5/2/45, AF, FS 4; NYP, 1/29/45, 4; 3 vols of press clippings on O'Dwyer & the mayoralty race, W 53, O'Dwyer; NYT, 5/30/45. 21. O'Dwyer announced his availability for the mayoralty of New York on May 31. He was elected in November by a wide margin. (NYT, 6/1/45, 1, 11/7/45, 1.)

 

138 DuBois-Jarvik interview, 10/23/78; Pehle-Jarvik interview, 10/16/78. The WRB was officially disbanded by executive order on 9/14/45 (Federal Register, 9/15/45, 11789).

 

[b]CHAPTER 15. THE BOMBING OF AUSCHWITZ[/b]

 

1 15AF, Historical Summary: First Year of Operations (1944), 5, in RG 243, 58, Sec 3.

 

2 Rudolf Vrba & Alan Bestic, I Cannot Forgive (1964), 198, 231-4, 247-9; GEC (quotation is from pp 14, 16).

 

3 Vrba & Bestic, I Cannot Forgive, 249-50; Braham I, 1014; Livia Rotkirchen, The Destruction of Slovak Jewry: A Documentary History (1961), xli; Dulles to McC, 6/15/44, with enclosures, McC to Pehle, 10/12/44, W 61, Extmn Camps; Gerhart Riegner to David Wyman, 5/25/77; MD 750/354- 60, 751/239, 800/193; WH, 447.

 

4 WLB, v 27, 1973/74, 42; Manchester Guardian, 6/27/44, 4, 8, 6/28/44, 8; NYT, 6/20/44, 5. McClelland telegraphed an 8-page summary of the report to Washington on 7/6/44 (Harrison to SS, 7/6/44, W 56, Jews in Eur; MD 750/354-60).

 

5 "Explanation of wire from our friends in Slovakia" (nd), with attached telegram, W 62, UOR Gan-June 1944).

 

6 "Just now a second telegramme" [5/ 23/44], with attached telegram, McC to de Jong, 5/25/44, with enclosure, Harrison to SS, 6/2/44, Sternbuch to McC, 6/22/44, W 62, UOR.

 

7 Pinkerton to SS, 6/2/44, W 34, Hung 2 (last); Yalkut Moreshet, 6/71, 87-8, 102.

 

8 MB & GFl, "We are sending you, " 5/22/44, W 61, Extmn Camps; Riegner to Wyman, 5/25/77.

 

9 Dulles to McC, 6/15/44, with enclosures, W 61, Extmn Camps; Riegner to Wyman, 5/25/77; MD 750/184-8.

 

10 Paraphrase of cable [6/12/44], attached to Hilldring to OPD, 6/23/44, RG 165(1); Polityka, 8/9/75; PR, 1977 (v 22/4), 14; Rosenheim to Morgenthau, Hull, Stimson, 6/18/44, W 35, Hung 5.

 

11 Office of ASW to WRB, 6/20/44, ASW 5; Hilldring to OPD, 6/23/44, RG 165(1); Pehle, Memo for Files, 6/24/44, W 35, Hung 5.

 

12 Ray Cline, Washington Command Post: The Operations Division (1951), ix; CAD D/F (Hilldring to OPD), 6/23/44, inc date stamps, RG 16.5, CAD 383.7 (1) (1-21-43) Sec 2; Hull to ASW, 11114/ 44, ASW 2; all of RG 165(1).

 

13 FR 1944, v 1, 987-90; MD 699/22; TRH, Memo for Record [6/26/44], RG 165(1); Pasco to Gailey, 2/7/44, Handy to Chief of Staff, 2/8/44, JHC, Memo for Record (nd), RG 165, OPD 334.8, WRB, Sec I, case 1.

 

14 TRH, Memo for Record [6/26/44], RG 165(1); Morgenthau to McCloy, 1/ 28/44, ASW 5.

 

15 Same as preceding note; also Mc- Narney to ASW, 2/6/44, ASW 5.

 

16 WH, 439, 1315; Gerhardt, Memo for Sub-com, 2/11/44, Mtg Held at 4:00, 2/11/44, ASW 5; Saxon, Rpt to Pehle, 4/10/44, Ackermann to Pehle, 5/24/44, W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs. Five months later, Caffey remained wholly uncooperative (Ackermann to Pehle, 9/7/44, W I, Ack). Herbert Lehman, director of UNRRA, found the military similarly unwilling to cooperate in his organization's efforts (Allan Nevins, Herbert H. Lehman & His Era [1963], chs 11-12).

 

17 OPD DIF (Hull to CAD), 6/26/44, RG 165(1).

 

18 Gerhardt, Memo for Sub-com, 2/ 11/44, Mtg Held at 4:00, 2/11144, ASW 5.

 

19 FR 1943, v 1, 176, 295-9; BL, "I talked to Gen Strong, " 4/22/43, SD 548.G1I4-2243; BL, Memo, 4/26/43, SD, Rl4-2643. Re transport of non-Jewish refugees to Africa, see pages 338-9.

 

20 FR 1943, v 1, 366; Relief & Evacn Projects, 1/27/44, BLP, B 204, Refs Relief & Evacn Proj; MD 689/203-5, 693/ 190, 196, 200; Hilldring to ASW, 1125/ 44, ASW 4; Stettinius to The Secy, 1/8/ 44, BLP. B 202, Refs; Mtg Held at 4:00, 2/11/44, ASW 5.

 

21 Stettinius to The Secy, 1/8/44, BLP, B 202, Refs.

 

22 MD 699/31-2, 701/165; WH, 98- 9. Ultimately, most of the Jews on Rab were evacuated by Tito's partisans and survived the war. But several hundred were caught by the Germans and deported. Britain's extreme callousness toward the Rab refugees was traced by Menachem Shelach in Yalkut Moreshet, 4/83, 203-11.

 

23 Harrison to SS, 6/24/44, ASW 3.

 

24 Pehle to McCloy, 6/29/44, HAG to McCloy, 7/3/44, McCloy to Pehle, 7/4/ 44, ASW 3.

 

25 Akzin to Lesser, 6/29/44, W 35, Hung 5.

 

26 MD 750/184-8; Summary of Steps, 7/13/44, Pehle to Stettinius, 7/13/44, Draft memos to Secy War, to President, & to Stimson, 7/13/44, Pehle to Morgenthau, 9/6/44, W 34, Hung 1; Pehle to McCloy, 10/3/44, W 35, Hung 5.

 

27 Smertenko to FDR, 7/24/44, SD, R/ 7-2444.

 

28 Ans, 7/5/43, 6; NYT, 7/20/44, 4; FR 1943, v 1, 406-7; Smertenko to FDR, 7/24/44, SD, R/7-2444; FH, Memo for Files, 8/5/44, AA, draft Itr to Smertenko (nd), W 35, Hung 5; Bergson to Jt Chiefs of Staff, 9/16/44, JCS 180th Mtg (Retaliation for Extmn), 10/3/44, Hull, Memo for Record, 10/5/44, JCS, Memo for Record (nd), Leahy to HCNL, 10/4/44, RG 218, CCS 385.3 (9-16-44); Bergson to FDR, 10/17/44, FDR, OF 3186.

 

29  Kubowitzki to McCloy, 8/9/44, ASW 1.

 

30 McCloy to Kubowitzki, 8/14/44, ASW 1. No such study was ever made.

 

31 Akzin to Pehle, 9/2/44, W 35, Hung 5; Kalmanowitz to Pehle, 9/11/ 44, W 36, Hung 6.

 

32 Winant to SS, 9/29/44, Proskauer to Pehle, 9/26/44, UOR & VH to Pehle, 9/26/44, W 18, Poland 1; Lesser, "Germans, " 9/27/44, Pehle to Morgenthau, 11/3/44, W 72, Eisenhower Stmt; Pehle to McCloy, 10/3/44, ASW 3.

 

33 HAG to McCloy, 10/5/44, ASW 3.

 

34 OPD Routing Form, 9/29/44, RG 165, OPD 383.7, Sec 2, case 26(2); Arnold to Spaatz (41089), 10/4/44, Daily Staff Mtg #4, 10/5/44, Spz, B 19, Oct 44 Official; Anderson to Spaatz (CSI78EC) [10/5/44], Spz, B 37, Cables Oct 44.

 

35 Mannon to Pehle, 11/16/44, Hodel, Memo, 11/2/44, Pehle to McCloy, 11/8/ 44, W 6, Ger Extmn Camps; Pehle-Jarvik interview, 10/16/78.

 

36 OPD Routing Form, 11/8/44, RG 165, OPD 000.5, Sec 3, case 53; Hull to ASW, 11114/44, ASW 2.

 

37 Hull to ASW, 11/14/44, McCloy to Pehle, 11/18/44, ASW 2. The US Air Force's ability to reach Auschwitz is shown later in this chapter.

 

38 Garlinski, 260-2.

 

39 AAF, xii, 47, 66, 792-3; WF, 132- 3, 136; Sunderman, 174.

 

40 AAF, 283; Eaker to Spaatz (CS440IE), 5/8/44, Spz I, Oil Tgts; Eaker to Spaatz (CS719IE), 6/27/44, Spz, B 35, Cables June 44; CS; M Rpts, reel A6465 (7/7/44), fr 1029, 1031, 1040, 1050, 1052, 1138, 1178; Infield, 166. It should be noted that neither the Normandy invasion of June 6 nor the ensuing drive across France drew on 15AF resources. The August invasion of southern France only very briefly took a small amount of 15AF power, for the tactical 12AF assumed most of that responsibility. (AAF, 174-9, 297, 420- 37.)

 

41 Aiming Points Rpts, Oswiecim, 11 21/44, Blechhammer N & S, 3/15/44, RG 243, Sec 4-1g (141, 142, 163); Spaatz to Eaker (586), 4/27/44, Eaker to Spaatz (CS440IE), 5/8/44, Spz 1, Oil Tgts. The Air Force made reconnaissance photographs of the Auschwitz complex on Apr 4, 1944, and had a map of it available in May (M Rpts, reel A6494, fr 1602).

 

42 AAF, 177-9, 292-6, 645, 794-6; WF, 46-7, 237-40.

 

43 AAF, 177-8; WF, facing 47; CS; Infield, 181; KCS, 8/21/44, 4. There actually were two major target complexes at Blechhammer, North & South.

 

44 DO, 8/44; CS; Syn Oil Plant of I. G. Farben at Oswiecim (nd), RG 243, GS 5612. The all-black 332 Fighter Group piloted 57 of the Mustangs (AAF, facing 329).

 

45 DO, 9/44; Syn Oil Plant of I. G. Farben at Oswiecim (nd), RG 243, GS 5612; Hefte van Auschwitz, v 8 (1964), 66. The Liberators attacked from the west, thus flying directly over the gas chambers.

 

46 NYT, 8/21/44, 6, 9/14/44, 6; WP, 8/21/44, 3 (UP rpt); KCS, 8/21/44, 4, 9/14/44, 2 (AP rpts).

 

47 DO, 12/44.

 

48 DO, 8/44; CS; M Rpts, reel A6473 (8/22/44), fr 595; Infield, 181.

 

49 AAF, 72-9, 149-62, 371-2, 405, 652; WF, 260; 15AF Attacks Against Bridges, 6/7/44, Spz, B 18, June 44 Official; Miller to Maxwell, 10/18/44, Spz 1, Com & Trans.

 

50 AAF, 473, 655, 736, 746; Hilary Saunders, Royal Air Force, 1939-1945, v 3 (1954), 223-5.

 

51 Braham I, 794; CS; M Rpts, reel A6465 (7/7/44), fr 1029, 1031, 1040, 1050, 1178, reel A6473 (8/20/44), fr 172-3, 178, 214, reel A6473 (8/22/44), fr 583, 595, 606, 816, reel A6474 (8/27/ 44), fr 730, 733, 741, 746, reel A6477 (9/13/44), fr 623, 651, reel A6481 (10/ 13/44), fr 740, 775, 942, 957, reel A6481 (10/14/44), fr 1412, 1441, 1446, reel A6482 (10/17/44), fr 658.

 

52 Sternbuch to VH, 8/28/44, 9/13/ 44, VH, B 20; M Rpts, reel A6477 (9/ 13/44), fr 623, 651; CS; Interpretation Rpt No DB 214, 9/16/44 (Vrutky), RG 243, GS 5612.

 

53 Smolen, 209-13.

 

54 Jan Sehn, German Crimes in Poland, v 1 (1946), 84-5, 88, fig 7; GEC, 6, 7, 15, 22; Garlinski, 77, 89; Ota Kraus & Erich Kulka, The Death Factory (1966), 15 (fig 2); MD 750/184-8, 354-60; NYT, 2/24/79, 2; Studies in Intelligence, winter 1978-79, 11-29; Military Intelligence, 1/83, 50-5.

 

55 Syn Oil Plant of I. G.-Farben at Oswiecim (nd), RG 243, GS 5612; Military Intelligence, 1/83, 50-5.

 

56 AAF, 795. Bombing accuracy was also hampered by darkness. But the missions to Upper Silesia took place in daylight. (DO, 7/44-11/44.)

 

57 Eaker to Giles, 8/31/44, 10/5/44, IE, B 22, Corresp with Giles II; Cabell to Eaker, 10/30/44, IE, B 24, MAAF II; 00, 7/44-11/44; Eaker to Spaatz (CS171IE), 9/14/44, Spz, B 36, Cables Sept 44; Robert Poirier to David Wyman, 3/8/80; Notes on CE, Bari, 10/ 15/44, Spz 1, Flak Defenses; CS.

 

58 M Rpts, reel A6473 (8/20/44), fr 140, reel A6477 (9/13/44), fr 628.

 

59 MD750/354-60, 184-8; Olga Lengyel, Five Chimneys (1947), 123, 155-6; C___ B___ interview with Wyman, 4/17/77; C___ B___ to David Wyman, 4/18/78. Similar reactions have been recorded by many survivors of Auschwitz. Eg, Pelagia Lewinska, Twenty Months at Auschwitz (1968), 21; Elie Wiesel, Night (1960), 67; J Observer, 1/79, 45; Commentary, 7/78, 9- 10.

 

60 Sunderman, 320-1; AAF, 376-7, 382-3, 399. If necessary, medium bombers could have landed at partisan-held airfields in Yugoslavia.

 

61 AAF, 283; M Rpts, Narrative Rpt, Mission #702, 82 Fighter Group (6/10/ 44) (Xerox copy).

 

62 Infield, 68; Eaker to Spaatz (CS440IE), 5/8/44, Spz 1, Oil Tgts.

 

63 Philip Birtles, Mosquito (1980), 20- 5, 57, 88-93, 137-8, 145-6, 183- 5; Sunderman, 324-7; Saunders, RAF, v 3, 91, 406; NYT, 10/29/44, 7. At least 44 Mosquitoes (and probably more) were stationed at Allied air bases in Italy in June 1944 (EA Munday [Air Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, London] to David Wyman, 3/29/83).

 

64 Birtles, Mosquito, 90-5, 135-40; Saunders, RAF, v 3, 91-2; Pehle to McCloy, 11/8/44, McCloy to Pehle, 11/ 18/44, ASW 2.

 

65 DO & M Rpts show that alternate targets were routinely assigned for each mission and that they were struck fairly often.

 

66 Smolen, 22, 193-4, 200-1; GEC, 16.

 

67 Hilberg, 215-9, 255, 628-9; Sehn, German Crimes, v 1, 85-6; Filip Friedman, This Was Oswiecim (1946), 54-5; GEC, part 2, 13.

 

68 Hilberg, 284, 328-9, 453, 473, 547, 630-1, 727-8; Raul Hilberg to David Wyman, 5/27/77; Smolen, 209-13; Friedman, Oswiecim, 25; YVS, v 8, 22.

 

69 Ernst Schnabel, Anne Frank: A Portrait in Courage (1958), 117, 135, 148- 52, 160, 166, 174; Jacob Presser, The Destruction 01 the Dutch Jews (1969), 483-4.

 

70 OWl Pr Rei, 6/13/44, W 4, Camps; Hilldring to McCloy, 1/25/44, ASW 4; Ackermann to Murphy, 5/5/44, Ackermann to Pehle, 5/11/44, W 1, Ack. The evacuation of 100, 000 non-Jews is discussed in ch 16.

 

71 Japan Qtrly, fall 1975, 340-5; Harper's, 2/47, 105; Amherst: The College & Its Alumni, winter 1976, 31. Stimson himself regarded Kyoto as "a target of considerable military importance" (Harper's, 2/47, 105).

 

72 AAF, 316; Infield, ch 13; John Slessor, The Central Blue (1957), 612-3, 620-1; Burns, 534-5.

 

73 Slessor, Central Blue, 614-20; Dbˇ server (London), 8/16/64, 9; AAF, 316.

 

74 Winston Churchill, The Second World War: Triumph & Tragedy (1953), 128-45; AAF, 317; Warsaw Dropping Opns [10/9/44], Anderson to Kuter, 9/ 24/44, Spz 2. With the election at hand, concern about the Polish-American vote may have influenced FDR. He and other Democratic leaders were worried about holding this large, normally Democratic constituency. (Robert Divine, Foreign Policy & U.S. Presidential Elections, 1940-1948 (1974), 109-12, 138-42.)

 

75 Anderson to Kuter, 9/24/44, Warˇ saw Dropping Opns [10/9/44], Spz 2; McDonald to Dep Commanding Gen, Opns, 10/14/44, Spz, B 139, Neut & Occup Countries: Poland; Infield, 169.

 

76 McDonald to Dep Commanding Gen, Opns, 10/14/44, Spz, B 139, Neut & Occup Counties: Poland.

 

77 Ibid.

 

78 Burns, 534-5; Churchill, Triumph & Tragedy, 135, 139-44; AAF, 317; Anderson to Kuter, 9/24/44, Warsaw Dropping Opns [10/9/44], Spz 2. Archives I have searched concerning FDR and the Auschwitz bombing issue inˇ c1ude those of FDR, War Dept, WRB, Stimson, Hopkins, Rosenman, ER, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. An exhaustive search made in 1983by Washington Post reporter Morton Mintz showed that the bombing proposals almost certainly did not reach Roosevelt and most likely were not discussed at all beyond OPD (WP, 4/17/83, D1-D2; telephone convsns Morton Mintz & David Wyman, 3/25/ 83, 3/29/83, 4/5/83).

 

79 Hull to ASW, 11/14/44, ASW 2; CS; Infield, 181; M Rpts, reel A6473 (8/ 20/44), fr 170, 172.

 

80 Hilberg, 631; Garlinski, 247-9; Yuri Suhl (ed), They Fought Back (1967), 219-23.

 

 

 

 

[b]CHAPTER 16. RESPONSIBILITY[/b]  

1 Parts of this chapter are supported by data presented in the foregoing chapters. For the most part, only new sources of information will be cited in the notes for this chapter. Wise to FDR, 3/4/45, FDR, PPF 3292, Wise.

 

2 MD 701/250. In July 1943, FDR did speak briefly about the Riegner plan with Stephen Wise. But this was subsidiary to their main discussion. The President also saw the seven Jewish congressmen in April 1943.See ch 4, source note 42.

 

3 Led by Stephen Wise, millions of American Jews venerated FDR (eg, Wise, ch 13; Celler to FDR, 12/15/44, PSC 3/63; Neumann, Arena, 184, 200, 206-7; JO, 1/42, 2; NYT, 6/29/43, 13). To note but one typical example, Louis Levinthal, president of ZOA, drew consolation in the wake of the Bermuda fiasco from his belief that "we do have genuine, loyal friends, in government and outside of government circles, and none more genuine, more loyal than our beloved President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt" (NP, 5/7/43, 15). Helen Fein provides insight into the Jewish relationship with FDR in Patterns of Prejudice, 9/73, 22-8. Also relevant is Fuchs, Political Behavior, 71-5, 99-107.

 

4 Burns, 397; Alfange-Wyman interview, 3/22/79.

 

5 MD 106/275-6, 147/375, 151/32, 155/41-2, 692/288-90, 694/191; MPD, v 5, 1200-1, 1338-41; Hull, Memoirs, 1530-1; Convsn ER with Rosenheim et al, 10/14/44, JM, 324 ER; NG, Interview with Rosenman, 10/6/43, AHS, Ma 1-93, Rosenman; Celler speech, 10/23/ 75, at J Hist Soc of NY.

 

6 FR, The Conferences at Washington, 1941-1942, & Casablanca, 1943 (1968), 608, 611; Wyman, 27, 232; Davie, Refugees in America, 6.

 

7 OC, B 101, Refugee file; HID, 9789, 10187, 10190; Kingdon to Ickes, 2/1/45, Ickes to Rogers, 12/9/43, HI, Associations; CW, 1/18/43, 2; Lubin to Hassett, 3/8/45, 3/12/45, FDR, OF 700.

 

8 Eg, Flournoy to Travers & Holmes, 3/30/45, SD 150.01Bills/3-3045; Martin Weil, A Pretty Good Club (1978), esp ch 2.

 

9 NYT, 10/31142, 5, 9/11/43, 8, 6/27/ 44, 6, 7/15/44, 3; MD 6921291, 695/31, 696/87.

 

10 Description of Cone Camp at Oswiecim, 8/43, u/c Belin to Langer, 4/10/ 44, RG 226, R & A 66059.

 

11 Dulles to McC, 6/15/44; with enclosures, W 61, Extmn Camps; ass R & A Field Memo 257, 5/10/45, ass Records 1944, Hoover Institution; CJR, 10/44, 524. Visser 't Hooft (Memoirs, 168) gives further evidence of Dulles's indifference. Werner Rings's account of events in Switzerland connected with the Vrba-Wetzler report, including Dulles's reaction to it, is heavily flawed (Advokaten des Feindes [1966], 144-6).

 

12 Lesser to Pehle, 4/18/44, JBF, Memo beginning, "1. The WRB established by, " 4/20/44, W 50, OSS.

 

13 Margoshes in Day, 3/19/43, 1; Allan Winkler, Politics of Propaganda (1978), index; Allan Winkler to Eliyho Matzozky, 12/28/78 (copy in Wyman files); Mannon, Memo for Files, 11/22/44, Davis to Pehle, 11123/44, W 6, Ger Extmn Camps; Mtg of PC, 12/17/42, WJC, UI85/3; WJC, Unity in Dispersion, 163.

 

14 Wyman, 48; MD 696/204, 206, 219, 697/17; Ltrs to Shad Polier, 1/39, in Memo to File re Ref Children, 5/13/75, private files of Justine Wise Polier; McDonald to Welles, 8/8/41, JM, P50; McDonald to Grew, 5/21/45, JM, P3; McDonaldˇ to Rosenheim, 2/25/43, JM, P49; McDonald to Taylor, 6/3/43, JM, P55; 57th Mtg of PAC, 3/9/43, JM, P67; Schauffler to Branson et al, 11/6/44, AF, RS 11; Schauffler, Re Visa Policy in SD, with enclosure, 12/21/43, AF, GF 4.

 

15 55th Mtg of PAC, 9/9/42, Warren to PAC, 10/16/42, 56th Mtg of PAC, 12/1/42, Warren to McDonald, 2/2/42, 54th Mtg of PAC, 6/18/42, JM, P66; JPC 655-6; Warren to McDonald, 5/9/ 44, McDonald to FDR, 5/12/44, JM, P68. The last recorded meeting of the PAC took place in Dec 1943.It met only 10 times between Pearl Harbor and V-E Day.

 

16 Warren to McDonald, Wise, & Baerwald, 1/18/41, Warren to Mc- Donald & Baerwald, 5/3/41, JM, P65; Lourie to Warren, 11/10/41, JM, P66; JDC file G/E, Austria, Intergovernmental Advisory Com 1938-43, esp Baerwald to Warren, 12/24/41, McDonald to Leavitt, 1/14/43, Buchman to Rosner, 1/19/43, Baerwald to Bressler & Hyman, 5/20/38, Morrissey to Speers, 3/19/41.

 

17 Convsn ER with Rosenheim et al, 10/14/44, JM, 324 ER; McDonald to ER, 9/5/41, JM, P43; ER to Welles, 3/ 9/42, Boettiger to Thompson, 8/31/42, ER 853/70; FDR to Undersecy of State, 12/10/42, with note ER to FDR, FDR, OF 76C; MD 692/288, 694/86; printed EC brochure, cover missing, p 12, PSC 9/69.

 

18 Niles: MD 726/146-7. Baruch: Jordan Schwarz, The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington (1981), 306- 8, 417-26, 437, 446-7, 457-9, 467-74, 559-66. Lehman: nothing on rescue appears in the relevant archives or in Nevins, Lehman & His Era. Frankfurter: MD 696/122-3; Frankfurter Papers genly; Bruce Murphy, The Brandeis/ Frankfurter Connection (1982), chs 6-8 genly & esp pp 243-5, 252-7, 273-4, 287-96, 308-10. Laqueur's statement (Terrible Secret, 94) that Frankfurter raised the extermination issue with FDR in 1942 is wrong; it is apparently based on the same error by Feingold (Politics of Rescue, 170, 333). Cf Voss, 248-51.

 

19 MD 693/205-6, 209-10, 694/190, 707/243; Stettinius to Early, 3/8/44, FDR, PSF, Refs; SIR to Watson, 3/17/ 44, FDR to Wise, 7/30/44, with attached note, FDR, PPF 5029; NG, Interview with Rosenman, 10/6/43, AHS, Ma 1-93, Rosenman. Also see Samuel Hand, Counsel & Advise: A Political Biography of Samuel I. Rosenman (1979), 139-40, 233.

 

20 Berlin, Confidential Memo, 2/24/ 43, AHS, Ma 1-62; BC Mins, 4/25, AM; RR, 63-4; Travers to Foster, 4/6/45, SD 150.01 Bills/3-3045; Joy to Burton, 5/4/ 44, Burton to Joy, 5/7/44, USC, Sen Burton; Biddle to FDR, 12/29/44, FDR, OF 3186; Schauffler, Re Visa Policy in SD, 12/21/43, AF, GF 4; JPC 3246, 3379-80; Kaplan, MASC Mtg, 1/12/43, NRS 326; NYT, 9/22/42, 16; CR, v 89, 8594-5; Com Mtg with Shaughnessy, 11/20/44, Legis 16453; BMM, Memo for Record, 10/20/43, Mohler to Ready, 10/20/43, BI 83, Refs-Restrictions on Admission as Visitors, R-4.

 

21 [1st] Draft Mins Mign & Alien Status Sub-Com, 2/17/43, NRS 325; Kaplan, MASC Mtg, 1/12/43, NRS 326; Dubin, Rpt on discussion with Travers, 12/5/45, NRS 558; JPC 3246, 3274; Frawley to Vail et al, 10/8/42, Frawley to Pickett & Vail, 12/8/42, AF, GF 3.

 

22 CW, 1/8/43, 13; NY Daily Mirror, 12/10/43, 25; NYJA, 9/4/43, 4.

 

23 Randall to Dear Friend, 7/43, Randall & Black to Swing, 5/26/44, WIL, Ref Com, 1938-43, Releases; Randall, The Voice of Thy Brother's Blood (1944) (quote from p 30); Randall to ER, 6/28/ 44, ER 2946/190 Mise; CM, Admin Com, 5/25/44; Digest of Mins of Int Com, 3/21/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6.

 

24 NYT, 12/21/42, 17, 3/17/43, 8, 4/ 26/43, 17; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/ 11/78.

 

25 CC, 12/9/42, 1518-9; Hilberg, 337; Shoah, spr 1981, 20. The general statement on the near silence of the Protestant press is based on my analysis of ten periodicals: Christendom, Christian Century, Christian Register, Christianity and Crisis, Christianity and Society, Churchman, Federal Council Bulletin, Lutheran, Religion in Life, Religious Digest. (The last, while not strictly a Protestant magazine, was heavily Protestant in emphasis.)

 

Robert Ross, in So It Was True: The American Protestant Press and the Nazi Persecution of the Jews (1980), asserted that "the whole story" of the Nazi extermination of the Jews was published "extensively, continuously, and often comprehensively in the American Protestant press" (p 258). A close reading of his book, however, shows that what Ross actually demonstrated regarding the extermination period (mid-1941 to spring 1945) is the following: (1) two tiny-circulation publications issued by organizations dedicated to converting Jews to Christianity provided fairly thorough (but far from extensive) coverage; (2) the Christian Century and a very few other mainline Protestant periodicals published occasional (and often inconspicuous) reports; and (3) some 25 other Protestant journals said even less, or nothing at all.

 

The major problem with Ross's assessment of the data is that he added up all the references to Nazi actions against Jews that appeared in some 30 periodicals, and considered that to be such extensive reporting that American Protestants in general were exposed to the whole story. For instance, he found that in 1943 over 100 references appeared in the 31 periodicals he studied. But he did not take cognizance of the fact that few Protestants were reading more than one or two of the magazines. Seen another way, his findings show that, on the average, each periodical carried only a little over three references to the Jewish catastrophe during the entire critical year of 1943 and that no publication had more than nine. Furthermore, as Ross himself noted, many of the reports were only brief items. This is hardly extensive press exposure. Moreover, as he also showed, these Protestant periodicals printed many more references in 1943 than in any of the other extermination years. (So It Was True, 152-284, esp 164, 169-70, 183, 188- 92, 197-202, 217, 220-5, 254-9, 264, 276, 280, 284; also the source notes for these pages.)

 

26 Mins of Mtg with Pehle, 2/10/44, JDC, WRB; Staff planning cfs, 6/14/44, 7/13/44, AF, FS, Planning Com (Policy); W S Bennet to A W Bennet, 5/10/ 46, A. W. Bennet Papers, B 25, F 1, J Mfairs; Newscast (ACCR), 2/41, 5, 3/41, 5, 4/41, 2, 9-10/44, 2, 1-2/45, 2; Mohler to Mulholland, 8/5/40, BI 87, R-8; Leiper to Pickett, 4/3/40, ACCR, Rpt of Com on Orgzn, 11/26/40, AF, GF, CI 0, ACCR; AJHQ, 12nl, 125-7; Cavert to Dexter, 9/15/43, FCC, B 9, Genl Secy's Files, Foreign Corresp; CEP Jour, 3/17/42, 5/26/42.

 

27 NCWC, Progress Rpt 1943: WRS-NCWC (1943), 1; Chr R, 5/43, 179.

 

28 J. F. Rummel, Tenth Annual Rpt of the Catholic Com for Refs [1946], 27; Staff planning cfs, 6/14/44, 7/13/44, AF, FS, Planning Com (Policy); Mulholland to Mohler, 1/22/37, Mohler to Mulholland, 2/13/37, 11/9/37, BI 80, Refs-CCR 1937, R-l; Mohler to Mulholland, 8/5/40, BI 87, R-8; AJHQ, 12nl, 127; SW to Mohler, 6/5/41, Mankiewicz to Dear Sir, 6/11/41, Burger to Mohler, 8/22/41, BMM, Memo for Record, 9/ 10/41, BI 80, Refs-CCR 1941, R-l; J. F. Rummel, Seventh Annua/ Rpt of the Catholic Com for Refs [1943], 13, 24. In 1944, the Natl War Fund supplied 90% of CCR's expenses and 77% of ACCR's (J. F. Rummel, Eighth Annual Rpt of the Catholic Com for Refs [1944], 25; J. F. Rummel, Ninth Annua/ Rpt of the Catho/ ic Com for Refs [1945], 26; Newscast, 1-2/45, 2).

 

29 America: eg, 9/19/42, 654-5, 658, 3/13/43, 630, 6/12/43, 266, 9/9/44, 550, 1On/44 , 10-1, 5/26/45, 145; Commonweal: eg, 12/11/42, 204-5, 12/18/42, 220, 2/19/43, 435, 6/4/43, 181-8, 5/12/ 44, 76-7, 6/9/44, 172, 3/23/45, 558. Other Catholic publications analyzed were Catholic Action, Catholic Digest, Catholic Mind, Catholic Worker, Catholic World, & Review of Politics. The Catholic Mind printed 2 or 3 inconspicuous references to the mass murder of European Jews (2/44, 120, 8/44, 450, 11/44, 664i. The Catholic Worker published 2 articles calling for rescue (5/43, 1, 6/43, 1, 9). Regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference and its Bureau of Immigration: BMM, "Summarization of correspondence ... to Archbishop Rummel, " 2/25/41, BI 82, Ref Problems, R- 3; Mohler to Ready, 9/ 8/44, BMM, Memo for Record, 9/6/44, BI 98, WRB, W-l; Mulholland to Mohler, 9/7/34, BI 40, Jews-Jewish, J-1; Mulholland to Mohler, 3/26/38" BI 80, Refs-CCR 1938, R-l; Mohler to Mulholland, 5/3/38, BI 82, Refs, German-Austrian 1938, R-3; Mohler to Ready, 10/ 20/43, BI 83, Refs, Restrictions on Admsn, R-4; Mohler to Mulholland, 11/ 29/44, BI 81, Refs, Child, USCCEC, R- 2; Carroll to Pehle, 3/22/44, W 17, NCWC; Haim Genizi, "The Attitude of American Catholics toward Catholic Refugees from Nazism: 1933-1935, " in Proceedings of the Seventh World Congress of Jewish Studies Holocaust Research (1980), 27-9, 37-8.

 

30 Mulholland to Mohler, 8/31/44, 3/ 13/45, Mohler to Mulholland, 9/6/44, 12/7/44, 4/28/45, 6/11/45, BI 98, WRB, W-1; Mulholland to Mohler, 7/25/39, BI 79, Quotas, Q-1; Mohler to Mulholland, 5/25/34, Mulholland to Mohler, 4/ 6/37, 3/16/39, Mohler to Mulholland & Calleros, 4/12/38, BI 82, Refs, German, R-3; Buckley to Mohler, 8/4/41, BI 6, Religious; Mohler to Mulholland, 6/7/ 43, BI 84, R-5; Mohler to Ready, 9/22/ 41, BI 83, Refs, Eur, PAC, R-4; Mohler to O'Boyle, 3/7/45, BI 35, IMS, 1-5.

 

31 Richie to Rogers, 5/28/42, Wriggins to Schauffler, 7/17/42, Wriggins to Rogers, 4/9/43, 6/3/43, Conard, Rpt to AF, 8/15/44, AF, RS 4; Jessup, Cf with Swanstrom, O'Conner, & Amiel, 2/9/ 44, A Short Sum of Program of Office of RSARO, 7/18/44, Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS5; USC, Catholic Orgzns folder; Brandt, Convsn with Swanstrom, 10/7/43, BLP, B 202, Refs; Mohler to O'Boyle, 12/22/43, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns; Egan & Arniel to O'Boyle, 3/28/44, Amiel to O'Boyle, 5/ 23/44, W 17, NCWC; Catholic Refs in Lisbon (nd), BI 84, R-5; NCWC, Progress Rpt 1943: WRS-NCWC (1943), I, 3, 6, 8-9; NCWC, Rpt to Board o/Trustees WRS-NCWC Aug 1943-Sept 1944 (1944), 13-4, 26.

 

32 PM's news coverage of Holocaust-related developments was relatively thorough from November 1942 through the Bermuda Conference. After that it was sporadic. For instance, it had almost nothing on the Oct 1943 Washington pilgrimage of 400 rabbis, on the Rescue Resolution hearings, or on the emergence of the WRB.

 

33 Eg, Schoenberg & Gallo to Bloom, 11/19/43, Legis 16432; Robertson to FDR, 5/26/43, FDR, OF 76C; JTA, 12/ 16/43, 4; JF, 4/43, 3, 11/43, 10-2; Held et al to FDR, 5/4/44, Green to FDR, 5/ 8/44, FDR, OF 3186; N. A., Notes on Informal Cf, 6/24/43, JDe, Refs, Gen.

 

34 Ans, 8/43, 6, 12, 15, 11/44, 18; The Work Is Still Ahead [12/44], pp 6-7, PSC 6/27; CW, 2/5/43, 5; Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann & the American Century (1980), 330-3, 373; Roger Manvell, Films & the Second World War (1974), 196-9; CC, 12/29/43, 1545; Commonweal, 9/24/43, 563.

 

35 Daily Worker, 7/12/43, Morning FreIheit, 7/12/43, PSC, S 16; New Masses, 5/11/43, 3-4, 11/30/43, 4, 8/ 15/44, 18-9.

 

36 Mins of Exec Com, 11/6/43, Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11/23/43, 3/21/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; CfR 7; NYT, 1/31/44, 5, 8/13/44, 19; LAT, 5/31/44, II, 3; SFE, 8/18/44, 7, 8/30/44, 3; Peterson to Proskauer, 5/24/44, AJC, PEC; MD 707/220; CW, 1/21/44, 20, 1/28/44, 16; J. Woodford Howard, Jr., Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (1968), 353; Scott to Smith, 5/22/44, TH 2; NJM, 6/44, 321; CJR, 12/44, 630; Liberty, 1/6/45, 15ff; Chr R, 8/44, 281-3.

 

37 Based on extensive sampling of the NYC daily press.

 

38 Based on a thorough analysis of WP & a sampling of other Washington newspapers. Specific references: WP, Oct 3-6 & 8, 1944, &10/13/44, 16.

 

39 Based on a thorough survey of BG, CT, DN, DP, KCS, LAT, SFE, and ST; and a sampling of many other newspapers.

 

40 Life had almost nothing; Time and Newsweek had only a few, mostly minor, items (eg, Life, 10/11/43, 93, 8/28/44, 34, 9/18/44, 17-8; Time, 12/28/42, 24, 3/1/43, 30, 3/8/43, 29-30, 5/31/43, 24, 9/6/43, 26, 1/10/44, 78, 9/11/44, 36; Newsweek, 12/14/42, 104, 12/28/42, 46, 3/8/43, 48, 3/15/43, 36, 5/24/43, 54, 9/ 13/43, 40, 12/6/43, 22, 9/11/44, 64, 67, 12/4/44, 59). RD, 2/43, 107-10; Am Mercury, 2/43, 194-203, 11/44, 567-75; Collier's, 2/20/43, 17ŁŁ, 2/27/43, 29ŁŁ, 8/ 28/43, 62, 4/22/44, 30, 10/14/44, 18ŁŁ; Saturday Evening Post, 6/12/43, 16ŁŁ, 10/28/44, 18ff; NP, 3/19/43, 21, 7/16/ 43, 15. Karski's articles were adapted from Story of a Secret State, his book on the Polish underground, published in fall 1944 for the Book-of-the-Month Club (Scherman to Pehle, 12/13/44, W 6, Ger Extmn Camps).

 

41 Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory, 180, 182.

 

42 Eg, 1943 Radio Scripts, JM, Manuscripts & Speeches file; PC Mtg Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, U185/2; Murphy to Weinstein, 4/4/44, W 22, Radio/Misc; Pehle to Green, 4/7/44, W 22, Radio/A. Green.

 

43 Manvell, Films & the Second World War, 167-83; CC, 5/19/43, 622, 10/6/ 43, 1150, 1/5/44, 31, 3/8/44, 319, 5/31/ 44, 679; Shultz' to J W Wise, 1/6/43, WJC, 2681V; Activities of AJCg & WJC with Respect to Hitler Program [1/43], WJC, U185/2; Suid-Wyman interview, 11/15/78; CW, 11/20/42, 5; Raymond Fielding, The March of Time, 1933- 1951 (1978), index; David Culbert to David Wyman, 10/31/78. Feature films dealing with refugees and/or Nazi atrocities included Watch on the Rhine, Hangmen Also Die, North Star, The Last Chance, None Shall Escape, The Seventh Cross, Diary of a Nazi, Edge of Darkness, The Hitler Gang. In the last, the narrator did speak, near the end, of the extermination of whole peoples: the Jews, the Poles.

 

44 Ch 2 above.

 

45 This is discussed by Robert Weintraub in J Week, 10/26/80, 32. Several newspapers used NYT copyrighted articles on events overseas.

 

46 Arthur Koestler published a penetrating essay on this problem in NYT, 1/ 9/44, VI, 5. Other useful discussions include those in YVS, v 7, 53-5 (by Louis de Jong), & in Walter Laqueur's The Terrible Secret, esp 2-3, 199-206.

 

47 Commonweal, 10/16/42, 604, 12/ 11/42, 204-5, 12/18/42, 220, 2/19/43, 435, 3/26/43, 566, 6/4/43, 181-8, 11/ 12/43, 93; America, 9/19/42, 654-5, 658, 3/13/43, 630, 6/12/43, 266, 5/26/ 45, 145; chs 2, 3, 6, 10 above; Berle, Memo of Convsn with Vahervuori, 12/ 8/42, SD, Rl3495Y2; BG, 5/3/43, 1, 11; Reams to Stettinius, 10/8/43, BLP, B 202, Refs.

 

48 YV Bulletin, #6/7, 1960, 25-6.

 

49 NYT, 8/30/44, 9.

 

50 Eg (all on 8/30/44): NYT, 1, 9; WP, 2; SFE, 1, 6; DN, 1; LAT, 4; CT, 6. Also, Time, 8/21144, 36, 38, 9/11/44, 36; Newsweek, 9/11/44, 64, 67; Life, 8/ 28/44, 34, 9/18/44, 17-8; Sat Eve Post, 10/28/44, 18ff.Newsweek's report did state that about half of the 1, 500, 000 killed at Majdanek were Jews. And Life reported that most of the victims were Jews. In his book Six Presidents, Too Many Wars (1972), Bill Lawrence mentioned that his report (to the NYT) had specified that most of the Majdanek victims were Jews, but the Russian censors had cut that part out (p 100).Unlike the press, State Department officials recognized the connection of Majdanek with the Holocaust (NYT, 9/11/44, 10). Koestler: NYT, 1/9/44, VI, 5.

 

51 GEC; McC to Pehle, 10/12/44, W 61, Extmn Camps; MD 750/354-60, 751/239. The version released by the WRB also included the report of a Polish military officer who had escaped from Auschwitz. A summary of the data appeared in some US newspapers in July 1944, but it attracted little notice. (NYT, 7/3/44, 3, 7/6/44, 6; Wn Star, 7/3/44, 2; ST, 7/3/44, 2; KCS, 7/3/44, 12.).

 

52 Roswell McClelland to David Wyman, 9/18/80; Pehle to McCloy, 11/ 8/44, W 6, Ger Extmn Camps; MD 790/ 135-6.

 

53 MD 799/231-6, 802/254; W 5, Ger Extmn Camps, Newspaper Clippings folders. Eg, NYT, 11/26/44, 1, 24; WP, 11/26/44, 1, 11; Collier's, 1/6/45, 62.

 

54 Mannon to Pehle, 11/16/44, W 6, Ger Extmn Camps.

 

55 All in 1945: SFE, 5/2, 8; LAT, 4/ 21, 1; KCS, 4/23, 6; ST, 4/25, 1; DP, 4/ 25, 24; NYT, 4/22, 13, 4/27, 3.

 

56 All in 1945: NYT, 4/21, 5, 4/23, 5; DP, 4123, 22, 5/15, 1; LAT, 4/22, 1, 2, 4/27, 7, 4/28, 1, 5/15, II, 1, 5/16, II, 4, 5/18, II, 1; KCS, 5/13, 1; CT, 4123, 4, 4/29, 20; SFE, 4/29, 1, 5/16, 7; DN, 5/ 10, 2, 5/16, 1.

 

57 Hilberg, 632-3.

 

58 Eg, NYT, 4/25/45, 3; CT, 4/26/45, 3; DN, 4/26/45, II, 10, 5/2/45, 11.

 

59 Based on analysis of the 10 newspapers listed in ch 2, source note 12. Quotation is from SFE, 4/22/45, 4.

 

60 1st para: eg, NYT, 4/18, 8, 4/23, 5, 4/28, 6; WP, 4/10, 1-3, 4/16, 1, 4, 4/ 18, 1, 2, 4/21, 1, 3, 4/24, I, 7, 4/28, 1; Collier's, 6/16, 14, 28, 6/23, 16ff (all in 1945). 2nd para: NYT, 5/8/45, 12; LAT, 5/8/45, 4; WP, 5/8/45, 3; NYT, 8/4/79, 2; J Advocate (Boston), 9/28/78, II, 23.

 

61 Cantril, 383.

 

62 Cantril, 1070-1; WP, 12/3/44, 1. In the November poll, 12% thought the information was not true, and 12% had no opinion. In May, 9% thought the reports partly true but exaggerated, 3% considered them untrue, and 3% did not answer. Those who said they believed the reports were asked for their "best guess" as to how many had been murdered. In November, the most typical answer was 100, 000. In May, it was 1, 000, 000.

 

63  Ch 1 above; ch 14 above, section on Ft Ontario; Mtg of PC, 12/17/42, WJC, U185/3; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/ 78.

 

64 NYT, 5/14/44, VI, 9.

 

65 See pages 62-3; IR, 10/13/43, 291, 297; N. W. Ayre & Son's Directory of Newspapers & Periodicals (1943); Matzozky, "Am J Press Reaction"; RYP genly; AJYB, v 46, 473-81. Mass meetings were covered in chs 2 and 5 and elsewhere above. Also, many thousands of Jews sent letters and telegrams to Washington concerning rescue. (Seen in FDR Papers, WRB Papers, and elsewhere. Also, MPD, v 5, 1340.)

 

66 Ch 4 above.

 

67 Chs 4-6 above.

 

68 Ch 9 above; Adler, "American Jewry & That Explosive Statehood Question, " 12, 16-7; AJYB, v 44, 476- 7.

 

69 Ch 9 above; Adler, "American Jewry, " 7.

 

70 Chs 8 & 11 above.

 

71 Ch 9 above; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78; AJH, 3/81, 310-30.

 

72 Mds, 3/64, 9; Reconstructionist, 1/ 21/44, 3-4; J Examiner, 1/14/44, 4.

 

73 Mds, 3/64, 9; Neumann, Arena, 189; GCM, 11/12/42, 12/3/42; Meltzer, Convsn with Goldmann, 7/14/43, SD, R/4063; Lesser, Memo for Files, 7/21/ 44, W 70, J. Brandt; In the Dispersion, winter 1963-64, 6-7; Reconstructionist, summer 1983, 4; Martyrdom & Resistance, 11/83, 11; YV Bulletin, 4/57, 4; PM, 5/18/43, 9; JF, 6/43, 3.

 

74  JDC's share of funding is based on data on pages 213-4.

 

75 Sources for these rescue proposals include: NYT, 2/25/43, 10; Proposed Action, 2/19/43, Shultz to Levy, 2/24/ 43, RW 2/23; CW, 3/5/43, 16, 4/30/43, 11-4; Ans, 8/43, 22-3, 3/10/44, 8-9; Asofsky to Pehle, 2/10/44, W 9, HIAS; Mtg at Harvard Club, 2/17/44, "Afternoon Session, " 2/26/44, W 9, Free World House; Memo from Exec of J Agency to WRB via Hn, 2/20/44, W 14, J Ag for Pal; AF to Pehle, 2/25/44, AF, RS, US Govt, WRB, AF Proposal; Baerwald to Pehle, 2/28/44, W 2, AJJDC (Mise); Silver to Pehle, 2/29/44, W 1, Al of Am; Comsn on Rescue of AJCf to WRB [3/1/44], W 2, AJCf; Kalmanowitz & Kotler to Pehle, 3/7/44, W 26, UOR; Welt to Pehle, 3/7/44, W 17, Natl Council of J Women; Digest of Suggestions [4/44], W 50, Measures Proposed; Pehle, Memo for Winant, 4/24/44, W 30, Reprs; Cf Rpt, 17-8, 57.

 

76 Warren to SS, 5/4/44, SD, R/5499; Wasserstein, 252-3.

 

77 MD 697/190, 720/297-9; WH, 8- 9; FSR, 19; Shertok to Goldmann, 7/8/ 44, u/c Perlzweig to Pehle, 7/21144, W 34, Hung 1; Goldmann to Stettinius, 6/ 7/44, SD, R/63OO; WJC, Unity in Dispersion, 187-8; PR, 1979 (v24/1), 59; Office Rpt to Com Members & Patrons of VH [8/45], VH, B 8.

 

78 CW, 5/28/43, 14; Berle to Hull & Long, 4/20/43, BLP, B 202, Refs; Marcus & Paxton, Vichy France & the Jews, 320.

 

79 FR 1943, vi, 179; Rosenblatt to Silver, 1/28/44, AHS, 4-2-16 AZEC.

 

80 Ch 5 above.

 

81 Mtg of Steering Com of JEC, 4/2/ 43, AJC, JEC; MD 692/33-4; Katzki to Leavitt, 7/13/43, Leavitt to Brandt, 8/ 20/43, Brandt to Leavitt, 8/24/43, JDC, Bulgaria Genl.

 

82 A few of the many possibilities can be seen in Riegner to Reagan, 3/23/44, W 62, WJC; Sternbuch to VH, 6/1/44, VH, B 5; Sternbuch & Donnenbaum to VH, 7/14/44, VH, B 20; & the Riegner & Goldmann plans, discussed in ch 10 above.

 

83 FSR, 24.; FR 1944, v 1, 1049-50; WH, 147-50, 296-7; Anger, 11-3.

 

84 WH, 188, 198; MD 706/125, 727/ 214, 728/112, 732/258, 734/10; FR 1943, v 1, 167; FR 1944, v 1, 1008-11, 1016-7, 1037, 1069-70, 1074; Garlinski, 250-1; Baruch to SS, 5/16/45, SD, R/5-1645; Pehle to Harriman, 5/19/44, W 34, Hung 2 (last).

 

85 Wasserstein, 252, 323-9; Mins of Mtg of Jt Com, 3/29/43, Silver to Shulman, 4/9/43, ALIS, Ma 1-81; Daily Telegraph & Morning Post (London), .116/43, 4; Ans, 10/15/43, 4-6, 3/10/44, 15-6; MD 692/289-90, 699/22, 741/237; Reams to Dunn & Matthews, 2/3/44, BLP, B 202, Refs; WLB, v 27, 1973/74, 43; Bauer II, 131, 140; FR 1944, v 1, 1005.

 

86 Ch 15 above.

 

87 MB & GFI, "We are sending you, " 5/22/44, W 61, Extmn Camps; Call (Workmen's Circle), 10/43, 15; Wasserstein, 295-303.

 

88 Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time (1968), 164-5, 186-9; Braham I, 962. Goebbels, for instance, believed that the British and Americans "are happy that we are exterminating the Jewish riffraff (Louis Lochner [ed], The Goebbels Diaries [1948], 241).

 

89 Wiesel, Legends, 166-7, 187-9; MD 717/145; WJC, Unity in Dispersion, 184; Hilberg, 618-24, 628-9, 647-53; Rudolf Vrba to David Wyman, 2/17/77; Kalmanowitz to Berle [5/44], W 34, Hung 1. The Jewish agents who were finally parachuted into Axis territory were too few, very late, burdened with unrelated tasks required by the British, and poorly supported (Marie Syrkin, Blessed Is the Match [1947], 13-76; Dorothy & Pesach Bar-Adon, Seven Who Fell [1947], 9-23; Wasserstein, 288-95).

 

90 Hull to Am Consul Karachi, 8/16/ 43, Tellier to Johnson, 1/5/44, W 18, Polish Ref Proj; FR 1943, v 1, 322; Blocker to SS, 11/4/43, SD, R/4751; Yost to de Anzorena, 5/25/43, SD, R/ 3830A; Hilldring to ASW, 1/25/44, ASW 4; ch 14 above, section on Search for Havens; ch 12 above, section on Italy.

 

91 RR, 169; Wriggins to Schauffler, 8/ 10/43, AF, RS 4; Memos on Telephone Convsns between Schwartz& Leavitt, 4/ 17/42, 4/28/42, 5/12/42, JDC, Rpts, Eur Telephone Convsns; Memo on Findings of Emerg Cf, 8/43, Legis 16431; Proskauer to Long, 12/28/43, AJC, PEC; CW, 6/4/43, 14, 12/24/43, 16; CR, v 90, 663; Rescue, 9/44, 2, 2/45, 5; CJR, 4/43, 171; AF Lisbon Office, Mid-Aug Rpt, 8/ 13/42, AF, GF, For Serv, Port; AF Lisbon Office, Mid-Oct Rpt [10/10/42], AP, RS 4; NRS Community Bulletin, 11- 12/42, 4; Rpt of Exec Dir to Exec Com, 9/20/43, NRS 269; List of ship arrivals, 2/24/42, NRS 505; Petluck to Mign Staff, 7/12/44, NRS 586; Petluck to Mign Staff, 12/18/44, NRS 590; NYT, 3/21/42, 18, 11/3/42, 11. The 3 Portuguese ships were the Serpa Pinto, Nyassa, & Guine. Jewish organizations chartered Portuguese liners without trouble the few times there were enough refugees with US visas to justify that step (eg, Schauffler to Pickett et al, 5/12/42, AP, GF 1).

 

92 NYT, 12/19/43, 4; Bennet to Pehle, 5/11/44, TH 2; Long, Convsn with Strong, 2/12/43, Long to Strong, 2/22/ 43, BL to Atherton, 3/11/43, BLP, B 212, Genl (VD); Vail, Trip to Wn, 3/12/ 43, AP, FS 3; Heath to Vail, 1/19/43, Schauffler to Heath, 2/12/43, AP, RS 2; Heath to Wriggins, 1/18/43, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Fr Morocco, Casa.

 

93 Pehle, Memo, 5/11/44, TH 2; Lubin to Hassett, 3/8/45, FDR, OF 700; Algiers to War Dept, 2/17/43, BLP, B 195, Foreign Territories; CSM, 4/9/43, 9.

 

94 MD 717/201; Pickett to Cary et al, 12/16/43, AF, FS, Ctry Sweden; Heath to Jessup, 3/31/44, AF, FS, Ctry Sweden, Genl; NYP, 4/23/4j, 13; DuBois, Memo for Files, 5/26/44, TH 2.

 

95 See pages 130-3; Probs & Recomndns (nd), u/c Marks to O'Dwyer, 3/20/45, TH 10; Standish to Lesser, 3/ 27/44, W 10, Imgn Memos; FR 1942, v 1, 454-6; MD 692/291; Wasserstein, 49, 51, 145, 355-6. When SD officials wished, however, even suspicious persons received quick permission to enter the US. One case involved the servant of a US diplomat. (BL to Welles, 5/14/42, BLP, B 212, VD, Indiv Cases 1941.)

 

96 See pages 105, 107; Visser 't Hooft, Memoirs, ch 23, esp p 167.

 

97 Ans, 2/12/44, 9; MD 707/223; Drafts for Pr Rel on Exec Order establishing WRB, 1/22/44, FDR, OF 5477; Stettinius to Early, 3/8/44, FDR, PSF: Refs; Kp I, 119; Special Com on Eur Situation, Mins, 12/14/42, WJC, U185/ 3; "Afternoon Session, " 2/26/44, W 9, Free World House; Wasserstein, 184, 190, 353; Visser 't Hooft, Memoirs, 169.

 

98 YV Bulletin, 4/57, 4; HID, 9374; Israel, 307; CW, 5/7/43, 3-4, 6/4/43, 15; PM, 7/22/43, 2; NYP, 7/22/43, 26; NR, 8/30/43, 305; Pepper-Wyman interview, 4/10/81; Celler speech, 10/23/ 75, at J Hist Soc of NY; Celler-Jarvik interview, 10/4/78; CJR, 6/43, 312.

 

In public announcements, American and British officials used numerous euphemisms to avoid mentioning Jews; eg, persecuted peoples, unfortunate people, political refugees, persecuted minorities, racial and political refugees, oppressed minorities.

 

A prime example of insinuation that the war was fought for the Jews appeared in NY Daily News, 10/3/45, 4.

 

99 Draft for FDR to Teller, u/c Bohlen to Early, 3/27/44, FDR, OF 76C.

 

100 Eg, appendix A; ch 15 above; Smertenko to FDR, 7/24/44, FDR, OF 3186.

 

101 Howard to Cox, 7/3/43, OC; Jones to Sub-Com on Balkans, For Serv Staff, 4/27/45, AF, FS, Balkans; SG, 9/44, 389; NYT, 2/27/44, 8, 3/8/44, 3, 4/11/ 45, 15; Nuseirat Camp, 5/10/44, Aleppo Camps, 5/10/44, W 4, Camps; FR 1942, v 1, 462; FR 1943, v 1, 381; Memo concerning maintenance of Greek refs, 2/6/ 43, BLP, B 199, Near Eastern Affairs; Hertha Kraus, International Relief in Action, 1914-1943 (1944), 228. Much of the British military's assistance was nominally credited to the British government's Middle East Relief and Refugee Administration.

 

102 Ch 12 above, section on Italy; Scattergood, Jugoslav Ref Camp-El Shatt, 4/21/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from; NYT, 7/24/44, 12; AAF, 339, 520-3; Dacie, Yugoslav Refugees, 14-5; Akzin & McCormack to Hodel, 2/2/45, W 48, UNRRA (Rpt On) 2.

 

103 NYT, 1/12/42, 5, 1/14/42, 6, 8/29/ 42, 2, 11/5/42, 14, 1/25/43, 4, 8/23/43, 8, 12/12/43, 41, 3/23/44, 8; IR, 9/28/44, 294; Survey of Recent Activities of HMG, 6/29/44, PRO, CAB 95/15; RR, 164; MD 704/68; Translation of Memo from Polish Minister, 2/10/44, W 17, MERRA; Goldsmith, Rpt on Visits to UNRRA-MERRA Camps, 8/14/44, W 4, Camps. Among the Poles were 1, 228 Jews (NYT, 2/20/43, 6).

 

104 NYT, 12/7/44, 16, 4/5/45, 25, 9/4/ 45, 9.

 

105 Ch 14 above, Food/Blockade section; GR, 14; RR, 209.

 

106 NYT, 8/17/42, 4; Wriggins to Tibbetts, 12/4/43, AF, FS, Ctry Egypt, Ltrs; MD 704/68-9; War Refs [12/44], Translation of Polish Minister Delegate's Rpt [early 1944], W 17, MERRA; Akzin & McCormack to Hodel, 2/2/45, W 48, UNRRA (Rpt On) 2; Nuseirat Camp, 5/10/44, Goldsmith, Rpt on Visits to UNRRA-MERRA Camps, 8/14/ 44, W 4, Camps; Barratt-Brown, Notes on Ref Camps in Middle East, 8/43, AF, RS, Refs, Inti Sanctuaries for; Survey of Recent Activities of HMG, 6/29/44, PRO, CAB 95/15; NCWC, Rpt to Board of Trustees WRS-NCWC: Aug 1943- Sept 1944 (1944), 7-11. The 25, 000 figure is the most reasonable estimate based on available data.

 

107 Esco Fndn, Palestine, 11, 953.

 

108 Goldsmith, Rpt on Visits to UNRRA-MERRA Camps, 8/14/44, W 4, Camps; Akzin & McCormack to Hodel, 2/2/45, W 48, UNRRA (Rpt On) 2; Jones to Sub-Com on Balkans, For Serv Staff, 4/27/45, AF, FS, Balkans; DSB, 6/10/44, 533-4; NYT, 4/11/45, 15; Rpt on Fedala Camp, 8/28/44, u/c Offie to SS, 9/22/44, W 39, Evacn to Lyautey; WH, 226-9; Weatherford to Jessup, 2/20/45, AF, FS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from.

 

109 ER to Welles, 3/9/42, Welles to ER, 3/14/42, ER 853/70; BC Mins, 4/ 20, PM.

 

110 Merlin to Shubow, 3/20/43, AJHS, AJCg, Uncataloged Box, F: CJA.

 

[b]APPENDIX A. EASTER AT BERMUDA[/b]

 

1 All of this appendix is based on BC Mins, 4/25, AM.

 

2 Mins of MASC, 5/11/43, Kaplan draft, NRS 326.

 

3 Points 3 and 4 are covered in ch 16.

 

[b]APPENDIX B. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE REGULAR ZIONISTS AND THE BERGSONITES[/b]

 

1 Eg, IJPS, 2/28/44, 8; Bromfield to Bridges, 9/16/44, PSC 1/13; Bridges to Cavert, 3/10/45, PSC 1/17; Cavert to Smith, 5/22/44, FCC, B 100, Genl; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78; Kook- Wyman interview, 5/5173; A1fange- Wyman interview, 3/22/79; Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al, 5/19/44, SD 867N.01/2347; The Work Is Still Ahead [12/44], p 21, PSC 6/27; PM, 8/ 9/44, 24; Gillette to Shapiro, 1/13/44, PSC 1/11; AME 24; HID, 8498, 8519, 8559; Wise to Ickes, 12/23/43, Frank to Ickes, 4/20/44, HI, Associations. Systematization: eg, Shapiro to Horwitt, 11/29/ 44, AZEC to Adler, 11/29/44, PSC 13/ 57; "Withdrawals and Replies, " 2/8/45, VF, ALFP; VF, ALFP, generally; Levinthal to Szold, 12/18/42, RW 2/20; Drazin, Feuer, & Gordis to Rosenberg, 5/18/44, Shapiro to Lindey, 7/6/44, Shapiro to [name obliterated], 10/24/ 44, PSC 13/57.

 

2 Eg, Stmt by AZEC on ALFP, 1/10/ 44, Legis 16431; card distributed by J Welfare Fund of Chicago, 10/11/44, Rabinoff to Hyman, 10/20/44, W 15, JWF of Chicago; Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al, 5/19/44, SD 867N.01/2347; Silver to Taft, 6/15/44, AHS, Ma II-84, Taft; MD 735/60, 77; Meyer Weisgal ... So For: An Autobiography (1971), 188; Merriam to Nemzer, 6/1/44, BA #21; Murray to Stettinius, 5/31/44, SD 867N.Ol/2352; Murray to Stettinius, 6/ 1/44, 6/2/44, SD 867N.01/6-144; Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al ("Zt Attitude Toward Palestine"), 9/13/44, SD, copy in PSC 3/67; Memo on Efforts to Deport Bergson, 7/26/44, and other material in PSC 10/9; Frank to Guthman, 5/19/45, PSC, 1/18; Gillette to Byrnes, 10/11/45, Stern to Byrnes, 10/ 16/45, Stern to Russell, 10/16/45, PSC 1/21; Halifax to FO, 5/24/44, PRO, FO 371/40131; Balfour to Jerusalem, 8/9/ 45, Chancery (Wn) to Eastern Dept, 8/ 6/45, PRO, FO 371/45399; NYP, 7/14/ 44, 16, 11/5/45, 11, 11/9/45, 33; NYHT, 5/23/44, 7; Wilson, Convsn with Waldman et al, 1/10/44, BLP, B 200, Pal; Thomas to Finucane, 7/3/44, ET, B 85, Jus-4 Imgn.

 

3 Eg, ACB 6; Kook-Wyman interview, 4/19 n3; anonymous to Ruth & Dick, 6/ 21/49, PSC 3/58; EC, Save Human Lives [3/44], P 22, PSC 5/16; Harper to Meyer, 10/6/44, PSC 1/14; Selden to Kampelman, 12/22/59, PSC 13/59; FBI file 100-316012; Alfange-Wyman interview, 3/22n9; Budgeting Bulletin, B-3, 1/12/44, VF, EC.

 

4 MD 735/77; Neumann to Wise, 10/ 7/42, SW, World Affairs, 1. Goldstein; Levinthal to Szold, 12/18/42, RW 2/20; Cf Rpt, 78; AM 2; AME 3, 6-8, 10, 22- 5, 27, 30; Alfange-Wyman interview, 3/ 22n9; Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al, 5/19/44, SD 867N.01/2347; Mins of Mtg with Pehle, 2/10/44, AHS, Ma II 90, WRB; Weisgal, So Far, 188.

 

5 Arthur Goren to David Wyman, 1/ 19/74; NP, 1/21/44, 205.

 

6 Levison to Kobacker, 12/23/40, PSC 1/4; "To Whose Tune Are You Dancing?" (nd), PSC 13/59; Goldmann to Bergson, 8/27/43, PSC 1/9; Neumann- Wyman interview, 11/20n8; Merlin- Wyman interview, 4/19n3; Goren to Wyman, 1/19/74; AME 7. Re negotiations: PSC, B I, folders 5-10; Bauer, From Diplomacy, 236.

 

7 Numerous examples appear in SW, esp the Zm 1940-43 file. A few other examples: CW, 1/22/43, 9; JF, 1/43, 8- 9; Voss, 266; Rosenheim to Steinhardt, 8/16/44, Schenkolewski to Steinhardt, 8/16/44, LS; Wise to Korn, 5/16/44, SW, Corresp, Korn; Extension of Relief in Occupied Poland, 11/13/42, 11/17/ 42, JDC, G/E, Poland; FRA[dlerstein], "WJC, " 1/30/42, JJS[chwartz] to JDC, 3/17/44, Leavitt to Stameshkin, 5/7/43, JDC, Rpts; JDC files on UJA for 1941 & 1945; AJYB, v 44, 476-7, v 47, 260, 333; NIT, 6/4/45, 32; Akzin to Hodel, 1/9/45, W 27, VH; MD 699/142; Adler, "Am Jewry and That Explosive Statehood Question, " 5-21.

 

 

 

[b]BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Archival Materials[/b]

 

Abbreviations: FDRL = Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (Hyde Park, NY) LC = Library of Congress (Washington)

 

Agudath Israel of America Papers (NYC)

American Friends Service Committee Archives (Phila)

American Jewish Committee Archives (NYC)

American Jewish Congress Papers (partial) (NYC)

American Jewish Historical Society Archives (Waltham, Mass)

American Jewish Conference Papers (partial)

American Jewish Congress Papers (partial)

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (NYC)

Yitshaq Ben-Ami (personal file, from Dept of Justice)

Augustus W. Bennet Papers (Syracuse Univ)

William S. Bennet Papers (Syracuse Univ)

Sol Bloom Papers (NY Public Library)

Irving Bunim Oral History (Yeshiva Univ)

Emanuel Celler Papers (LC)

Joseph P. Chamberlain Papers (YIVO Institute, NYC)

Columbia University Oral Histoty Collection: Joseph C. Baldwin, William S. Bennet, Samuel Dickstein, Warren Moscow, William O'Dwyer, Herbert C. Pell, Joseph M. Proskauer, George Rublee

Oscar Cox Papers (FDRL)

Ira C. Eaker Papers (LC)

Federal Bureau of Investigation (selected files on Bergson organizations)

Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America Papers (Phila)

Felix Frankfurter Papers (LC)

CarltonJ. H. Hayes Papers (Rare BOok & Manuscript Libraty, Columbia Univ)

Cordell Hull Papers (LC)

Harold 1. Ickes Diary (LC)

Harold 1. Ickes Papers (LC)

International Migration Service Papers (originals at Univ of Minnesota; copies at Travelers Aid International Social Service of America, NYC)

Jabotinsky Institute (Tel Aviv)

Jewish Labor Committee Archives (NYC)

Breckinridge Long Diary (LC)

Breckinridge Long Papers (LC)

James G. McDonald Papers (Columbia Univ)

Morgenthau Diaries (FDRL)

Morgenthau Presidential Diaries (FDRL)

National Archives (Washington)

RG 107 Secretary of War

165 War Dept General & Special Staffs

210 War Relocation Authority, Emergency Refugee Shelter, Reports

210 War Relocation Authority, Emergency Refugee Shelter, Temporary Havens in the US

210 War Relocation Authority, Field Office Records, Emergency Refugee Shelter, Central Files

218 US Joint Chiefs of Staff

226 Office of Strategic Services

243 US Strategic Bombing Survey

Legislative Branch

State Dept decimal files: 150.01 Bills; 548.Gl (Bermuda Conf); 740.00116 European War; 840.48 Refugees; 862.4016 (Germany-Race Problems); 867N.01 (Near East)

National Catholic Welfare Conference, Bureau of Immigration Papers (United States Catholic Conference Records, Migration & Refugee Division; housed at Center for Migration Studies, Staten Island)

National Refugee Service Papers (YIVO Institute, NYC)

Paul O'Dwyer (personal files)

Palestine Statehood Committee Papers (Yale Univ)

Claiborne Pell (personal files)

Public Record Office (London): CAB 65, 66, 95; FO 371

Eleanor Roosevelt Papers (FDRL)

Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers; & Press Conferences of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDRL)

Abba Hillel Silver Papers (The Temple, Cleveland)

Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center (Maxwell AFB, Ala)

Carl A. Spaatz Papers (LC)

Laurence Steinhardt Papers (LC)

Henry 1. Stimson Diaries (Yale Univ)

Henry 1. Stimson Papers (Yale Univ)

Robert Taft Papers (LC)

Myron C. Taylor Papers (FDRL)

Joseph Tenenbaum Collection (YIVO Institute, NYC)

Elbert Thomas Papers (FDRL)

Unitarian Universalist Service Committee Papers (Tufts Univ)

Vaad Hahatzala Papers (Yeshiva Univ Archives)

Robert Wagner Papers (Georgetown Univ)

War Refugee Board Records (FDRL)

Stephen S. Wise Papers (American Jewish Historical Society)

Women's International League for Peace & Freedom Papers (Swarthmore Col)

World Jewish Congress Papers (NYC)

Zionist Archives & Library (NYC)

American Jewish Conference Papers (partial)

American Zionist Emergency Council: Minutes & Executive Committee Minutes "Vertical Files" (on Bergson organizations)

[b]Interviews[/b]

Dean Alfange by David Wyman, 3/22/79

Emanuel Celler by Wyman, 3/23/79

Dorothy Detzer Denny by Wyman, 5/11/65

Josiah E. DuBois, Jr., by Laurence Jarvik, 10/23/78

Eileen Egan by Wyman, 3/23/79

Samuel Grafton by Wyman, 3/23/79

Hillel Kook by Natan Cohen, 9/26/68 (transcript in PSC 11/33)

Hillel Kook by Wyman, 4/14 & 19/73, 5/5/73, 1/10/74, 11/20/78

Samuel Merlin by Wyman, 4/19/73, 9/6/73, 3/22/79

Emanuel Neumann by Wyman, 11/20/78

John Pehle by Jarvik, 10/16/78

Claiborne Pell by Jarvik, 1/22/79

Claude Pepper by Wyman, 4/10/81

Justine Wise Polier by Wyman, 3/21n9

Gerhart Riegner by Jarvik, 10/4/78

Dore Schary by Wyman, 3/21/79

Joseph Schwartz by Judith Elizur, 11/29/61 (item 291, Oral History Division, Institute for Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew Univ, Jerusalem)

Lawrence Suid by Wyman, 11/15/78

Ted Thackrey by Wyman, 11/20/78, 3/22/79

Carl Hermann Voss by Wyman, 2/11/78

George L. Warren by Jarvik, 1/22/79

 

 

[b]Published Documents[/b]

 

Bulkley, Robert, Frederick Keppel, & F. D. G. Ribble. Report to the President: Board of Appeals on Visa Cases: Nov 9, 1942 (1942).

Foreign War Relief Operations. House Doc 262,79 Cong, 1 ses (July 17,1945).

Halpern, Ben (ed). The Jewish National Home in Palestine (1944, 1970).

Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees. Minutes of Fourth Plenary Session (1944).

--. Report of Fourth Plenary Session (1944).

--. Report of Fifth Plenary Session (1945).

--. Minutes of Sixth Plenary Session (1946).

--. Minutes of Seventh Plenary Session (1947).

--. Seventh Plenary Session Resolutions (1947).

"Investigation of Problems Presented by Refugees at Fort Ontario Refugee Shelter," Hearings before Subcommittee VI of the Committee on Immigration & Naturalization, House of Representatives, 79 Cong, 1 ses (June 25-26, 1945).

US Dept of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, volumes for 1941-1945.

US House of Representatives. Problems of World War II & Its Aftermath: Part 2, The Palestine Question (1976).

US Immigration & Naturalization Service. Annual Reports, 1941-1946.

 

[b]Newspapers, General[/b]

 

Atlanta Constitution

Boston Globe

Boston Herald

Boston Record

ChicagoTribune

Christian Science Monitor

Cleveland Plain Dealer

Dallas News

Denver Post

Kansas City Star

Los Angeles Times

Miami Herald

New Orleans Times-Picayune

New York Daily Mirror

New York Daily News

New York Herald Tribune

New York Journal-American

New York Post

New York Sun

New York Times

New York World Telegram

Oswego Palladium Times

PM (NYC)

San Francisco Examiner

Seattle Times

Syracuse Post-Standard

Washington Daily News

Washington Post

Washington Star

Washington Times-Herald

 

[b]Newspapers, Jewish

 

YIDDISH-LANGUAGE[/b]

 

Day (NYC)

Forward (NYC)

Jewish Morning Journal (NYC)

 

[b]ENGLISH-LANGUAGE[/b]

 

California Jewish Voice (LA)

Every Friday (Cincinnati)

Independent Jewish Press Service News

Jewish Advocate (Boston)

Jewish Chronicle (Columbus, O)

Jewish Examiner (Bklyn)

Jewish Exponent (Phila)

Jewish Ledger (Rochester, NY)

Jewish News (Detroit)

Jewish Review (NYC)

Jewish Review & Observer (Cleveland)

Jewish Standard (Jersey City)

Jewish Telegraphic Agency

Daily News Bulletin

Jewish Times (Baltimore)

Jewish Times (Phila)

Jewish Week (NYC)

 

[b]Periodicals & Serials[/b]

 

America

American Hebrew

American Jewish Archives

American Jewish Historical Quarterly

American Jewish History

American Jewish Year Book

American Legion Magazine

American Mercury

American Vindicator

Answer

Atlantic Monthly

Bulletin of Activities & Digest of the Press (AJCf)

Bulletin of the World Jewish Congress

Call (Workmen's Circle)

Catholic Action

Catholic Digest

Catholic Mind

Catholic Worker

Catholic World

Central Conference of American Rabbis Yearbook

Christendom

Christian Century

Christianity and Crisis

Christianity and Society

Christian Register

Churchman

Collier's

Commentary

Commonweal

Conference Record

"Confidential Bulletin" (AZEC)

Congressional Digest

Congressional Record

Congress Weekly

Contemporary Jewish Record

Cross and the Flag

Defender Magazine

Dept of State Bulletin

Federal Council Bulletin

Foreign Affairs

Foreign Service (VFW)

Galilean Magazine

The Ghetto Speaks

Information Bulletin (Am Council for Judaism)

Information Service (Federal Council of Churches)

International Labour Review

Interpreter Releases

JDC Digest

Jewish Affairs

Jewish Comment

Jewish Digest

Jewish Forum

Jewish Frontier

Jewish Outlook

Jewish Social Studies

Jewish Veteran

Liberal Judaism

Life

Lutheran

Menorah Journal

Midstream

Monthly Review (US Imgn & Naturalization Service)

Nation

National Jewish Monthly

National Legionnaire

National Record

New Masses

New Palestine

New Republic

Newscast (ACCR)

Newsweek

NRS Community Bulletin

Opinion

Palestine (AZEC)

 

Parliamentary Debates

Polish Fortnightly Review

Polish Review

Public Opinion Quarterly

Reader's Digest

Reconstructionist

Religion in Life

Religious Digest

Rescue (HIAS)

Rescue and Re/uge (USCCEC)

"Review of the Yiddish Press"

Saturday Evening Post

Social Justice

"Special Information Bulletin" (NRS)

Survey Graphic

Time

Wiener Library Bulletin

World Alliance News Letter

Yad Vashem Bulletin

Yad Vashem Studies

YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science

Zionews

 

[b]Books[/b]

 

Abella, Irving, and Harold Troper. None Is Too Many (1982).

Anger, Per. With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest (1981).

Avni, Haim. Spain, the Jews, and Franco (1982).

Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust (1981).

--. Flight and Rescue: BRICHAH (1970).

--. From Diplomacy to Resistance (1970).

--. The Holocaust in Historical Perspective (1978).

Ben-Ami, Yitshaq. Years o/Wrath, Days of Glory (1982).

Birtles, Philip. Mosquito: A Pictorial History of the DH98 (1980).

Blum, John M. From the Morgenthau Diaries, v 3 (1967).

--. Roosevelt and Morgenthau (1970).

Bonjour, Edgar. Geschichte der schweizenschen Neutralitat, v 6 (1970).

Braham, Randolph 1. (ed). The Destruction 0/ Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account, v 1 (1963).

--. Eichmann and the Destruction 0/ Hungarian Jewry (1961).

-- (ed). Hungarian-Jewish Studies, v 2 & 3 (1969, 1973).

--. The Politics o/Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, 2 vols (1981).

Buchanan, A. Russell. The United States and World War II, 2 vols (1964).

Burns, James M. Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (1970).

Cantril, Hadley (ed). Public Opinion: 1935-1946 (1951).

Celler, Emanuel. You Never Leave Brooklyn (1953).

Ciechanowski, Jan. De/eat in Victory (1947).

Cohen, Naomi. Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906-1966 (1972).

Craven, Wesley F., & James L. Cate (eds). The Army Air Forces in World War II, v 3 (1951).

Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (1979).

Davie, Maurice R. Refugees in America (1947).

Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews (1975).

de Jong, Louis, The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (1956).

Detzer, Dorothy. Appointment on the Hill (1948).

Diamond, Sander. The Nazi Movement in the United States (1974).

Dinnerstein, Leonard. America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (1982).

Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1940-1948 (1974).

DuBois, Josiah E., Jr. The Devil's Chemists (1952).

Esco Foundation for Palestine. Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies, v 2 (1947).

Fein, Helen. Accounting for Genocide (1979).

Feingold, Henry L. The Politics of Rescue (1970).

Fielding, Raymond. The March of Time, 1933-1951 (1978).

Fisher, Julius S. Transnistria: The Forgotten Cemetery (1969).

Friedman, Filip. This Was Oswiecim (1946).

Fuchs, Lawrence H. The Political Behavior of American Jews (1956).

Garlinski, Jozef. Fighting Auschwitz (1975).

Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies (1981).

Goldmann, Nahum. The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann (1969).

Gutman, Yisrael, & Efraim Zuroff (eds). Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference (1977).

Halperin, Samuel. The Political World of Amencan Zionism (1961).

Hand, Samuel. Counsel and Advise: A Political Biography of Samuel I. Rosenman (1979).

Hassett, William D. Off the Record with FDR (1958).

Hayes, Carlton J. H. Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942-1945 (1946).

Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews (1961).

Hirschmann, Ira. Caution to the Winds (1962).

Howard, J. Woodford, Jr. Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (1968).

Hull, Cordell. Memoirs (1948).

Huthmacher, J. Joseph. Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (1968).

Infield, Glenn. The Poltava Affair (1973).

Institute of Jewish Affairs. The Institute Anniversary Volume (1962).

International Committee of the Red Cross. Inter Arma Caritas: The Work of the ICRC during the Second World War (1947).

--. Report of the ICRC on Its Activities during the Second World War, 3 vols (1948).

Israel, Fred. The War Diary of Breckinridge Long (1966).

Karski, Jan. Story of a Secret State (1944).

Kersten, Felix. The Kersten Memoirs (1956).

Kohanski, Alexander (ed). The American Jewish Conference: Its Organization and Proceedings of the First Session, August 29-September 2, 1943 (1944).

-- (ed). The American Jewish Conference: Proceedings of the Second Session, December 3-5, 1944 (1945).

Kraus, Ota, & Erich Kulka. The Death Factory (1966).

Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret (1980).

Lash, Joseph. Eleanor: The Years Alone (1972).

Lester, Elenore. Wallenberg: The Man in the Iron Web (1982).

Levai, Jeno (Eugene). Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (1948).

--. Eichmann in Hungary (1961).

Lewin, Isaac. Churban Europa (1948).

Lowrie, Donald A. The Hunted Children (1963).

Manvell, Roger. Films and the Second World War (1974).

Marrus, Michael R, & Robert O. Paxton. Vichy France and the Jews (1981).

Morley, John F. Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust (1980).

Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died (1968).

Murphy, Bruce. The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection (1982).

Neumann, Emanuel. In The Arena (1976).

Nevins, Allan. Herbert H. Lehman and His Era (1963).

Office of Strategic Services. The Overseas Targets: War Report of the OSS (1976):

Panstwowe Muzeum w Oswiecimiu. Hefte von Auschwitz, v 8 (1964).

Penkower, Monty. The Jews Were Expendable (1983).

Pickett, Clarence E. For More Than Bread (1953).

Polier, Justine Wise, & James W. Wise (eds). The Personal Letters of Stephen Wise (1956).

Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution (1953).

Rosenman, Samuel I. (ed). The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, v 13 (1950).

Ross, Robert W. So It Was True (1980).

Rotkirchen, Livia. The Destruction of Slovak Jewry: A Documentary History (1961).

Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel (1979).

Schellenberg, Walter. The Labyrinth (1956).

Schwarz, Jordan A. The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington (1981).

Sehn, Jan. German Crimes in Poland, v 1 (1946).

Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948).

Shub, Boris. Starvation Over Europe (1943).

Silver, Abba Hillel. Vision and Victory (1949).

Silver, Daniel J. (ed). In the Time of Harvest: Essays in Honor of Abba Hillel Silver (1963).

Silverberg, Robert. If I Forget Thee O Jerusalem (1970).

Smith, Bradley. Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg (1977).

Smith, R. Harris. OSS: The Secret History (1972).

Smolen, Kazimierz. From the History of KL-Auschwitz, v 1 (1967).

Steel, Ronald. Walter Lippmann and the American Century (1980).

Stember, Charles (ed). Jews in the Mind of America (1966).

Stimson, Henry L., & McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War (1947).

Sunderman, James (ed). World War II in the Air: Europe (1963).

Syrkin, Marie. Blessed Is the Match (1947).

Tartakower, Arieh, & Kurt Grossmann. The Jewish Refugee (1944).

Tull, Charles. Father Coughlin and the New Deal (1965).

Urofsky, Melvin I. (ed). Essays in American Zionism 1917-1948 (1978).

--. A Voice That Spoke for Justice (1982).

Visser 't Hooft, W. A. Memoirs (1973).

Voss, Carl Hermann. Rabbi and Minister: The Friendship of Stephen S. Wise and John Haynes Holmes (1964).

-- (ed). Stephen S. Wise: Servant of the People (1969).

Vrba, Rudolf, & Alan Bestic. I Cannot Forgive (1964).

Wasserstein, Bernard. Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (1979).

Webster, Charles, & Noble Frankland. The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939-1945, v 3 (1961).

Weisgal, Meyer. Autobiography (1971).

Weizmann, Chaim. Trial and Error (1949).

Wiesel, Elie. Legends of Our Time (1968).

--. Night (1960).

Winkler, Allan M. The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information (1978).

Wischnitzer, Mark. Visas to Freedom: The History of HIAS (1956).

Wise, Stephen S. Challenging Years: The Autobiography of Stephen Wise (1949).

World Jewish Congress. Unity in Dispersion: A History of the WJC (1948).

Wyman, David. Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis (1968).

 

[b]Pamphlets and Booklets[/b]

 

American Jewish Committee. Statement on Withdrawal from the American Jewish Conference (1943).

American Jewish Conference. Report of the Interim Committee and the Commission on Rescue, Commission on Palestine, Commission on Post-War (1944).

--. Statement of Organization of Conference and Summary of Resolutions Adopted at First Session [1944].

--. Statement on the Withdrawal of the American Jewish Committee (1943).

 

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Aiding Jews Overseas (1942).

 

American Zionist Emergency Council. A Report of Activities, 1940-1946 [1946].

 

Berlin, Isaiah. Zionist Politics in Wartime Washington (1972).

 

Celler, Emanuel. Brief in Support of Baldwin-Rogers Resolution (1943).

 

Dacie, Anne. Yugoslav Refugees in Italy (1945).

 

Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe. The American Press and the Rescue Resolution (1944).

 

--. The Work Is Still Ahead [1944].

 

Ginzberg, Eli. Report to American Jews (1942).

 

Kubowitzki, A. Leon. Survey on the Rescue Activities of the World Jewish Congress, 1940-1944 (1944).

 

National Catholic Welfare Conference. Progress Report 1943: WRS-NCWC (1943).

 

--. Report to the Board of Trustees WRS-NCWC: August 1943-September 1944 (1944).

 

Pickett, Clarence E. A Summary of Activities 1943 (1944).

 

Randall, Mercedes. The Voice of Thy Brother's Blood (1944).

 

Rummel, Joseph F. Seventh Annual Report of the Catholic Committee for Refugees [1943]; Eighth ... [1944]; Ninth ... [1945]; Tenth ... [1946].

 

Trevor, John. Refugees 1944 (1944).

 

US 15th Air Force. Historical Summary: First Year of Operations (1944).

 

US War Relocation Authority. Token Shipment: The Story of America's War Refugee Shelter [1946].

 

War Refugee Board. Final Summary Report of the Executive Director (1945).

 

--. German Extermination Camps (1944).

 

Zionist Organization of America. Annual Report to ZOA, 47th Annual Convention (1944).

 

[b]Articles[/b]

 

Abbreviations: AJHQ = American Jewish Historical Quarterly; J = Jewish; YVS = Yad Vashem Studies.

 

American Jewish History has several relevant articles in its issues of March 1979, March 1981, and June 1983.

 

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science has several relevant articles in its July 1980 issue.

 

Adler, Selig. "American Jewry and That Explosive Statehood Question, 1933-1945," in Bertram Korn (ed), A Bicentennial Festschrift for Jacob Rader Marcus (1976).

 

Bauer, Yehuda. "The Negotiations between Saly Mayer and the Representatives of the S.S. in 1944-1945," in Gutman & Zuroff (eds), Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust (1977).

 

--. "When Did They Know?" Midstream (4/68).

 

Berman, Aaron. "American Zionism and the Rescue of European Jewry: An Ideological Perspective," Am J Hist (3/81).

 

Bernays, Murray C. "Legal Basis of the Nuremberg Trials," Survey Graphic (1/46).

 

Bierbrier, Doreen. "The American Zionist Emergency Council: An Analysis of a Pressure Group," AJHQ (9/70).

 

Blayney, Michael S. "Herbert Pell, War Crimes, and the Jews," AJHQ (6/76).

 

Brugioni, Dino A. "Auschwitz-Birkenau," Military Intelligence (1/83).

 

Brugioni, Dino A., & Robert G. Poirier. "The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex," Studies in Intelligence (winter 1978-79).

 

Cary, Otis. "The Sparing of Kyoto," Japan Qtrly (fall 1975).

 

Conway, John S. "Between Apprehension and Indifference: Allied Attitudes to the Destruction of Hungarian Jewry," Wiener LIbrary Bulletin, v 27 (1973-74), ns #30/31.

 

--. "Fruhe Augenzeugenberichte aus Auschwitz," Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte (4/79).

 

de Jong, Louis. "The Netherlands and Auschwitz," YVS, v 7 (1968).

 

"Doomed Ships: Refugee Ordeals on the High Seas," Wiener Library Bulletin (4/62).

 

Eck, Nathan. "The Rescue of Jews with the Aid of Passports and Citizenship Papers of Latin American States," YVS, v 1 (1957).

 

Emerson, Herbert. "Postwar Problems of Refugees," Foreign Affairs (1/43).

 

Fein, Helen. "Reviewing the Toll: Jewish Dead, Losses and Victims of the Holocaust," Shoah (spring 1981).

 

--. "Toleration of Genocide," Patterns of Prejudice (9/73).

 

Feuer, Leon I. "Abba Hillel Silver: A Personal Memoir," Am J Archives (11/67). Also see 11/68 issue, pp 127-8.

 

--. "The Forgotten Year," Am Zionist (11/67).

 

Fox, John P. "The Jewish Factor in British War' Crimes Policy in 1942," English Hist Review (1/77).

 

Fry, Varian. "The Massacre of the Jews," New Republic (12/21/42).

 

--. "Our Consuls at Work," Nation (5/2/42).

 

Genizi, Haim. "American Interfaith Cooperation on Behalf of Refugees from Nazism, 1933-1945," Am J Hist (3/81).

 

--. "The Attitude of American Catholics toward Catholic Refugees from Nazism: 1933-1945," in Proceedings of the Seventh World Congress of Jewish Studies Holocaust Research (1980).

 

--. "James McDonald and the Roosevelt Administration," Bar-Ilan Studies in History (1978).

 

Greenberg, Hayim. "Bankrupt," Midstream (3/64).

 

Grossmann, Kurt R "Refugees, DP's, and Migrants," in Institute of Jewish Affairs, The Institute Anniversary Volume (1962).

 

Gutman, Yisrael, & Efraim Zuroff (eds). Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust (1977). This book contains several relevant articles.

 

Hirschmann, Ira A. "Palestine-as a Refuge from Fascism," Survey Graphic (5/45).

 

Huff, Earl. "A Study of a Successful Interest Group," Western Political Qtrly (3/72).

 

Jacoby, Gerhard. "The Jewish Catastrophe and Its Aftermath," in Institute of Jewish Affairs, The Institute Anniversary Volume (1962).

 

Kimball, Warren F. "Lend-Lease and the Open Door," Political Science Qtrly (6/71).

 

Koestler, Arthur. "The Nightmare That Is a Reality," NY Times, 1/9/44, VI, 5.

 

Lester, Elenore, & Frederick E. Werbell. "The Lost Hero of the Holocaust," NY Times Magazine, 3/30/80.

 

Lewin, Isaac. "Attempts at Rescuing European Jews with the Help of Polish Diplomatic Missions during World War II," parts I, II, & III, Polish Review, v 22, #4 (1977), v 24, #1 (1979), v 27, #1-2 (1982).

 

--. "Telegrams from Hell," Poiityka (Warsaw) (8/9/75).

 

Ludlow, Peter W. "The International Protestant Community in the Second World War," Jour a/Ecclesiastical Hist (7/78).

 

Mervis, Leonard. "The Social Justice Movement and the American Reform Rabbi," Am J Archives (6/55).

 

Morgenstern, Aryeh. "The United Rescue Committee of the Jewish Agency and Its Activities during the Years 1943-1945," Yalkut Moreshet (6/71). (In Hebrew.)

 

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. "The Refugee Run-Around," Collier's (11/1/47).

 

Perkins, Bradford. "Reluctant Midwife: America and the Birth of Israel," Reviews in Am Hist (3/81).

 

Rothkirchen, Livia. "The 'Final Solution' in Its Last Stages," YVS, v 8 (1970).

 

---. "Hungary-an Asylum for the Refugees of Europe," YVS, v 7 (1968).

 

Shafir, Shlomo. "Taylor and McDonald: Two Diverging Views on Zionism and the Emerging Jewish State," J Sodal Studies (fall 1977).

 

Syrkin, Marie. Letter, Midstream (5/68).

 

--. "What American Jews Did During the Holocaust," Midstream (10/82).

 

Szajkowski, Zosa. "The Attitude of American Jews to Refugees from Germany in the 1930s," AJHQ (12/71).

 

Tenenbaum, Joseph. "The Contribution of American Jewry towards Rescue in the Hitler Period," Yad Vashem Bulletin (4/57).

 

"Testimony of Herman F. Graebe, Given in Israel," YVS, v 6 (1967).

 

Urofsky, Melvin I. (ed). Essays in American Zionism 1917-1948 (1978). This book includes several relevant articles.

 

---. "Rifts in the Movement: Zionist Fissures, 1942-1945," in Urofsky (ed), Essays in American Zionism 1917-1948 (1978).

 

Vago, Bela. "The British Government and the Fate of Hungarian Jewry in 1944," in Gutman & Zuroff (eds), Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust (1977).

 

Voss, Carl Hermann. "The American Christian Palestine Committee," in Urofsky (ed), Essays in American Zionism 1917-1948 (1978).

 

Willson, John P. "Carlton J. H. Hayes, Spain, and the Refugee Crisis, 1942-1945," AJHQ (12/72).

 

Yahil, Leni. "Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners," YVS, v 6 (1967).

 

[b]Unpublished Works[/b]

 

Berman, Aaron. "The Hebrew Committee of National Liberation and the Rescue of the European Jews." Thesis, Hampshire Col (1975).

 

Dexter, Elisabeth A. "Last Port of Freedom." Manuscript (1942).

 

Grobman, Alex. "Reaction of American Jewry through the American and Jewish Press, 1939-1942." MA thesis, Hebrew Univ of Jerusalem (1978).

 

Mainzer, Edward. "The Ohio Jewish Chronicle 1941-1943." Manuscript (1980).

 

Matzozky, Eliyho. "American Jewish Press Reaction to the Mass Killing, November 24, 1942, to March 4, 1943." Manuscript (1978).

 

---. "The Response of American Jewry and Its Representative Organizations between November 24, 1942, and April 19, 1943, to Mass Killing of Jews in Europe."

 

MA thesis, Yeshiva Univ (1979).

 

Musy, Jean-Marie. "Rapport au Comite Suisse de l'Union of Orthodox Rabbis." Manuscript (1945).

 

Neustadt-Noy, Isaac. "The Unending Task: Efforts to Unite American Jewry from the American Jewish Congress to the American Jewish Conference." PhD dissertation, Brandeis Univ (1976).

 

US Foreign Economic Administration. "A Survey of Greek Relief, April 1941 to December 1943." Mimeographed (1944).

 

Wood, Louise H. "Italy Program: 1940-1941, 1944-1962." Mimeographed by American Friends Service Committee (1970).  

 

 

 

 

 

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