[b]CHAPTER 10. THE CABINET WAR[/b]

 

1 Firsthand accounts appear in Morgenthau's article in Collier's, 11/1/47, and in DuBois, Devil's Chemists, ch 19.

 

2 See, eg, John Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau (1970), 88, 98-100, 222-3, 236, 384-5, 485-6, 564-5; Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, v 3 (1967), 202- 6; Pol Sci Qtrly, 6/71, 234, 242-9, 258; Hull, Memoirs, 1379-80, 1388.

 

3 Ch 5 above.

 

4 MD 693/220; Wise to Welles, 3/31/ 43, SW to Atherton, 4/5/43, Hull to Bern, 4/10/43, SD 862.4016/2266 & 2266A; Harrison to SS, 4/20/43, Hull to Bern, 4/27/43, SD 862.4016/2269 & 2268; MD 688Il/99-100, 142.

 

5 Harrison to SS, 4/20/43, Hull to Bern, 5/25/43, SD 862.4016/2269; Wise to Welles, 5/3/43, SD, R/3821; Harrison to SS, 6/14/43, 7/3/43, 7/10/43, SD 862.4016/2274, 2276, & 2278; Meltzer, Convsn with Goldmann, 5/12/43, SD, R/3827; Riegner-Jarvik interview, 10/4/ 78.

 

6 Convsn Welles, Wise, & Goldmann, 4/30/43, AZEC unsorted papers, ZAL; Wise to Welles, 5/3/43, SD, R/3821; Meltzer, Proposed Arrangement for Relief, 7/30/43, SD, R/4 211; Reams to Long, 5/17/43, SD 862.4016/2269; Reams, draft teleg for Bern, 5/18/43, SD, R/2269; Meltzer, Convsn with Goldmann, 7/14/43, SD, R/4 063; MD 646/68, 6881/15; Harrison to SS, 6/22/ 43, SD 862.4016/2275; Reams, Memo of 7/12/43, sections on France and Rumania, BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt and Natl Groups; Relief and Evaon Projects, 1/ 27/44, P 24, W 50, SD.

 

7 MD 646/68, 649/218, 6881/11, 15- 6, 693/220; W ] Hull to Meltzer & Reams, 7/19/43, SD, R/4 102; Reams to Long, 5/17/43, SD 862.4016/2269.

 

8 MD 688II/69.

 

9 Wise to FDR, 7/23/43, FDR to Wise, 8/14/43, FOR, OF 76C; Wise, 277-8; MD  6881/5-7.

 

10 MD  6881/10, 17, 198-201; Meltzer, Proposed Arrangement for Relief, 7/30/ 43, Brandt to Feis, 8/3/43, SD, R/4211 & 4212; JHK to FE, Eu, et al, 9/14/43, SD, R/4502; Meltzer to Feis, Acheson, 8/2/43, SD 862.4016/2286.

 

11 MD 68811201.

 

12 MD 6881/85, 88-9, 688II/66-75.

 

13 MD 6881185-6, 693/227; Long, Convsn with Pehle, 10/28/43, SD 862.4016/2292; BLD, 277.

 

14 Reams to Long & Matthews, 10/25/ 43, Stettinius to Bern, 10/26/43, Long, Memo, 10/26/43, SD 862.4016/2292; MD 68811170-2.

 

15 Reinstein, Telephone convsn with Palin, 11/12/43, SD 862.4016/2292; Relief and Evacn Projects, 1/27/44, p 24, W 50, SD; MD 68811109-10.

 

16 MD  688I/111-8, 134-7, 140.

 

17 MD  688I/166, 688II/47A, 48-9; Collier's, 11/1/47, 62. For this episode through British documents, see Wasserstein, 246-9.

 

18 Wasserstein, 248.

 

19 MD 688II/61, 82-91, 106-30.

 

20 MD 693/200-1.

 

21 MD 688II/85.

 

22 Handler to Cox, 6/18/43, OC; MD 642/210-3, 643/278-80, 688II/117-20; Cox to Stettinius, 10/13/43, 11/27/43, Advisor on Political Relations to Stettinius, 10/18/43, SD, R/5128 & 5129.

 

23 MD 688II/63-75, 82-90.

 

24 MD 688II/97, 148-51, 186.

 

25 MD 688II/151, 163, 224, 694/196- 7; Hull to Bern, 12/18/43, SD 862.4016/ 2295; Relief and Evacn Projects, 1/27/ 44, P 24, W 50, SD.

 

26 MD  688II/88, 122, 148, 163.

 

27 MD  693/81, 101; Collier's, 11/1/47, 65.

 

28 MD 688II/156, 164.

 

29 MD 688II/156-7, 164-5.

 

30 MD 688II/63-5, 88-90, 153-4, 163, 166-9, 173, 176, 693/221, 694/196- 7.

 

31 MD  688II/99-100; DuBois, Devil's Chemists, 187.

 

32 MD 688II/99-100, 213. This effort to block the information flow was first made public by William Langer in a speech (12/19/44) on the Senate floor (CR, v 90, 9695).

 

33 MD  688II/154-5, 173-4, 186-8, 200, 206-8, 694/75.

 

34 MD  688II/119, 136-8, 167-8, 191- 2, 249-51, 694/88, 97-8.

 

35 MD  688II/240-1, 692/25, 287-92, 693/82-91, 188-229.

 

36 MD  693/188-9, 196, 212-29, 694/ 80-110.

 

37 MD 693/214; Hyman to Long, 10/ 6/43, SD, R/4 556; Travers, Memo for File, 11/5/43, SD, R/4 780; Hodel, Memo for Files, 12/8/43, Leavitt to Pehle, 12/31/43, cable to Bern, u/c Pehle to Long, 1/3/44, W 2, AJJDC (Children from France); MD  689/202, 692/18; Hull to Bern, 1/5/44, SD 862.4016/2295.

 

38 Long, Convsn with Goldmann, 9/ 16/43, SD, R/4 542.

 

39 MD 693/201, 228; FR 1943, v 1, 374-6, 379, 386-7.

 

40 MD  693/204, 232-6; Brenner to Luxford, 1/28/44, W 27, WRB 1; RR, 202-3; Winant to SS, 1/12/45, W 25, Situation in Germany; Hartwig, Remnant Groups, 2/23/44, W 29, WJC 1.

 

41b FR 1943, v 1, 259-60; MD  688II/117, 123.

 

42 MD  692/15-27; Reams, Memo of 7/12/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups. Eg, see Morse, 65-7, and "Children from Occupied Areas into Sweden" (nd), W 32, Sweden, 2B.

 

43 Relief and Evacn Projects, 1/27/44, W 50, SD; MD  701/242-3.

 

44 Reams to Stettinius, 10/8/43, BLP, B 202, Refs.

 

45 MD 688II/122, 701/243; NYT, 8/ 4/43, 1, 8/6/43, 14; Joseph Tenenbaum, Peace for the Jews (1945), 64.

 

46 Advisor on Political Relations to Stettinius, 10/18/43, SD, R/5129.

 

47 Wyman, 146; Israel, 225-6; BLD, 245-6; Flournoy to Travers & Holmes, 3/30/45, Travers to Foster, 4/6/45, SD 150.01 Bills/3-3045; JPC 3246.

 

48 Chapman to Ickes, 1/6/45, HI, SD 1945-46; MD 6881/201.

 

49 DuBois-Jarvik interview, 10/23/78; Mohler to Mulholland, 9/13/34, BI 40, Jews-Jewish, J-1; MD 718/173, 222; Wyman, 157, 163-6.

 

50 MD 688II/122. Hull's lengthy Memoirs devote 2 pages to refugees and rescue (1538-40). BG, 5/3/43, 1, 11; CJR, 8/43, 394; MD 694/192; Dorothy Detzer, Appointment on the Hill (1948), 230; Denny-Wyman interview, 5/11/65; JPC 3057; Stettinius to SS, 1/8/44, BLP, B 202, Refs.

 

51 Israel, 308-9; MD 688IV138, 694/ 67-8; RR, 181.

 

52 Israel, 216-7, 231-2, 243, 260, 366; BLD, 256, 262, 276-9, 283, 383, 501- 5, 522.

 

53 Eg, BLD, 385, 392; Israel, 269.

 

54 NYP, 12/20/43, 3; SFE, 12/22/43, 12.

 

[b]CHAPTER 11. THE RESCUE RESOLUTION[/b]

 

1 RR, 16.

 

2 Harper to Meyer, 10/6/44, PSC 1/ 14; WP, 11/24/43, 12; NYT, 11/10/43, 19, 12/21/43, 10.

 

3 RR, 15, 211; Baldwin to Wn EC, 1/ 27/44, JI, EC #48.

 

4 Eg, APRR, 5-20; NYT, 11/5/42, 1, 12/10/42, 23, 11/16/43, 6, 12/17/43, 31; Ans, 1/44, 9, 12-13; NYP, eg, 11/10, 4, 11/23, 2, 8, 12/1, 8, 12/11, 1, 3, 12/13, 23 (all in 1943); Krupp to Bloom, with petition, 11/22/43, Legis 16431; Buckley to Bloom, 11/19/43, Zaritzky to Bloom, 11/20/43, Smith to Bloom [11/ 20/43], Legis 16432; NY Daily Mirror, 1/28/44, 21; JMJ, 11/24/43, 1, 11/25/ 43, 3; McIntyre to SS, 11/20/43, FDR, OF 76C.

 

5 Hearings were held Nov 19, 23, 24, 26, and Dec 2. NYHT, 11/20/43, 5; NYP, 11/19/43, 5, 11/24/43, 4; RR, 17, 35-42, 73-87, 93-4, 149, 212-6; Bloom to McCosker, 11/20/43, Moore to Bloom, 11/22/43, Bloom to Moore, Hale & McClintock, 11/23/43, Legis 16432.

 

6 RR, 35-42, 95-107, 123-5, 133; JTA, 11/24/43, 4.

 

7 RR, 30-2, 57-8, 66-7, 88-91, 100, 106, 110-1, 136, 216, 236.

 

8 RR, 30, 88, 132-3; Forward, 11/26/ 43, 2.

 

9 NYP, 11/24/43, 4, 12/11/43, 3; Bloom to Thackrey, 11/24/43, Legis 16432; RR, 156-60.

 

10 RR, 161-210, 239 (esp 161-84, 201-6).

 

11 RR, 182-5, 188-91, 196-201, 204- 5.

 

12 RR, 184, 196, 204-8; JTA, 12/13/ 43, 2.

 

13 FR 1943, v 1, 170, 225-7; RR, 184, 206-8.

 

14 Convsn Goldmann & Shulman with Bloom, 12/8/43, AHS, Ma 1-80, Bloom; JTA, 12/13/43, 2, 12/21/43, 1; NYT, 12/11/43, 1; RR, 199-201; BLD, 381- 3; FR 1943, v 1, 226-7; MD 692/22, 694/97.

 

15 RR, 163, 166, 171, 191; Wyman, 217-9, 258; NYT, 12/27/43, 11, 12/31/ 43, 14; Cf Rpt, 43; CW, 12/24/43, 16- 7.

 

16 JTA, 12/22/43, 1; FR 1943, v 1, 241, 244; CJR, 2/44, 63; RR, 184.

 

17 RR, 169; Remarks on Testimony of Long, u/c Gottschalk to Slawson, 12/ 21/43, AJC, Imgn Series, Refs-Rescue of; Proskauer to Long, 12/28/43, AJC, PEC; Cf Rpt, 44; CW, 12/24/43, 16.

 

18 NYT, 12/11/43, 1; CT, 12/11/43, 8.

 

19 NYP, 12/11/43, 1, 3, 12/13/43, 23; NYWT, 12/13/43, 21; PM, 12/14/43, PSC 4/14; PM, 12/20/43, 1, 3; Nation, 12/25/43, 748; NR, 12/20/43, 867-8; NYT, 12/27/43, 11, 12/31/43, 14; CW, 12/24/43, 14-7.

 

20 JPC 713, 718-9; Proskauer to Long, 12/28/43, Long to Proskauer [1/ 14/44], AJC, PEC; JR, 2/28/44, 64-79.

 

21 IR, 2/28/44, 64-79.

 

22 JTA, 12/19/43, 3; NYT, 12/12/43, 8; SFE, 12/21/43, 6; CR, v 90, 662-6.

 

23 BLD, 386; Berle to Stettinius, 1/20/ 44, SD, R/5193; MD 694/191-2; Israel, xxiv.

 

24 The EC's campaign for the Rescue Resolution was supported only by the UOR and AI (E. Silver to Bloom, 11/25/ 43, Legis 16432; UOR to Gillette et al, 11/14/43, VH, B 24). Part of the Zionist reaction to the resolution was discussed in ch 9. Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11/ 23/43, 12/15/43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; CfR 6.

 

25 RR, 217-47. Wise implied that the AJCf would not itself have proposed legislation for a rescue commission (RR, 240-1). To understand Wise's testimony, one should read it in conjunction with an AJCf press release of 12/2/43 (Legis 16432), which summarized a written statement Wise distributed to the House committee (RR, 220). Much of Wise's testimony dealt with Jewish rights in Palestine. He also advocated (but said almost nothing about) rescue camps in neutral and United Nations countries, pressure on Axis satellites to release Jews, an intergovernmental rescue agency, food shipments through the blockade, and permission to send funds to Europe (RR, 220-32, 237).

 

26 RR, 220-1.

 

27 RR, 235, 238; NYT, 11/20/43, 6; NYHT, 11/20/43, 5; Kuppinger to Long, 11/22/43, SD, R/5029; Merlin- Wyman interview, 9/6/73; Jabotinsky to Kitty & Ted, 1/11144, JI, EC#70.

 

28 Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11123/ 43, 12/15/43, Exec Com Mins, 11/6/43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6.

 

29 YSH, 9, 12; Ans, 2/12/44, 20, 6/15/ 44, 19, 21; APRR, 33, 42; LJ, 1/44, 53; AJCf Pr Rel, 12/29/43, SD, R/5025; Lewin, Churban Europa, 81-3. Asked in 1979 whether the Zionist leadership had tried to obstruct the resolution, Dean A1fange replied, "No doubt about it" (Alfange-Wyman interview, 3/22/79).

 

30 Interview Gillette, Feuer, & Sack [1/17/44], AHS, Ma 11-35, Gillette; Gillette to Levinthal, 10/30/45, PSC 1/21; Address of Sen Guy M. Gillette, 12/20/ 44, The Work Is Still Ahead [12/44], PSC 6/27; Oakland Tribune, 1/3/44, u/ c Keane to McCrillis, 1/27/44, HI, Associations.

 

31 Interview Gillette, Feuer, & Sack [1/17/44], AHS, Ma 11-35, Gillette; MD 693/234-6; Gillette to Selden, 8/1/44, PSC 1112; RR, 218-21.

 

32 Exec Com Mins, 10/31/43, 11/6/ 43, Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11/23/ 43, 12/15/43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; AJCf Pr Rel, 12/29/43, SD, R/5025; CfR 6; CW, 12/10/43, 3. A few months later, hostility reached a point where Wise described Bergson as "equally as great an enemy of the Jews as Hitler" (Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al. 5/19/44, SD 867N.01/2347).

 

33 Day, 12/6/43, 6, 12/10/43, 6; JMJ, 12/5/43, 4; Daily J Courier (Chicago), 12/7/43, 4; APRR, 21-34; Celler, Briel in Support of Baldwin-Rogers Resolution, 12/6/43, Legis 16432; NYT, 12/22/43, 3. For the advertisements, see, eg, NYT, 11/24/43, 13, 12/17/43, 31; NYP, 1/13/ 44, 20-1; JMJ, 1/11/44, 10.

 

34 IR, 1/10/44, 14; MD 693/198; Gillette to Thomas, 1124/44, ET, B 80, C-5 Congress; Kook-Wyman interview, 1/ 10174; NYT, 12/21/43, 10; JTA, 12/22/ 43, 2; Sen Rpt No 625 (78 Cong, 1st ses), 12/20/43.

 

35 SFE, 12/22/43, 12; NYP, 12/20/43, 3; Convsn Goldmann & Shulman with Bloom, 12/8/43, AHS, Ma 1-80, Bloom; MD 693/198

 

36 Numerous letters in "Jewish File" in Legis 16431; RR, 222; Flegelman to Bloom, 1/25/44, Engelman to Bloom, 2/ 1/44, Bloom to Jacoby, 2/3/44, Legis 16433; J Times (Baltimore), 12/24/43, 14; Celler to Bloom, 1/14/44, Bloom to Celler, 1/14/44, Legis 16431.

 

37 Eg, Bonardelli to Bloom, 3/25/40, Yarmish to Bloom, 2/3/44, SB, B 47, Misc Ltrs & Papers; Steinreich to Bloom, 12/30/43, Kalmanowitz to Bloom, 12/3/43, SB, B 46, Selected Ltrs; de Sola Pool to Bloom, 9/23/42, Goldstein to Bloom, 5/17/42, Bloom to Goldstein, 11/11/43, Halifax to Bloom, 11/26/43, SB, B 45, Selected Ltrs; ] Digest, 7/41, 31; Celler speech, 10/23/75, at J Hist Soc of NY; Celler-Jarvik interview, 10/4/78.

 

38 MD 693/198, 694/88.

 

39 AJCf Pr Rel, 12/29/43, SD, R/5025; NYT, 12/31/43, 10; Kenen to Members of Int Com, 5/12/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6.

 

40 MD 688II/138, 693/198, 694/88-9.

 

41 MD 688II/119, 136, 191, 693/198, 694/88, 97-8, 710/194.

 

42 MD 694/97.

 

43 Ch 10 above; MD 694/80-110, 190, 193-202; MD 688II/191-2, 250-1. The executive order was prepared by Cox, one of his assistants, Milton Handler, and Ben Cohen, then with the Office of War Mobilization (Handler to Cox, 1/ 14/44 [twice], drafts of exec order, draft memo for Director of Budget [1/15/44], OC).

 

44 Merlin-DuBois interview, 8/13/81; Commentary, 9/83, 16.

 

45 MD 694/190-3.

 

46 NYP, 3/9/44, 36; MD 694/97; Fuchs, Political Behavior, 71-5, 99-107.

 

47 Detzer, Appointment, 242-3; WP, 1/25/44, 10; Jabotinsky to Kitty & Ted, 1/11/44, JI, EC#70; [Jabotinsky] to Ben Eliezer, 1/11/44, PSC 1/11; NYT, 1/23/44, 11; CJR, 4/44, 177; Ans, 2/12/ 44, 9; CSM, 1/24/44, 1, 6.

 

48 WP, 1/25/44, 10; CSM, 1/24/44, 6; NYT, 1/27/44, 4; IR, 3/27/44, 126; Weadick to Lawlor, 4/4/44, 4/5/44, BI 98, WRB, W-1; Detzer, Appointment, 242-3; printed EC brochure, cover missing, p 9, PSC 9/69; Gillette to Thomas, 1/24/44, ET, B 80, C-5 Congress; Ans, 2/12/44, 7, 11, 16, 18; CfR 7; NP, 2/4/44, 227, 235; Rescue Com, pp 14-6, 140, AJHS, 1-67, B 4; MD 693/235-6, 694/59-60, 89; RGH, Jr, to Berle, 1/21/44, SD, R/5062

 

49 Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al. 5/19/44, SD 867N.Ol/2347; MD 707/220-1, 710/194, 735/24, 26, 77.

 

[b]CHAPTER 12: WHEN ARE THE AMERICANS COMING?"[/b]

 

1 Federal Register, 1/26/44, 935.

 

2 "'Action Taken, " 1/18/44, W 28, WRB3; Stewart to Pehle, 2/8/44, W 50, TD.

 

3 MD 697/165, 708/43-5, 696/169; HSD, v 46, 34; McCloy's penciled note on Morgenthau to McCloy, 1/28/44, ASW5.

 

4 MD 694/191-2, 696/168-74, 701/ 167, 702/146, 708/42-3, 711/100; Warren to SS, 5/5/44, SD, R/5499; FR 1945, v 2, 1146-7; Schauffler to Branson, Jessup, et ai, 11/6/44, AF, RS 11.

 

5 FSR, 6; Stewart to Pehle, 2/25/44, W 52, Admin Matters; Hn to Steinhardt, 4/24/44, LS.

 

6 MD 695/35, 696/124-5, 146, 183- 219, 697/41, 699/105, 251-2, 700/108; HSD, v 46, 34; CEP Jour, 2/17/44.

 

7 MD 696/171, 183-92, 225, 697/41, 159, 166; FDR to SS, 1/25/44, Hull 53/ 165; Collier's, 11/1/47, 65.

 

8 MD 697/13, 16, 30, 40-1, 698/30, 699/105, 251-2, 700/12, 24, 26, 101; PC/FDR, 2/4/44, 21-2.

 

9 MD 701/174-7.

 

10 FSR, 62; MD 700/257-8, 722/157, 724/321, 727/214, 728/11.2; Standish to Friedman, 4/5/44, W 30, Reprs; Warren to Pehle, 5/17/44, SD, R/5051; Berle, Convsn with Joy, 5/23/44, SD, R/6245.

 

11 Hodel, Memo of Cf, 1/19/44, W27, WRB 1; Hodel, Memo for Files, W 7, EC; WH, 443-5; FSR, 11-12.

 

12 Mtg at Harvard Club, 2/17/44, "Afternoon Session, " 2/26/44, W 9, Free World House; W 4, Com on Special Ref Probs; Biog Sketches of Members of Joy's Com (nd), W 22, Radio (Abrahamson); USC, F: Dr. Joy-Com on Spec Ref Probs; Brundage, Stmt Re USC & WRB, 5/17/44, USC, WRB; Joy to Berle, 5/26/44, SD, R/6246; MD 735/ 82.

 

13 MD 696/86, 697/53; FR 1944, v 1, 987-9; FSR, 7.

 

14 MD 709/28-9, 710/194-5, 718/ 224-5, 720/291; Pollak, WRB Staff Cf, 2/23/44, W 27, WRB 1; Pehle to Warren, 4/26/44, W 33, Measures Directed.

 

15 MD 709/28-9, 722/341; SW[eadick], Memo for Record, 8/15/44, Mohler to Mulholland, 12/7/44, BI 98, WRB, WI; Cumming to Bohlen, Matthews, & Dunn, 5/10/44, SD, R/6422; WH, 428; Hn to Steinhardt, 6/10/44, LS; Wkly Rpt, "since 2/2/44, " W 28; Friedman to Stewart, 2/22/44, W 53, Standish; Ira Hirschmann, speech at Brandeis Univ, 4/17/77. Re War Dept, see ch 15 below.

 

16 MD 700/227, 709/23, 741/237, 763/109, 814/143-4; Hirschmann, 146- 7; JWP, Memo, 4/24/44, W 30, Reprs; Draft Cable to Winant, 10/31/44, W 30, Clearance of Licensing; FR 1944, v 1, 1097-8; WH, 382-6.

 

17 MD 694/207, 696/150-6, 709/27, 711/136, 716/178; Pehle to Heller, Rosenwald, & Wise, 4/7/44, W 26, UJA; Montor, Mins of Mtg on WRB, 2/4/44, Mins of Mtg with Pehle, 2/10/44, JDC, WRB.

 

18 Lesser, Memo, 2/23/44, W 27, WRB 1; Montor, Mins of Mtg on WRB, 2/4/44, Mins of Mtg with Pehle, 2/10/ 44, Montor to Leavitt, 2/14/44, Beck to Leavitt, 2/17/44, translation from Forward, 2/26/44, Hyman to Pehle, 2/28/ 44, Hyman to Resnick, 2/29/44, JDC, WRB; MD 696/176. At one point, Pehle asked the UJA to pledge a set amount for WRB·supervised projects, but pointed out that the WRB could not publicly endorse the UJA, because it had to remain impartial in its relations with the private agencies. No specific UJA pledge was made. (Mins of Mtg with Pehle, 2/10/44, JDC, WRB.)

 

19 MD 706/131, 716/178; Heller, Rosenwald, & Wise to Pehle, 4/4/44, Pehle to Heller, Rosenwald, & Wise, 4/7/44, W 26, UJA; Hyman to Pehle, 2/28/44, Hyman to Resnick, 2/29/44, Mins of Mtg with WRB, 3/30/44, Draft of ltr to WRB horn UJA, 3/31/44, Montor to Heller, Rosenwald, & Wise, 4/10/44, JDC, WRB.

 

20 WH, 6-7; FSR, 13-15; MD 699/ 119, 716/178; Coons to Voorsanger, 7/ 10/44, JDC, WRB.

 

21 Foreign War Relief Operations (House Doc 262), 7/17/45, iii-vi, 1-95.

 

22 Draft Memo from President to Dir of Budget, 1/14/44, Handler to Cox, 1/ 14/44, with attached draft Memo for Dir of Budget, draft Memo for Dir of Budget [1/15/44], OC.

 

23 MD 706/22, 170; DuBois, Memo for Files, W 27, WRB 1.

 

24 WH, 412; FSR, 8, 9; Interview with Emerson, 4/25/44, AJC, Imgn Series, Imgn 1944-40.

 

25 MD 707/220-4, 708/1-3, 709/16- 18, 711/209-14, 718/172-3, 722/157, 726/33-9, 148-50, 727/214, 728/112, 732/258; FR 1944, v 1, 1037; Pehle to Harriman, 5/19/44, W 34, Hung 2 (last); MPD, v 5, 1338-41.

 

26 Eg, MD 84811/346-7.

 

27 Hodel, Memo for Files, 1/28/44, W 53, Hn; Hirschmann, 130; H II, 35.

 

28 MD 702/175-6, 183, 704/92-6, 760/88; H I, 1-3; Viteles, Excerpt of Rpt on Visit to Turkey, 7/23/44, JDC, G/E, Tur Refs; Barlas, Rpt on Imgn, 12/ 18/43, AHS, File 4-2-19, AZEC; Resnik, Rpt on Activities [3/44], W 41, Tur 5; Hn to Cox, 3/13/44, OC; H II, 30.

 

29 WH, 17, 32-3; MD 706/164; HI, 2-7; H II, 8, 12, 17-8, Exh L; Russell to Warren, 12/27/44, SD, R/1-545; Friedman, War Ref Work, 5/11/44, W 41, Tur 5; Convsn Katzki &. Chaoul, 8/ 23/44, W 37, Bulg; McCormack to Exec Dir, 2/19/[45], W 28, WRB 3; Yalkut Moreshet, 6171, 81; H III, 3.

 

30 MD 704/53.

 

31 MD 704/96; Excerpt, Hn to Rothschild, 3/6/44, JDC, G/E, Tur Refs; H I, Appen: Observations; WH, 17; H II, 17-8; Hn to Cox, 3/13/44, OC; Transit Policy of Turkish Govt, 4/5/44, W 29, W]C 1; Admin Com Mtg, 6/23/44, pp 38-52, AJHS, 1-77, B 3.

 

32 H II, 26-7.

 

33 [Hn] to Goldwasser, 2/14/44, W 18, Pal Certs; HI, 4; MD 703/101, 105- 7, 704/51-4, 705/294; WH, 442. Land was influenced by Leo Crowley of the Foreign Econ Admn and Oscar Cox of the Lend-Lease Admn. They guaranteed funds to replace the ship. (Crowley to Land, 2/24/44, OC.)

 

34 Wyman, 146, 191-2; PM, 10/3/43, 6; CW, 10/8/43, 2; Hn to Steinhardt, 6/ 10/44, LS; Resnik, Rpt on Activities [3/ 44], JDC, G/E, Tur Refs; Jabotinsky, Rpt to EC, 6/14/44, PSC 3/65; Hn to Steinhardt, 4/6/44, 4/24/44, 6/1/44, 7/ 3/44, Hn to Billikopf, 4/22/44, Allen to Steinhardt, 4/22/44, 5/12/44, Baerwald to Steinhardt, 5/4/44, LS.

 

35 WH, 20-1, 24-9; MD 714/28, 717/ 127, 720/126-9, 319, 722/154, 366, 723/368-9, 724/95; Simond, Rpt #12, 4/24/44, Rpt #13, 5/22/44, W 59, Jews in Rum; FSR, 22; H I, 5; NYT, 3/29/44, 4,

 

36 MD 720/126-9.

 

37 NYT, 4/19/44, 1, 5/4/44, 6, 5/22/ 44, 5; Hirschmann, 140-1; FSR, 21; Norweb to SS, 4/20/44, W 17, Pal; Friedman, War Ref Work, 5/11/44, Kolb to Simond, 5/31/44, W 41, Tur 5; Resnik to Schwartz, Re: Tari, 6/18/44, JDC, Tur (Resnik's Rpt); WH, 29-30; MD 702/175, 724/122. The 3 boats were the Mtika, Man'ka, and Bellacitta.

 

38 WH, 30, 35, 37-9; NYT, 5/31/44, 3; Steinhardt to Baerwald, 6/9/44, JDC, G/E, Balkans; Resnik to Schwartz, Re: Tari, 6/18/44, JDC, Tur (Resnik's Rpt); H II, 7, 10, 30. The 4 were the Kazbec, Marina, Bulbul, and Mefkura.

 

39 Leavitt to Schwartz, 6/23/44, Leavitt to Pehle, 6/23/44, JDC, G/E, Balkans; Pehle to Leavitt, 6/20/44, JDC, Emgn Projs from Balkans; NYT, 4/11/ 44, 2.

 

40 MD 762/212-3; Memo on Convsns with Bulbul Passengers [8/44], Memo beginning, "Further interrogation of captains, " 8/22/44, W 40, Tur 2B; WH, 38; H II, 10; WLB, 4/62, 33; NYT, 8/ 17/44, 9; Hull to Bern, 7/21/44, Steinhardt to SS, 10/26/44, W 25, Schleifer; Schleifer to Steinhardt, 9/29/44, Rosenblatt to Steinhardt, 11/16/44, LS.

 

41 H III, 2; WH, 29-30; MD 716/281- 2, 285, 719/109, 722/367-8, 737/202; FSR, 21; Hn to Kelley, 7/31/44, W 43, Tur 11; Hn to Kelley, 8/5/44, W 72, Rum &. Bulg; Katzki, Mins of Mtg, 8/ 21/44, W 40, Tur 2B; H I, Appen: Observations.

 

42 H II, 25-6; H III, 6; FSR, 22-3; Hn to Kelley, 8/10/44, W 45, Evacns from Greece.

 

43 Ch 5 above; Friedman, Evacn of Refs from Transnistria, 2/14/44, Friedman to Pehle, 4/15/44, W 43, Transnistria; MD 703/177-80; Berry to SS, 12/ 11/43, SD, R/4859; Jt Mtg of Governing Council &. Admin Com, 1/19/44, AJCg.

 

44 Friedman to Pehle, 4/15/44, W 43, Transnistria; WH, 190-1; NYT, 10/18/ 44, 8; FSR, 23; MD 710/278; Steinhardt to Barlas, 4/3/44, AHS, Ma 11-80, Steinhardt; H III, 8.

 

45 WH, 190-1; MD 710/278, 711/ 139, 712/126; Hirschmann, 159; "Communication Dated March 15, 1944, " W 72, Rum &. Bulg; FR 1944, vi, 1045-6; McCormack to Exec Dir, 2/19/[45], W 28, WRB 3; NYP, 4/18/44, 4; NYT, 3/ 14/44, 4, 4/19/44, 1.

 

46 Hirschmann, ch 11; Hirschmann, speech at Brandeis Univ, 4/17/77.

 

47 FR 1944, v 1, 1047; H II, 4, 33; WH, 196.

 

48 H II, 13, 16, 31, Exhs 1& J; H III, 3; NYT, 8/23/44, 9, 8/30/44, 8, 10/18/ 44, 8; WH, 186.

 

49 H III, I, 8; Pehle to Leavitt, 9/29/ 44, JDC, Tur Genl; WH, 40.

 

50 FSR, 20; MD 748/270, 820/261; WH, 42, 188, 198; SD files Rl10-1944 & R/11-2144; Grew to Paris, 2/22/45, SD, R/2-2245; Berry to SS, 3/13/45, SD, R/3-1345; Stettinius to Rome, 4/12/ 45, SD, R/4-1245; Baruch to SS, 5/16/ 45, SD, R/5-1645; Pehle to Morgenthau, 1/24/45, W 36, Rum 1.

 

51 Excerpt from Katzki ltr, 11/10/44, JDC, Tur Genl; WH, 40-2; Katzki to Packer, 12/8/44, W 43, Tur 11; MD 802/194; Russell to Warren, 12/27/44, SD, R/1-545; NYT, 1/9/45, 8; Wasserstein, 341.

 

52 FSR, 63; WH, 42; WRB Pr Rel 18, 5/1/45, O'Dwyer; FR 1945, v 2, 1126- 7; H I, Appen: Observations; Hn to Cox, 3/13/44, Oc.

 

53 Institute of J Affairs, Institute Anniversary Volume, 73; MJ, 4/45, 96; Mohler to O'Boyle, 12/22/43, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns; FSR, 36. The total for the Jewish exodus to Spain in 1942 and 1943 was possibly as high as 6, 000, but more likely it was not over 4, 000 (BC Mins, 4/21, AM). Some issues dealt with in this section on Spain are discussed in detail in Avni, esp ch 4. At some points, my sources have led me to differ from Avni's analyses.

 

54 Hayes to SS, 5/31/43, SD, R/3894; CH 3.

 

55 Schwartz·Elizur interview, 11/29/ 61, 17, 20; NYT, 2/9/43, 26; WH, 121- 2; Butterworth to SS, 8/2/44, SD, Rl8- 244; FR 1943, v 1, 275-8, 281, 288-91, 298-9; Pehle, Memo for Files, 7/17/44, W 25, Sp; Mann Rpt; MD 706/145; Hayes to SS, 5/31/43, SD, R/3894; anonymous to Blickenstaff, u/c Blickenstaff to AF Lisbon, 5/11/44, AF, RS, Ctry Sp, Ltrs from; Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS 5.

 

56 Excerpts & Summary of Rpt on Spain from Conard, 11/20/43, AF, RS 6. It should be noted, though, that Spain had recently come through a debilitating civil war. That drawback could have been overcome, however, by Allied shipments to Spain of food for refugees.

 

57 Sequerra to AJDC Lisbon, 7/25/43, AF, RS 10.

 

58 Hayes to SS, 5/31/43, SD, R/3894; Blickenstaff to Hayes, 6/23/43, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns; CH I; CH 2; CH 3; Avni, 107-10; Relief & Evacn Projects, 1/27/ 44, W 50, SD.

 

59 A Short Sum of Program of Office of RSARO, 7/18/44, Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS 5; Blickenstaff to Brubaker, 1/16/43, AF, RS, Ctry Sp (1942); Rpt from Spain, 8/ 19/43, AF, RS 6; CH 2; Blickenstaff to Hayes, 1/13/45, CH, B 1, Jan-Mar 1945 Dept; NYT, 7/21/44, 5; JDC Digest, 6/43, 2; Chr R, 4/43, 138. Actually, Blickenstaff was with the Brethren Service Committee, on loan to AF. During 1943, the USC associated itself with RSARO. The WRS-NCWC did so in 1944.

 

60 CH 1; CH 2; Relief & Evacn Projects, 1/27/44, W 50, SD; MD 717/32; Hodel, Memo of Convsn with Leavitt, 2/1/44, W 31, Sp; A Short Sum of Program of Office of RSARO, 7/18/44, AF, RS 5. Estimates of Jewish refugees still in Spain ran from 2, 000 to 3, 000. Hayes's summary of the refugee situation in 1942 and 1943 appears in Hayes, 111-26.

 

61 Wkly Rpt, "since 2/2/44, " W 28; MD 701/18-9; FR 1944, v 1, 992-4; Standish to Pehle, 3/15/44, W 31, Sp.

 

62 Wkly Rpt, "since 2/2/44, " W 28; MD 701/169; Discussion of Proposed Cable to Hayes, 2/14/44, W 25, Sp; NYT, 5/3/44, 1; Hayes to Hull, 12/ 27/43, Hull 53/164; Walser, Convsn with Hull, 5/26/43, "Our Spanish Policy" (nd), Hull 83/373; Hayes, 181- 225.

 

63 Discussion of Proposed Cable to Hayes, 2/14/44, W 25, Sp; MD 702/ 143; FR 1944, v 1, 992-4.

 

64 FR 1944, v 1, 996-9; CH 2; MD 714/217, 721/264

 

65 FR 1944, v 1, 999, 1013-5; JBF, Memo, 3/30/44, W 31, Sp; MD 712/ 119-20, 721/264.

 

66 FR 1944, v 1, 987-9; MD 702/37, 714/217; FSR, 37; WH, 120.

 

67 FSR, 36; Hodel to Pehle, 2/10/44, W 30, Reprs; Hayes to SS, 3/3/44, Hull to Madrid, 3/16/44, W 8, McDonald, Exhs; MD 709/26, 712/119-22; WH, 114, 672; Mann Rpt.

 

68 WH, 124; Pehle, Memos for the Files, 7/17/44, 7/20/44, W 25, Sp; Pehle to Stettinius, 8/7/44, Pehle to Shaw, 8/ 17/44, Pehle to Dexter, 8/21/44, Draft cable to Hayes from Pehle, 8/23/44, W 30, Reprs.

 

69 MD 714/218, 218C-D, 717/140, 721/264, 726/121, 734/299; Hull to Madrid, 3/18/44, W 8, McDonald, Exhs; WH, 113, 117-8; Memo of Matters Discussed by Leavitt in Wn, 3/29/44, JDC, Rpts; Warren, Convsn with Thorold & Vance, 6/21/44, SD, R/6-2144; 5-page anonymous WRB memo re Hayes (nd), Rains, Re Sequerra, 4/13/44, W 25, Sp; Mann Rpt; Pehle to Leavitt, 7/ 13/44, JDC, Emgn Projects from Balkans.

 

70 Mann Rpt; MD 710/193, 714/218; "Afternoon Session, " 2/26/44, W 9, Free World House.

 

71 Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone, 101; MD 720/281, 721/31, 212; Mann Rpt; FSR, 37; Norweb to SS, 7/8/44, Pehle, Memos for the Files, 7/17/44, 7/ 20/44, W 25, Sp; Pehle to Stettinius, 8/ 7/44, W 30, Reprs.

 

72 Hayes to SS, 1/24/44, SD, R/5131; CH 2; Hayes, Memo re Baraibar, 3/18/ 43, CH, B 3, Jordana; MD 754/232, 778/54, 783/111, 801/37-41, 63-4, 804/197.

 

73 Discussions with Carlton J. H. Hayes, 4/24/42, AF, GF, For Serv, Sp; CEP Jour, 4/23/42; The Ref Problem in Spain, 4/21/42, Memo on Genl Conditions in Spain, 4/22/42, Chamberlain note to Hayes [4/42], CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns.

 

74 MD 702/37, 736/138; FR 1944, vI, 999, 1015n; CH 2; Pehle, Memo for Files, 7/20/44, W 25, Sp; Mann Rpt.

 

75 Hayes to Hull, 12/27/43, Hull 53/ 164; Walser, Convsn with Hull, 5/26/ 43, "Our Spanish Policy" (nd), Hull 83/ 373; Hull, Memoirs, 1329-34; Hayes, 181-225, 230-1.

 

76 [Pehle], Memorandum [7/44] which begins, "On July 17 and again on July 20, " W25, Sp. For a different interpretation of Hayes's response to the WRB, see J. P. Willson's article in AJHQ, 12/72.

 

77 Riegner to Reagan, 3/23/44, 4/28/ 44, W 62, WJC; Goldmann, Memo "Jews in Fr, " 3/23/44, W 29, WJC 1; Lichtenstein to Mereminski, 6/17/44, SD, R/6-1944; MD 713/214, 714/63, 718/154, 722/253, 723/353, 726/118; Schwartz-Elizur interview, 11/29/61, 10; Spiegler to Pehle, 4/11/44, W 9, HIAS; RM, 8-9; A. Leon Kubowitzki, Survey on the Rescue Activities of the WJC, 1940-1944 (1944), 43.

 

78 FSR, 37, 62; Emgn Figures, U/C Cleveland to Joy, 2/7/45, USC, AF; WH, 125; Hayes to SS, 10/16/44, SD, R/10-1644.

 

79 WH, 126-7; FSR, 38; NYT, 4/ 17/44, 25; E. Dexter to Strunsky, 4/21/ 44, E. Dexter to Cahill, 5/24/44, USC, Ltrs from Lisbon; Mann Rpt.

 

80 Anne Dacie, Yugoslav Refugees in Italy (1945), 5; Saxon, Rpt to Pehle, 4/ 19/44, W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs. The Allied armies found and freed 3, 000 to 4, 000Jews who were already in southern Italy. Interned in camps by the Mussolini government, they included Italian Jews along with refugees from Central and Eastern Europe. (MD 701/86; Seagrave to FATIMA, 4/14/44, W 14, It 2; WH, 96.)

 

81 Malin to Emerson, 2/24/44, AF, RS 9; DSB, 6/10/44, 533; Ackermann to Pehle, 3/7/44, 11/4/44, WI, Ack; AAF, 399, 520-3; Resnik, Rpt on Activities [3/44], W 41, Tur 5; Yugo ref camps in Egypt, 5/21/44, W 4, Camps; Pehle to Leavitt, 10/20/44, W 14, It 2.

 

82 WH, 101; Ackermann to Murphy, 5/5/44, Ackermann to Pehle, 3/7/44, 11/4/44, W 1, Ack; Ackermann to Pehle, 6/8/44, Pehle to Stettinius, 6/16/ 44, Marks & Sargoy, Memo for Files Re Yugo Ref Situation [6/44 or 7/44], W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs; Wilson to AGWAR, 5/24/44, W 14, It 2; FSR, 64; FR 1944, v 1, 1078-9.

 

83 WH, 96-7, 100; MD 704/59, 716/ 198, 719/78, 725/155; FSR, 62; Saxon, Rpt to Pehle, 4/10/44, Ackermann, Memo for Files, 4/14/44, Vucinich to Langer, 4/20/44, W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs.

 

854 WH, 100-2; Ackermann to Pehle, 3/7/44, 5/7/44, Ackermann to Murphy, 5/5/44, W 1, Ack; FSR, 64.

 

85 MD 732/62-4, 738/177; JBF, Memo, 5/27/44, W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs; Ackermann to Pehle, 6/17/44, 11/ 4/44, W 1, Ack; FR 1944, v 1, 1053, 1059-60.

 

86 Wilson to AGWAR, 6/9/44, 6/14/ 44, MIDEAST TO AFHQ, 8/9/44, W 14, It 2; Ackermann to Pehle, 6/17/44, 8/14/44, 11/4/44, W 1, Ack; JBF, Memo, 5/27/44, W 70, Evacn of Yugo Refs; WH, 104, 140, 229; Weatherford to Jessup, 2/20/45, AF, FS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from; FR 1944, v 1, 1063- 4, 1080-1, 1093-4; Goldsmith to CAO, AFHQ, 9/8/44, ulc Kimberland to Vail, 9/13/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from.

 

87 MD 701/86; WH, 96; Ackermann to Pehle, 8/14/44, W 1, Ack; Malin to Emerson, 2/24/44, AF, RS 9; Pinkerton to SS, 6/5/44, W 17, Pal; TS, 13, 16.

 

88 Ackermann to Pehle, 8/9/44, 11/4/ 44, W 1, Ack; MD 762/16, 786/207. One report from Hungary indicated that 7, 000 Jews reached Yugoslav partisan territory in summer 1944; but it could not be confirmed.

 

89 Hilberg, 432; FR 1944, v 1, 1123; MD 761/133, 767/42.

 

90 WH, 105-6; FR 1944, v 1, 1124, 1132, 1140.

 

91 MD 761/133, 767/42; FR 1944, v 1, 1123, 1149; WH, 106.

 

92 Mann to Pehle, 1/13/45, Margolis to Mann, 1/12/45, W 16, Mann; FSR, 27; Olsen to Pehle, 10/12/44, W 53, Olsen; Johnson to SS, 2/13/44 (2 items), W 31, Sweden l.

 

93 FSR, 27; WH, 84-5; OR; Margolis to Mann, 1/12/45, Mann to Pehle, 1/13/ 45, W 16, Mann; MD 777/166.

 

94 Olsen to Pehle, 6/12/44, W 72, Sweden; WH, 84-5; MD 764/78-9, 767/184, 777/166; FSR, 28; OFR.

 

95 MD 767/186.

 

96 MD 764/79, 777/166; FSR, 28-9; WH, 87-8; OR.

 

97 OR; MD 767/185; AJYB, v 47, 638; Rpt from Laura Margolis, 11/44, W 45, Evacns to & thru Sweden.

 

98 FSR, 28; WH, 80-1, 92-3; Olsen to Pehle, 10/12/44, W 53, Olsen; OR.

 

99 Johnson to SS, 2/15/44, W 31, Sweden 1; Wkly Review, 12/26/44, JDC, Rpts, Wkly Review; MD 724/76, 79.

 

100 MD 767/187, 843/333, 847/218; Johnson to SS, 7/15/44, 9/11/44, W 70, Ger Proposals thru Sweden; WH, 94; Hilberg, 362; FSR, 29; OFR; YVS, v 6, 217-8; file on Felix Kersten, in Joseph Tenenbaum Collection, F: 16 #15, YIVO; Felix Kersten, The Kersten Memoirs, 1940-1945 (1956), 9-21, 275-90; Hugo Valentin, "Rescue Activities in Scandinavia, " in Yivo Annual of J Social Science, v 8 (1953), 247-5l.

 

101 Margolis to Mann, 1/12/45, Mann to Pehle, 1/13/45, Hodel to Mann, 2/5/ 45, W 16, Mann; Rpt from Laura Margolis, 11/44, W 45, Evacns to & thru Sweden.

 

102 FSR, 29, 32; WH, 43; RM, 31-3.

 

103 McC biography (nd), AF, GF(44), US Govt, WRB; RM, 3; McC to Dear Friends, 3/31/43, 5/29/43, McC to Olgiatti, 3/21/44, AF, FS(44), Ctry Switz, Relief Serv, Admin Ltrs from Geneva; MD 736/211, 803/182-4; FSR, 29.

 

104 Pehle to Lesser, 6/6/44, W 70, Funds for ... Switz; MD 736/211-4, 803/177-84, 850/162-77; WH, 43-4, 53-4; RM, 3, 27-30, 69, & passim; FSR, 30.

 

105 FSR, 31; RM, 3-7, 11; MD 803/ 183.

 

106 FSR, 30-1; MD 688IV195; WH, 56.

 

107 WH, 56-9; MD 688II/195-6, 692/ 33-5, 39, 699/140, 717/20-1; Lesser, J Children in Fr, 2/11/44, Murphy, Re Children from Fr, 2/17/44, W 44, Evacn Abandoned Children from Fr; Riegner to McC, 8/28/44, W 63, WJC 1944. At the same time, the SD assured Spain and Portugal that the US would remove up to 1, 000 children if they were taken into those two countries from France (WH, 59).

 

108 FSR, 31; RM, 60-1; MD 767/38, 803/188.

 

109 McCormack to Exec Dir, 2/19/ [45], W 28, WRB 3; Refs in Switz: Convsn with SM, 7/26/44, W 64, AJJDC; RM, 16; 53, 60-1, 64; FR 1944, v 1, 1126-7; WH, 66-9; MD 768/244.

 

110 FR 1942, v 1, 469; NYT, 8/21/42, 7, 8/25/42, 3, 8/30/42, 18, 9/23/42, 4, 10/7/42, 5; MD 706/159-60; Pehle to Mayer, 4/25/44, W 21, Mayer; Sternbuch to McC, 6/22/44, W 62, UOR; Freudenberg to Cavert, 1/8/43, FCC, B 29, Genl Secy's Files, Foreign Corresp. For a discussion of Swiss refugee policy, see Bauer I, 226-32.

 

111 Arieh Tartakower & Kurt Grossmann, The Jewish Refugee (1944), 285- 6, 343-4; Harrison to SS, 3/30/44, W 32, Switz; W. A. Visser 't Hooft, Memoirs, 171; MD 706/159; Pehle to Mayer, 4/25/44, W 21, Mayer; FR 1942, v 1, 469; FR 1943, v 1, 359; Sternbuch to McC, 6/22/44, W 62, UOR. Numerical estimates are based on Harrison to SS, 2/15/44, W 32, Switz; MD 798/315; & Jensen, Ref Prob in Switz, 2/21/44, SD, R/2-2144.

 

112 Visser 't Hooft, Memoirs, 171; Harrison to SS, 3/30/44, W 32, Switz; Refs in Switz: Convsn with SM, 7/26/44, W 64, AJJDC; Ostrow to White, 3/18/45, W 44, Mvt of Refs from Switz 2; NYT, 8/21/42, 7, 8/30/42, 18, 9/23/42, 4; FR 1942, v 1, 469-70; Pehle to Mayer, 4/ 25/44, W 21, Mayer; MD 706/159-60; Edgar Bonjour, Gesehiehte der sehweizerisehen Neutralitat, v 6 (1970), 39-44.

 

113 McC, Rpt #8, 5/29/43, AF, FS, Ctry Switz, Relief Office, Ltrs from; Pehle to Mayer, 4/25/44, W 21, Mayer; Akzin, Memo, 1/26/45, W 32, Switz; MD 688IVI95-6; FR 1942, v 1, 469- 70.

 

114 The issue of deterrence of potential escapes was raised in MD 706/159; Pehle to Mayer, 4/25/44, W 21, Mayer.

 

115 Hungarian Jewish population from Braham I, 1143.

 

[b]CHAPTER 13. HUNGARY[/b]

 

1 Hilberg, 511-7, 528-9, 535-9; Braham II, xiii-xviii; YVS, v 7, 127-8; WH, 142; Mario Fenyo, Hitler, Horthy, and Hungary: German-Hungarian Relations, 1941-1944 (1972), 159, 172, 182- 4; Braham I, 926-7.

 

2 Braham II, xx; Hilberg, 535-6; Fenyo, Hungary, 183.

 

3 WH, 150; Hilberg, 536-7; Harrison to SS, 6/24/44, ASW 3; H II, Exh M l. Additional examples in PR, 1979 (v24/ 1), 54-5.

 

4 MB & GFl, "We are sending you, " 5/22/44, W 61, Extmn Camps.

 

5 MD 767/189.

 

6 MD 717/145; NYT, 4/28/44, 5, 5/ 10/44, 5.

 

7 NYT, 5/18/44, 5; FR 1944, v 1, 1043-4; WH, 147; MD 732/258; Hull to Stockholm, 5/20/44, SD, R/6079B; Harrison to SS, 6/24/44, ASW 3. Despite some inaccuracies, the NYT report was correct on the main points.

 

8 FSR, 24; FR 1944, v 1, 1027-8, 1049-50; WH, 144-50, 170-1, 296-7; Summary of Steps, 7/13/44, W 34, Hung 1; RM, 15; Anger, 59, 92.

 

9 FSR, 52-5; Summary of Steps, 7/13/ 44, W 34, Hung 1.

 

10 NYT, 3/25/44, 4, 6/18/44, 24, 6/ 27/44, 6, 7/10/44, 9, 7/15/44, 3; FR 1944, v 1, 1065; WP, 6/22/44, 5; MD 735/217-9, 746/297; Weinstein to Pehle, 6/29/44, W 33, Measures Directed; YSH, 35-9; FSR, 53-4; CJR, 8/ 44, 402.

 

11 FSR, 52-3; Summary of Steps, 7/ 13/44, W 34, Hung 1; Marks to Friedman & Weinstein, 5/15/44, W 35, Hung 4; Weinstein to Pehle, 6/29/44, W 33, Measures Directed.

 

12 Summary of Steps, 7/13/44, W 34, Hung 1; Eugene Levai, Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry (1948), 231-2; FR 1944, v 1, 1068-9; Braham I, 714; Johnson to SS, 7/1/44, ASW 3; handwritten note by McC re Burckhardt, stapled to 5/29/44 ltr, W 60, Swiss Relief Com; WH, 5, 417; MD 720/318, 735/238, 742/139, 753/270.

 

13 MD 735/238, 753/270-1; WJC, Unity in Dispersion: A History of the WJC (1948), 185-6. The report originated with two Jews who escaped from Auschwitz to Slovakia in April 1944. It reached Switzerland in mid-June and several days later was publicized in the Swiss press. Some historians believe this publicity precipitated the Pope's appeal to Horthy. That is unlikely, for the publicity began only the day before the Pope acted and was not widespread until several days afterward. The report is discussed further in ch 15 below. (Vierte/Jahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, 4/ 79, 279; Braham I, 712-5, 754, 811, 951, 978-9, 1078.)

 

14 MD 753/270-1; RM, 19.

 

15 Veesenmayer via Ritter to Ribbentrop, 7/6/44, RG 242, German Foreign Ministry, T-120, Roll 100, fr 110651-5 (summary in Hilberg, 548-9); Fenyo, Hungary, 202-4; Hilberg, 547; Braham I, 1144; WH, 307-8; FR 1944, v 1, 1068-9, 1088-9, 1099, 1116-9; Jena Levai, Feher Konyv: Kulfoldi Akciok Zsidok Megmentesere (1946), 56-9; MD 766/125-6; Summary of Steps, 7/13/44, Pehle to Morgenthau, 9/6/44, W 34, Hung 1; McC to Pehle, 11/27/44, W 57, Jews in Hung; H II, 24-5. For a discussion of tM Horthy government's decision to stop the deportations, see Braham I, chs 23, 25.

 

16 Braham II, xxiv-vi; Braham III, 144, 147-250 passim; MD 758/135; FR 1944, vI, 1128; NYT, 7/19/44, 5. Some evidence indicates that Horthy had in mind the release of only those Jews who already had Palestine certificates or special Swedish passports (a total of about 7, 500), along with all children under 10. But the Red Cross, the WRB, and the British definitely understood the offer to refer to several tens of thousands. (FR 1944, v 1, 1099, 1103, 1118, 1128; Braham I, 979; Cabinet Com on Refs, Mins, 8/4/44, PRO, CAB 95/15; Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the 2nd Yad Vashem International Historical Conf [1977], 220; PehIe to Morgenthau, 9/6/44, W 34, Hung 1.)

 

17 FR 1944, v 1, 1106-8, 1120; Note by AE to Cabinet Com on Refs, 8/3/44, pp 5-6, PRO, CAB 95/15; MD 761/ 136-7, 763/33; WH, 156; Friedman, draft message to DuBois, 8/12/44, W 70, Hung/Horthy.

 

18 FR 1944, vi, 1120-1; MD 761/130, 197, 763/108; WLB, v 27, 1973/74, 44- 7; Note by AE to Cabinet Com on Refs, 8/3/44, Cabinet Com on Refs, Mins, 8/ 4/44, PRO, CAB 95/15; AE to War Cabinet, 8/8/44, PRO, CAB 66/53, War Cab Mins, WP(44)434. For an informed contemporary discussion of the Horthy offer, see I. F. Stone's piece in PM, 8/2/ 44, 2.

 

19 Pehle to Stettinius, 7/29/44, Friedman, Memos for Files, 8/12/44, 8/14/ 44, Friedman, draft message to DuBois, 8/12/44, W 70, Hung/Horthy; AE to War Cabinet, 8/8/44, p 4, PRO, CAB 66/53, War Cab Mins, WP(44)434; FR 1944, v 1, 1112-5, 1125-7; MD 763/ 106-9, 766/125; DuBois, Devit's Chemists, 197-9; Josiah DuBois, speech at Brandeis Univ, 4/17/77; NYT, 8/18/44, 5.

 

20 FR 1944, v 1, 1142; Winant to Eden, 8/16/44, W 70, Hung/Horthy; DuBois, Devil's Chemists, 197-9.

 

21 MD 761/209, 762/74, 768/242-4; Cf Rpt, 58; WH, 66-7, 157.

 

22 WH, 166; Pehle to Cass, 10/10/44, W 23, Cass; MD 763/109, 766/134, 767/36-7, 778/38.

 

23 H II, 20; WH, 164-6; MD 762/16, 767/38, 772/298, 803/188; Ackermann to Pehle, 8/9/44, 11/4/44, W 1, Ack; RM, 28-9; Brown, Press Cf with Pehle & Hn, 10/17/44, W 41, Tur 5.

 

24 WH, 155, 297; RM, 19; Reply to Questionnaire to Apostolic Delegation, 8/18/44, W 35, Hung 4; MD 762/73, 765/185; H II, 24; Hirschmann, 181-5; Braham I, 1075-6; Anger, 58-9, 92; McC to Huddle, 2/9/45, W 57, Jews in Hung; FR 1944, v 1, 1186; Bauer 1, 441, 446; Lester, 93; NYT Mag, 3/30/80, 28, 5/4/80, 142. Zionist youth, esp the Hechaluz group, also arranged some escapes from Hungary and rescued Budapest Jews caught by violently anti- Semitic Arrow Cross troopers (Braham I, 928, 982, 998, 1002).

 

25 Lester, 61-4; NYT, 4/26/45, 12; NYT Mag, 3/30/80, 38; Margolis to Mann, 1/12/45, W 16, Mann; MD 748/ 213, 750/70, 751/153-6, 756/339, 763/ 109. JDC provided the funds for Wallenberg's mission (WH, 90; MD 770/ 246). Charles Lutz, the Swiss consul general, was also crucial to the effort to protect Jews (Anger, passim; Braham I, 1079-83).

 

26 NYT, 4/26/45, 12; OFR; MD 758/ 136, 774/34; FSR, 25; Anger, 46-50, 58- 60, 67, 92; Lester, 7-8, 94, 112, & ch 7; Margolis to Mann, 1/12/45, W 16, Mann; Johnson to SS, 3/7/45, W 34, Hung 2; WH, 91.

 

27 Braham II, xxiv-vi; Hilberg, 550- 4; NYT, 10/17/44, 9, 12/29/44, 5; Anger, passim; WH, 172-3; MD 800/ 189-90; JTA, 12/27/44, 2.

 

28 Hilberg, 552-3; Braham II, xxvi; WH, 172-3; MD 804/196, 805/173; JTA, 12/24/44, 1; NYT, 12/29/44, 5.

 

29 Anger, 68-71, 89-93; MD 788/ 235; Lester, 105-10; Johnson to SS, 3/ 7/45, W 34, Hung 2; BG, 8/10/79, 2; FSR, 25.

 

30 Braham I, 1144; NYT, 4/15/45, 12; Uvai, Black Book, 471.

 

31 Anger, 58-60, 67, 92-3; Lester, 5- 7, 88-9, 93-5, 112-4; Braham I, 847, 873-4, 1085, 1089, 1092-4, 1143-5.

 

32 NYT Mag, 3/30/80, 21; BG, 8/10/ 79; 2; WH, 91; OFR.

 

33 Johnson to SS, 4/19/45, 6/7/45, W 36, Hung 8; NYT Mag, 3/30/80, 24, 32, 35; NYT, 8/4/79, 5; BG, 8/10/79, 1-2. For more on issues raised in this paragraph, see Lester, chs 2, 10, 11, & pp 155-73; also Anger, 147, 161-2. Wallenberg was made an honorary American citizen by act of Congress in 1981.

 

34 BG, 8/10/79, 1-2; NYT Mag, 3/30/ 80, 35; NYT, 8/4/79, 5.

 

35 O'Dwyer to Penrose, 9/12/45, O'Dwyer.

 

36 Bauer II, 94-9, 114-6; Bauer III, 7- 9; Wasserstein, 249; Hilberg, 542; Braham I, 942. On the Brand affair generally, also see Braham I, ch 29. In my account of the Brand episode, I have reo lied heavily on the work of Yehuda Bauer.

 

37 Bauer II, 144-9, 153-4; Bauer III, 9; Wasserstein, 250; YVS, v 8, 15.

 

38 Bauer II, 94, 109-13; Bauer III, 8; Wasserstein, 249; FR 1944, v 1, 1050; PTO, "Handed to High Commissioner, " 5/26/44, W 70, J. Brandt; H IV.

 

39 Bauer II, 111-2, 129-30; PTO, "Handed to High Commissioner, " 5/ 26/44, Squires Memo, 6/4/44, u/c Steinhardt to SS, 6/8/44, W 70, ]. Brandt; H IV; Wasserstein, 250.

 

40 Bauer II, 119-26, 153; Bauer III, 9; Hn, Convsn with Brandt, 10/10/44, W 70, ]. Brandt; H IV; Wasserstein, 255.

 

41 Wasserstein, 250-1, 255; Steinhardt to SS, 6/5/44, Pinkerton to SS, 6/ 19/44, W 70, J. Brandt; H IV; Bauer II, 136-7; Steinhardt to SS, 6/21/44, SD, R/6364; Bauer III, 11; FR 1944, v 1, 1061-2, 1074-5, 1091; MD 741/48.

 

42 Bauer II, 132; Bauer III, 10-11; Cabinet Com on Refs, 5/31/44, PRO, CAB 95/15/32 (cited in Wasserstein, 252); FR 1944, v 1, 1056-8; Wasser· stein, 252-3.

 

43 Hull to Moscow, 6/9/44, Copy of Teleg Received from Foreign Off dated 7/18/44, W 70, ]. Brandt; FR 1944, v 1, 1074; Bauer II, 135, 141-3, 149-50; Wasserstein, 258-62; Bauer III, 11-2.

 

44 Braham I, 649-53, 948, 952-4; Bauer I, 398-9; Bauer III, 9-10; Hilberg, 543-5.

 

45 FSR, 40-1; Bauer III, 5, 12-13; MJM & FH, Memo for Files Re Special Negots, 1/17/45, W 71, S. Mayer; MD 823/91.

 

46 Pehle to Stettinius, 8/17/44, W 70, Hung/Horthy; MJM & FH, Memo for Files Re Special Negots, 1/17/45, W 71, S. Mayer; FSR, 40-1; Bauer III, 14-6.

 

47 RM, 22-4; Harrison to SS, 8/26/44, W 58, Jews in Hung; MD 762/31; Pehle to Stettinius, 8/17/44, W 70, Hung/ Horthy; FSR, 40-1; AAB, Jr to Stettinius, 9/16/44, SD, R/9-1644.

 

48 MD 762/31; Harrison to SS, 8/26/ 44, W 58, Jews in Hung; Bauer III, 5; McC to Huddle & Reagan, 10/4/44, W 64, AJJDC.

 

49 Wyler to Mayer, 8/23/44, Harrison to SS, 8/26/44, McC, Personal notes [by hand] on convsn with Saly M, 8/23/44, W 58, Jews in Hung; Bauer III, 17-8.

 

50 FSR, 41; Bauer III, 19-21, 29-34, 43; Harrison to SS, 8/26/44, McC, Personal notes [by hand] on convsn with Saly M, 8/23/44, W 58, Jews in Hung; MJM & FH, Memo for Files Re Special Negots, 1/17/45, W 71, S. Mayer; MD 767/151; Norweb to SS, 11/13/44, SD, R/11-1344; Harrison to SS, 11/16/44, Stettinius to Bern, 11/18/44, W 57, ]ews in Hung.

 

51 Huddle to SS, 12/13/44, 12/28/44, Stettinius to Bern, 12/19/44, W 57, Jews in Hung; MJM & FH, Memo for Files Re Special Negots, 1/17/45, W 71, S. Mayer; WH, 217, 885; Stettinius to Bern, 1/6/45, W 64, AJJDC; Bauer III, 37, 45.

 

52 YVS, v 8, 19; Bauer III, 23, 34-5, 43; Braham I, 963; FSR, 41.

 

53 Mayer, McClelland, the WRB, the JDC, and (to a lesser extent) historian Yehuda Bauer have claimed these and other achievements for the negotiations. But they do not supply convincing evidence. (Mayer, Rpt summarizing results, 12/28/44, W 57, ]ews in Hung; RM, 22- 6; FSR, 42; Wise to Dear Friend, 11/7/ 45, JDC, WRB; NY Sunday Mirror, 11/ 25/45, 4, 26; Bauer I, 433-4; Bauer III, 18-9, 43-5.) A useful assessment appears in Braham I, 967-8.

 

54 Norweb to SS, 6/13/44, W 70, J. Brandt; Harrison to SS, 7/5/44, McC, Memo on whole tractor affair, 7/21-2/ 44, W 58, Jews in Hung; Bauer III, 25.

 

55 Sources in preceding note; also Harrison to SS, 7/26/44, W 62, UOR; Braham I, 955, 958, 1016.

 

56 MD 761/139-41; McC, Memo on whole tractor affair, 7/21-22/44, W 58, Jews in Hung; Harrison to SS, 7/26/44, 7/29/44, W 62, UOR; Bauer III, 26, 34, 42; PR, 1979 (v 24/1), 57-8; JDC, Saly Mayer file #21(2). When he gave Sternbuch the first sum, Mayer apparently was unaware of the tractors deal. But he relayed the subsequent funds with knowledge of their intended use.

 

57 Cable from Sternbuch & Donnenbaum, 7/14/44, VH, B 20; Bauer III, 13, 17, 44; Henry Feingold, The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938-1945 (1970), 277; Reitlinger, Final Solution, 438; YVS, v 8, 19; Morse, 373; VH to Morgenthau, 8/30/44, VH, B 23; Sternbuch, Declaration [11/21/45], VH, B 8; PR, 1979 (v 24/1), 57-8.

 

58 J Life, 11/52, 35; RM, 66; Bauer III, 26; Musy, 2; McC, Rpt of interview with Sternbuch, 1/19/45, Huddle to SS, 1/ 28/45, W 62, UOR; Huddle to SS, 2/8/ 45, W 43, Mvt from Switz 1; FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/45, W 71, Negots in Switz. I have used Musy's own accounts of events with great caution. No critical point is based on them unless it is firmly supported by other evidence.

 

59 Huddle to SS, 12/9/44, McC to Abegg, 12/20/44, McC, Sternbuch- Musy-Himmler-J Affair, 2/6/45, McC, Rpt of interview with Sternbuch, 1/19/ 45, W 62, UOR; RM, 65-6; Musy, 3; Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth (1956), 378; Cable from Sternbuch & Donnenbaum, 7/14/44, VH, B 20; MD 761/152, 823/95.

 

60 O'Dwyer to Stettinius, Morgenthau, & Stimson, 2/28/45, W 71, Negots in Switz; Sternbuch to VH, 10/31/44, 1/ 16/45, VH, B 10; Levine to Sternbuch, 3/8/45, VH, B 14; MD 823/102-4. On use of Polish cable, see page 46.

 

61 Schellenberg, Labyrinth, 378; Musy, 3-5; Huddle to SS, 2/8/45, W 43, Mvt from Switz 1; Sternbuch to VH, 10/31/ 44, VH, B 10; Bauer III, 26.

 

62 Sternbuch to VH, 11/20/44, 11/22/ 44, VH, B 9; Sternbuch to VH, 11/21/ 44, VH, B 8; Bauer III, 32-3; Huddle to SS, 12/9/44, W 62, UOR; FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/45, W 71, Negots in Switz.

 

63 Sternbuch to VH, 11/21/44, Kotler & Kalmanowitz to Sternbuch, 12/5/44, VH, B 8; PR, 1977 (v 22/4), 17; Hodel, Memos for Files, 11/25/44, 1/11/45, 1/ 24/45, FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/45, W 71, Negots in Switz; Akzin to Hodel, 1/9/45, W 27, VH; VH (Germany), Pictorial Review (1948), 245; Irving Bunim, oral history on VH, 12/12/76, P 11; NYHT, 12/9/45, 3.

 

64  Sternbuch to VH, 12/6/44, VH, B 20; YVS, v 8, 19; Bauer III, 34-5, 44; Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 278-9; Morse, 373.

 

65 Hodel, Memo for Files, 1/24/45, FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/ 45, W 71, Negots in Switz; MD 812/ 238.

 

66 McC, Rpt of interview with Sternbuch, 1/19/45, Huddle to SS, 1/28/45, McC, Sternbuch-Musy-Himmler-J Affair, 2/6/45, W 62, UOR; Huddle to SS, 2/8/45, W 43, Mvt from Switz 1.

 

67 McC, Sternbuch-Musy-Himmler- J Affair, 2/6/45, MWA: Our informant Mr. Gassett, 2/10/45, W 62, UOR; MD 818/178; Huddle to SS, 2/8/45, W 43, Mvt from Switz 1. Felix Kersten (Memoirs, 204-5, 230-2, 282) also claims credit for the release of this trainload.

 

68 Sternbuch to VH, 2/10/45, VH, B 9; FSR, 43; VH to Morgenthau, 2/19/ 45, Hodel, Memo for Files, 2/21/45, FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/ 45, W 71, Negots in Switz; MD 823/95, 238-47, 824/39; FR 1945, v 2, 1131-2; VH to O'Dwyer, 3/15/45, Leavitt to VH, 5/2/45, VH, B 18.

 

69 MD 818/173, 823/90-113, 238-53, 824/39, 242-4; Hodel, Memo for Files, 2/21/45, W 71, Negots in Switz; HSD, v 50, 146-7; Levine to Sternbuch, 3/8/ 45 (via Polish cable), VH, B 14.

 

70 Sternbuch to VH, 2/13/45, VH, B 18; Sternbuch to VH, 2/17/45, VH, B 10; FH, Special Negots with Gestapo, 2/28/45, W 71, Negots in Switz; McC to Bigelow, 3/23/45, McC, Convsn with Musy, 4/9-10/45, W 62, VOR; MD 824/43; Sternbuch to VH, 4/24/45, VH, B 17; Count Folke Bernadotte, The Curtain Falls (1945), 47; Harrison to SS, 4/ 19/45, W 44, Switz/New Prog; McC, "Musys left yesterday" (handwritten note), 3/15/45, McC to O'Dwyer, 4/6/ 45, W 62, UOR.

 

71 WH, 8-9; FSR, 19; Pehle to Stettinius, 8/17/44, W 70, Hung/Horthy; MD 823/249, 824/244; FR 1944, v 1, 1145.

 

72 J Agency to Foreign Off, 7/6/44, Weizmann Archives (Israel); Shertok to Goldmann, 7/8/44, u/c Perlzweig to Pehle, 7/21/44, W 34, Hung 1; Goldmann to Stettinius, 617/44, SD, R/6300; MD 720/297-9; WJC, Unity in Dispersion, 187-8.

 

73 PR, 1979 (v 24/1), 59; Council of J Federations, Budgeting Bulletin, 6/44, VH, B 17; Office Rpt to Com Members & Patrons ofVH [8/45], VH, B 8; Leav· itt to Stameshkin, 517/43, JDC, Rpts; MD 823/107.

 

74 NY & Wn press from NYT, WP, & clippings in W 35, Hung 5. Other cities based on analysis from May through Aug 1944 of CT, DN, DP, KCS, LAT, SFE, & ST. NR, 7/31/44, 117.

 

75 Re Palestine resolution: see ch 9 above. One leaves the Stephen Wise Papers, for instance, impressed by the amount of activity devoted in 1944 to the Palestine resolution. Cf Rpt, 24-34.

 

76 NYT, 8/1/44, 17; NYHT, 8/1/44, 13; NYP, 7/28/44, 15; Cf Rpt, 35, 56- 7; CBA 21; Digest of Mins of Int Com, 9/12/44, AHS, 4-2-23, AZEC-AJCf. Roosevelt sent a feeble message to the demonstration. When journalist I. F. Stone criticized it, as well as FDR's rescue record, the Communist New Masses denounced Stone. Communist policy then was to shield FDR from any disapproval. (FDR to Wise, 7/30/44, FDR, PPF 5029; PM, 8/2/44, 2; New Masses, 8/15/44, 18-9.)

 

77 YSH, 31-41; Wechsler to Pehle, 4/ 5/44, W 7, EC; Toth, Eordogh, et al to Cicognani, 6/29/44, PSC 1/12; NYT, 6/ 18/44, 24, 7/10/44, 9; several telegrams re Hungary to FDR in 7/44, in FDR, OF 76C; CJR, 10/44, 511; Ans, 8/29/44, 22.

 

78 NYP, 2/10/44, 20-1, 4/10/44, 16, 8/9/44, 25, 9/12/44, 17; WP, 3/27/44, 7; NYT, 4/15/44, 6, 4/30/44, 24, 8/25/ 44, 6; CJR, 10/44, 571; copies of legislation, W 34, Hung 2 (last). Re Hearst: eg, Chicago Herald-Am, 7/11/44, PSC 5/ 20; Boston Record, 7/17/44, 18; NY Mirror, 7/30/44, 8/1/44, PSC, Folio 6 & 5/ 23; SFE, 8/1/44, 14. Resolutions were introduced by Sens Ferguson, Gillette, Taft, Thomas, Murray, and Reprs Baldwin, Lane, Scott, & Somers.

 

79 Ans, 8/29/44, 25, 28, 11/44, 16; Smertenko to FDR, 7/24/44, FDR, OF 3186; Pehle, Memo, 2/10/44, Pehle to Stettinius, 3/20/44, W 17, Pal; JWP, Memo for Winant, 4/24/44, W 30, Reprs; FR 1944, v 1, 1007; Pehle, Memo, 3/9/44, TH 1; Berman, "The HCNL & Rescue, " ch 5.

 

80 Ans, 9/12/44, 2; AME 30; Wagner to Satisky, 10/12/44, RW 2/29; NYT, 8/ 30/44, 15.

 

81 Murray to SS, 8/29/44, SD, R/8- 2544; Merriam to Morin, 11/16/44, SD, R/11-1644; Hull to FDR, 8/30/44, FDR, OF 700; Cf Rpt, 28, 79; Silver & Wise to Taft, 9/8/44, RT 818; Silver & Wise to Scott, 9/8/44, AHS, 4-2·50, AZEC; Tenenbaum to Wagner, 9/1/44, RW 2/ 28; CM, Digest of Mins of Int Com, 9/ 12/44, 10/24/44; Wilson, Convsn with Goldmann et al ("Z Attitude Toward Palestine"), 9/13/44, SD, copy in PSC 3/67; Lipsky to Taft, 9/13/44, RT 819; AJH, 3/81, 322-3; AME 30.

 

82 AME 30; NP, 9/15/44, 500; Ans, 6/ 15/44 issue; NYT, 5/19/44, 8, 5/25/44, 5, 6/17/44, 5, 7/20/44, 4; NYP, 5/19/ 44, 8; WP, 5/19/44, 13, 5/25/44, 7; Smertenko to Thomas, 1/14/44, with enclosure, ET, B 85, J-3 (J Lit); CJR, 8/44, 402-3; HCNL, A Call by the Hebrew Nation, 5/17/44, Bergson to Hull, 6/19/ 44, FOR, OF 3186.

 

83 AME 3, 27; AM 2; Cf Rpt, 78; Smolar in Omaha J Press, 5/26/44, PSC 5/ 17; NYT, 5/19/44, 8; NP, 5/19/44, 402; Op, 6/44, 6; RYP, 6/9/44; JO, 9/44, 9; CJR, 8/44, 431-2; J Examiner (Brooklyn), 6/30/44, J News (Detroit), 6/14/44, PSC 5/19.

 

84 Smertenko to Thomas, 1/14/44, with enclosure, ET, B 85, J-3 (J Lit); Kook-Wyman interview, 5/5/73; HCNL, A Call by the Hebrew Nation, 5/17/44, FDR, OF 3186; Ans, 11/44, 20-2, 1/45, 23, 7/45, 21, 24; Helen to ER, 3/14/45, Thompson to Douglas, 3/21/45, ER 1756/100; ER to Tully, 3/20/45, ER 1765/100. For more on this very complex issue, see Ans, June 1944 through 1947, esp 8/29/44, 14-7; also, Berman, "The HCNL & Rescue."

 

85 AME 24, 27; CBA 22; CJR, 4/44, 180-1; Biron in J News (Detroit), 6/16/ 44, PSC 5/19; PM, 8/9/44, 24; Shapiro to Chairmen of Local EC's, 5/11/44, AHS, Ma II-6, ALFP; Silver to Manson, 6/7/44, AHS, II, 4-2-14, AZEC; VF, ALFP generally, esp "Withdrawals & Replies, " 2/8/45; Berman, "The HCNL & Rescue," ch 4; IJPS, 5/18/45, 5; Smertenko to Pepper, 5/22/45, PSC 1/18; "Wn Post a Victim," 10/44, Shapiro to [name obliterated], 10/24/44, Lewis to X, 11/29/44, PSC 13/57.