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THE ABANDONMENT OF THE JEWS -- AMERICA AND THE HOLOCAUST, 1941-1945 |
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NOTES Abbreviations Used in Source Notes
[b]PREFACE[/b]
1 Eg, In The Dispersion, winter 1963- 64, 6-7 (Nahum Goldmann); Martyrdom & Resistance, 11/83, 11 (Israel Goldstein); Reconstructionist, summer 1983, 4 (Ira Eisenstein).
[b]CHAPTER 1. THE SETTING: EUROPE AND AMERICA[/b]
1 Hilberg, ch 7, esp 177, 182-3, 261; quotation is from YVS, v 6, 301.
2 Hilberg, 196, 225, 242, 256, 767.
3 Ibid, 257, 262; Raul Hilberg (ed), Documents 01Destruction: Germany and Jewry, 1933-1945 (1971), 88.
4 Hilberg, 264-5; Wyman, 205; Leavitt to Aufbau, 2/27/42, JOC, GIE, Germany- Emig Gen.
5 Hilberg, 209, 265, 309-11, 555, 561- 6, 572, 767; Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945 (1975), 181.
6 Hilberg, 767.
7 Ibid, 643.
6. Ibid, 247, 284-7, 298, 311, 333-7, 377, 645-6.
9 Wyman, vii, 35-9, 168-83, 191- 205, 209.
10 See page 136.
11 Wyman, esp ch 1 and Conclusion.
12 Wyman, 4-9, and see index entry Unemployment.
13 Ibid, 10-14, and see index entries Nativism and Restrictionists.
14 Natl Legionnaire, 10/42, 2; Am Legion Magazine, 11/43, 37; Foreign Service (VFW), 7/43, 30, 10/44, 13; NYT, 4/19/44, 11; IR, 7/18/44, 233-4; Rescue (HIAS), 2/45, 6; RD, 3/43, 44.
15 Sources in preceding note. Also, CEP Jour, 6/18/43; MR, 12/43, 12; Rescue, 2/45, 6; NYT, 9/21/42, 1, 9/23/43, 13, 4/19/44, 11, 10/13/44, 8, 10/21/45, 40; NYHT, 9/26/44, 2; Am Legion Magazine, 4/43, 2; Foreign Service, 12/45, 11; NYP, 4/18/44, 4; Wyman, 79.
16 Travers to Foster, 4/6/45, SD 150.01 Bilis/3-3045; IR, 6/21/43, 169- 85; CEP Jour, 1/26/44; MR, 12/43, 11- 13; NYT, 8/22/44, 32; Am Vindicator, 4/42, I, 5/42, 7, 11/42, 3; Natl Record, 4/43, I, 12/44, 6.
17 NYT, 9/22/42, 16; CR, v 89, 7107- 8, 8594.
18 Burton to Joy, 5/7/44, use, Sen Burton.
19 AF Mins, For Serv Staff, 5/14/45; NYT, 3/6/44, 9; IR, 10/9/42, 342, 11/9/ 43, 364, 12/14/43, 391, 8/8/44, 250-8; MR, 12/43, 12-13; JTA, 1/9/44; Hullto Dickstein, 12/15/43, 12/13/43, SD 150.01 Bilis/507 & 509; HR 3487, 10/ 18/43, copy in BLP, B 198, Legislation.
20 AF Mins, Jt For Serv Exec Com, 3/ 6/44, 4/17/44, 8/21/44; Pickett to Vail, 10/21/43, Pickett to Vail & Rogers, 10/ 21/43, Rpt on Recommendations, 10/ 15/43 (with Mins of Exec Com of NRS, 10/20/43), AF, RS, NRS; RR, 63-4.
21 Wyman, 47, 95, 210; Stember, 145, 149.
22 Cantril, 307. Twelve percent had no opinion.
23 Wyman, 14-26, 85-6, 94-5, 103, 111, 128, 163-5.
24 Ibid, 14-23; Stember, 67, 84-5, 130-3, 208-10, 214; Public Opinion Quarterly, spr 1942, 56; NYT, 4/11/45, 21.
25 Wyman, 14-22; AJYB, v 44, 157- 60, v 46, 137-8; Charles Tull, Father Coughlin and the New Deal (1965), 234- 7; Sander Diamond, The Nazi Movement in the United States, 1924-1941 (1974), 345-8; NYT, 12/16/41, 31, 4/4/ 42, 11, 4/15/42, 1, 4/19/42, IV, 7, 7/24/ 42, I, 8, 8/13/42, 6, 3/24/43, 16, 6/19/ 43, 1, 28.
26 AJYB, v 44, 159-60, v 46, 133-43, v 47, 268-79; JV, 10/42, 3, 5/44, 8, 21, 8/44, 9; NJM, 5/42, 296-7; CW, 4/30/ 43, 9-10, 10/29/43, 2; AtM, 7/44, 49- 50; Cross and the Flag, 4/42, 2, 5/42, 2, 3, 3/43, 17, 9/43, 268-9, 12/43, 315, 3/ 44, 363, 10/44, 455, 3/45, 530.
27 AJYB, v 46, 141; CJR, 2/44, 65, 4/ 44, 179; CW, 1/2/42, 3, 11/19/43, 20; NJM, 12/43, 114, 2/44, 178; JV, 6/42, 15, 12/42, 7; Tomorrow, 9/44, 55.
28 NYT, 11/16/42, 21, 12/30/43, 19, 1/11/44, 1, 24; CW, 112/42, 3, 10/23/ 42, 2, 4/2/43, 2, 1115/43, 20; JV, 12/42, 7-8; NJM, 2/44, 178; PM, 8/10/44, 13.
29 CJR, 12/43, 637-8, 2/44, 65; NJM, 11/43, 82; CW, 10/29/43, 4, 7, 12/10/ 43, 2; AtM, 7/44, 45-52; NYT, 11/10/ 43, 19; PM, 4/30/44, 6; LJ, 9/44, 57; AJYB, v 46, 141; Time, 6/12/44, 81.
30 AJYB, v 46, 141, 491; JV, 12/42, 4, 2/43, 13; Stember, 115-20; NYT, 1/11/ 44, 24, 4/8/44, 2; CW, 9/24/43, 20; quotation is from Common Ground, summer 1943, 17; and CW, 4/9/43, 9.
31 Stember, 135; AJYB, v 47, 162-4.
32 AJYB, v 46, 141; JV, 12/42, 4, 2/43, 13, 3/43, 8; PM, 12/22/42, 6; CW, 4/30/ 43, 9; Gilbert Cant, America's Navy in World War II (1943), 91; quotation is from AtM, 7/44, 50.
33 Quotations are from G-- to Bennet, 7/10/45, A. W. Bennet Papers, B 25, F 1, J Affairs; and W 3, Anonymous File. The latter contains several such letters, as do various archives, including SW, Jewish-Christian Relations file; and Legis 17436, Com VI Incoming Corresp.
34 See, eg, CW, 2/11/44, 4; Sat Review of Literature, 1/27/45, 7-9; Chr R, 2/45, 60-1, 5/45, 175, 191-2.
35 Diary of F. Stark, 2/20/44, PRO, FO 371/40130/8902; IJPS release, 6/11/ 43; Am Civil Liberties Union, In Defense of Our Liberties (1944), 11.
36 NJM, 9/44, 32; Christianity & Crisis, 2/5/45, 8.
37 Sylvia N[eulander] to Alice, 6/9/45, JDC, Refs, Children. For other evidence of anti-Semitism in the armed forces, see page 324n; and JV, 12/42, 4, 2/43, 13.
38 JPC 3379; Mins of MASC, 5/11143, Mayerson, Peduck, & Kaplan drafts, NRS 326; CW, 9/24/43, 20-1.
39 AJYB, v 46, 137, 142, v 47, 268-70, 277; CJR, 6/43, 279; CW, 4/9/43, 2, 9/ 24/43, 20-1; Op, 3/45, 4; NYP, 6/27/ 44, 20; Am Mercury, 7/44, 31-7; NYT, 6/5/41, 24; CR, v 89, A1471, v 90, 1418; Time, 2/14/44, 17; Legis 16443; IR, 5/ 7/45, 108.
40 Stember, 53-62.
41 Ibid, 120-5.
42 RD, 9/42, 2-4; Stember, 124.
43 Stember, 127-8.
44 Ibid, 131-3. Support for an anti-Semitic campaign ranged from 11 to 19%; sympathy for one ranged from 20 to 31%.
[b]CHAPTER 2. THE NEWS FILTERS OUT[/b]
1 Hilberg, 619, 652; Hilberg (ed), Documents of Destruction, 194; YVS, v 7, 52.
2 The statement on American newspapers is based on extensive research in 10 major newspapers and less comprehensive use of many others.
3 Alex Grobman, "Reaction of American Jewry through the American and Jewish Press 1939-1942, " MA thesis, Hebrew Univ of Jerusalem (1978), 73- 4, 77; CW, 1/16/42, 3; NJM, 12/41, 114; NYHT, 12/5/41, 26; NYT, 10/26/ 41, 6, 10/28/41, 10, 11/2/41, 24.
4 Grobman, "Reaction of Am Jewry, " 85; NJM, 1/42, 175, 2/42, 179-80; CW, 112/42, 16; JF, 3/42, 10-11; CJR, 6/42, 311, 8/42, 430; NYT, 4/6/42, 2, 5/19/ 42, 3, 5/31/42, 17, 6/26/42, 5; Life, 2/ 23/42, 26-7; Time, 2/23/42, 34 .
5 NYT, 3/14/42, 7; NJM, 5/42, 292; CW, 3/20/42, 3; Grobman, "Reaction of Am Jewry, " 86.
6 NYT, 3/14/42, 7; Hilberg, 460-8; Memo on Telephone Convsn with Dr. Schwartz in Lisbon, 3/12/42, JDC, Rpts, Eur Telephone Convsns.
7 NYT, 5/18/42, 4.
8 Mds, 4/68, 52.
9 Ibid, 54-8.
10 NYT, 7/2/42, 6.
11 Mds, 4/68, 52-3; BG, 6126/42, 12; NYT, 6/27/42, 5, 6/30/42, 7; PFR, 7/ 15/42, 3.
12 This discussion of newspaper coverage is based on systematic study of 10 major American newspapers: Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune, Dallas News, Denver Post, Kansas City Star, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, San Francisco Examiner, Seattle Times, and Washington Post.
13 NYT, 6/27/42, 5.
14 NYT, 6/30/42, 7.
15 Eg, WP, 6/30/42, 2; CT, 6/30/42, 6; LAT, 6/30/42, 3; KCS, 6/29/42, 8. Exceptions were NYT, 6/30/42, 7; ST, 6/29/42, 1.
16 PFR, 7/15/42, 4.
17 Ibid, 8.
18 Johnson to SS, 7/16/42, SD 862.4016/2229; Biddle to SS, 8/13/42, SD, EW/527.
19 RYP, 7/8/42, 7/16/42; CW, 6/26/ 42, 3, 7/10/42, 3; Grobman, "Reaction of Am Jewry, " 89-90; NYT, 7/22/42, 4.
20 NYT, 7/22/44, 1, 4; Op, 8/42, 4.
21 CW, 8/14/42, I; NYT, 7/22/42, 1.
22 CW, 8/14/42, 2.
23 Ibid, 3-4; JF, 8/42, 27; NJM, 9/42, 2; Op, 8/42, 4; RYP, 7/24/42.
24 CJR, 10/42, 520; CR, v 88, 6537; AJYB, v 45, 192.
25 CW, 8/14/42, 15.
26 NYT, 7/22, 1, 4; CT, 7/22, 7, 7123, 17, 7124, 6; LAT, 8/5, 10, 817, 13, 8/9, 11, 8, 8/11, 11, 2, 8/12, II, 8, 8/13, II, I. All dates in 1942.
27 Catholic Worker, 6/43, 1.
28 PFR, 7/15/42, 7.
29 A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914-1945 (1965), 19.
30 Cantril, 383, 1070-1; H. C. Peterson, Propaganda for War (1939); Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in War-Time (1928); James Squires, British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917 (1935).
31 See pages 321-2.
32 See pages 311-21, 327n. 33 Eg, NYT, 2/3/42, 10, 6/18/42, 13, 7/27/42, 3, 9/22/42, 1, 10/2/42, 3, 2/14/ 43, 37; WP, 6/18/42, 1, 2, 8/16/42, 2, 9/11142, 10. 34 NYT, 4/12/42, 1, 6/11/42, 1, 6/12/ 42, 6; WP, 8/22/42, 1; PFR, 7/1/42, 1, 7/15/42, 3-4.
35 Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory (1947), 118; Memoirs of Cordell Hull (1948), 1184.
36 NYT, 6/13/42, 7.
37 NYT, 8/22/42, I, 10/8/42, 1; FR 1942, vi, 48-71; FR 1942, v 3, 772-7.
38 WP, 8/30/42, 12; SFE, 8/30/42, B; NYT, 8/6/42, 7.
39 Donald Lowrie, The Hunted Children (1963), chs 5-17; Lowrie 1.
40 Hilberg, 407; Michael R Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (1981), 233-4, 246, 305, 308- 9, 325-30. Marrus and Paxton point out that the Nazis and the Vichy authorities made no definite agreement for the exemption of the French-born Jews. They also thoroughly demonstrate Vichy's complicity in the deportations.
41 Hilberg, 408; Gerald Reit1inger, The Final Solution (1953), 318; CW, 10/ 9/42, 16; NYT, 7/26/42, 16, 9/6/42, 14.
42 MD 6881/29-30; Fate of J Children in France [11/43], JOC, France, Children; Confidential mins of for serv staff mtg, 3/27/44, AF, FS.
43 MJ, 4/45, 96; Reidinger, Final Solution, 319-20.
44 Hilberg, 408; Lowrie 1.
45 Lowrie 2; Lowrie 3; Schwartz to JOC-NY, 8/13/42, JDC, G/E, France, Refs.
46 NR, 12/21/42, 817; Lowrie 1.
47 Lowrie 1; Lowrie, Hunted, 218-9; NYT, 9/12/42, 2.
48 Lowrie 3; "Baden-Baden Report" (AF Activities in France to 11/42), 6/13/ 43, AF, GF, For Serv, Fr, Relief & Refs, Genl; ltr on deportaiions, 9/4/42, u/c Hyman to Pickett, 11/16/42, AF, GF 2; Lowrie, Hunted, 226.
49 Lowrie 3; Hilberg, 409; MJ, 4/45, 96; Reidinger, Final Solution, 326.
50 Lowrie 2; Schwartz to Leavitt, 8/ 13/42, Noble to Ref Div, 9/11, 9/26, & 10/12/42, all in AF, RS 1.
51 Marcuse to Frawley, 11/11/42, AF, GF3.
52 Ibid; Marcuse to Frank, 11/20/42, AF, GF, German J Children's Aid (now missing).
53 AF Mins, For Serv Section, 9/24/ 42.
54 NYT, 8/27/42, 3, 9/9/42, 9; CJR, 10/42, 526, 12/42, 646.
55 NYT, 8/6/42, 1, 8/27/42, 3, 9/3/42, 5; CJR, 10/42, 526; John Morley, Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939-1943 (1980), 56-9, 68.
56 CJR, 12/42, 647.
57 CJR, 10/42, 527, 12/42, 645; Lowrie 3.
58 Lowrie to Strong, 10/7/42, AF, GF 2; NYT, 7/26/42, 16, 9/6/42, 14; WP, 9/5/42, 10; CJR, 12/42, 635; Lowrie 3.
59 NYT, 9/9/42, 9, 9/11/42, 4, 9/18/ 42, 9; Lowrie 3; CJR, 12/42, 635; Dexter to Clinchy, 11/9/42, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns; MD 688IUI95; Rescue Activities for Children in France [5/24/44], The Fate of J Children in France [11/ 43], JDC, France, Children; WH, 56; FSR, 30-1.
60 Lowrie, Confidential Memo, 9/19/ 42, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns; Lowrie 3; CJR, 12/42, 635; NYT, 9/9/42, 9, 9/18/42, I, 9/22/42, 5; MJ, 4/45, 95.
61 Lowrie, Hunted, 204; Lowrie, Notes on Interview with Marshal Petain, 10/19/42, AF, GF 2; Lowrie 2.
62 FR 1942, v 1, 463-5; FR 1942, v 2, 710-2; Atherton to Welles, 9/3/42, SD, R/3080; NYT, 9/5/42, 3; CJR, 12/42, 648-9.
63 CJR, 10/42, 519; DN, 9/16/42, 1; Hiatt, Interview with Henry-Haye, 9/ 18/42, AF, GF 2.
64 Lowrie 2; Lowrie, Notes on Interview with Marshal Petain, 10/19/42, AF, GF 2; FR 1942, v 1, 464; Lowrie, Hunted, 218; 55th Mtg of PAC, 9/9/42, JM, P66; MD 692/288, 694/86; JPC 655; Frawley to Hiatt, 10/2/42, AF, GF 3; Warren to PAC, 10/16/42, JM, P66; FR 1942, v 2, 713.
65 FR 1942, v 2, 714-5.
66 Noble, "Diary, " 10/26 & 11/5/42, Noble, Notes on Cfs, 10/16/42, Mins of Mtg, 10/27/42, all in AF, RS 1.
67 FR 1942, v 2, 715-6; Noble, "Diary, " 10/26 & 11/5/42, AF, RS 1; McDonald & Warren to Welles, 12/1/ 42, JM, P66; MD 721/259; Warren to PAC, 2/17/43, JM, P67.
68 This paragraph and the following one are based on analysis of the newspapers listed in source note 12 of this chapter. LAT, 8/30/42, 7.
69 NYT, 8/6/42, I, 9/18/42, 1.
70 NYT, 7/26/42, 16, 7/30/42, 9, 9/ 12/42, 2, 9/23/42, 10; CT, 7/26/42, 9; WP, 8/7/42, 2; ST, 8/9/42, 15; Smolen, 194; Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz (1959), 208.
71 NYT, 9/20/42, 13, 10/29/42, 2, 11/ 18/42, 3, 11/27/42, 3.
72 NYT, 9/20/42, I, 9/27/42, 9; Edward Homze, Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany (1967), 180-1; DP, 8/27/42, 32; ST, 9/6/42, 2.
73 Lowrie 2; Lowrie to Strong, 10/7/ 42, AF, GF 2.
74 Niles, Case Com Rpt, 10/13/42, USC, Case Com.
75 WP, 8/16/42, 2; KCS, 8/15/42, 1; LAT, 8/16/42, 3; Hilberg, 313, 320, 323.
76 The Ghetto Speaks, 8/5/42.
77 Mds, 5/68, 62-3, 10/82, 7; JF, 9/42, 28-9.
[b]CHAPTER 3. THE WORST IS CONFIRMED[/b]
1 Elting, Memorandum, 8/8/42, SD 862.4016/2234; Wise, 274; Dos Neue Israel (Zurich), 11/68, 359; Riegner-Jarvik interview, 10/4/78. This summary follows Riegner's description of the events. Other views appear in Shlomo Derech's introduction to the Hebrew edition of Arthur Morse, While Six Million Died (1972), in Yehuda Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective (1978), 158, and in Monty Penkower, The Jews Were Expendable (1983), 59-63. Terrence Des Pres suggests an intriguing alternative explanation in NR, 1/31/81, 33.
Riegner and the others, at the German's request, agreed to keep his name secret forever. In 1983, however, 3 historians (Monty Penkower, Richard Breitman, and Alan Kraut) reported that they had identified the German industrialist as Eduard Schulte (NYT, 11/9/83, 2; Commentary, 10/83, 44-6, 1/84, 4).
2 MD 690/39; Elting, Memorandum, 8/8/42, SD 862.4016/2234.
3 Elting, Memorandum, 8/8/42, Elting to SS, 8/10/42, SD 862.4016/2234.
4 Harrison to SS, 8/11/42, Culbertson to Wise, 8/13/42 (not sent), Hull to Bern, 8/17/42, SD 862.4016/2233; Atherton to Welles, 9/3/42, SD, R/3080.
5 PTC. to J.W.J., 8/13/42, SD 862.4016/2233; Durbrow, Memorandum, 8/13/42, SD 862.4016/2235.
6 Hull to Bern, 8/17/42 (unrevised version), SD 862.4016/2233.
7 EHR, 91-2.
8 EHR, 91-3; Wise, 275; Silverman to Wise, 8/28/42, SD, EW/553.
9 Wise to Welles, 9/2/42, SD, R/3080. In his autobiography, Wise stated that he "immediately" contacted Welles (Wise, 275). In fact, he waited 4 or 5 days before communicating with Welles.
10 A notation on Wise's letter of 9/2/42 to Welles shows that Welles phoned Wise on 9/3/42; Voss, 249; Wise, 275.
11 Barou & Easterman to Wise [9/1/ 42], SD 862.4016/2238.
12 Rosenheim to FDR, 9/3/42, SD, EW/570; PR, 1977 (v 22/4), 5.
13 Schenkolewski & Tress to Mc- Donald, 9/3/42, JM, P49; Rosenheim to FDR, 9/3/42, SD, EW/570; Mc- Donald's secy to ER, 9/4/42, JM, P43.
14 PR, 1977 (v 2214), 5-6; Polityka (Warsaw), 8/9/75; Voss, 249-50.
15 Hilberg, 614, 623-4; CW, 12/4/42, 13.
16 PR, 1977 (v22/4), 4-7; AI, Bern, to Rosenheim, 9/4/42, Hopkins Papers (FDRL): Sherwood Collection, B 313, Book 5, Atrocities Comm; PR, 1979 (v 24/1), 48; Polityka, 8/9/75.
17 Voss, 248-50; Justine W. Polier and James W. Wise (eds), The Personal Letters of Stephen Wise, 1933-1949 (1956), 260-1. Walter Laqueur's The Terrible Secret has left the impression that American Jewish leaders were slow to believe that systematic extermination was occurring (pp. 3, 157-62, 194-5, and possibly 121-2; also, Commentary, 12/79, 44). That impression is inaccurate. Once aware of Riegner's report, virtually all Jewish leaders in America recognized that extermination was under way.
18 NYT, 11/24/42, 10; GCM, 11/12/ 42; Voss, 250; MD 688IV223Q.
19 Voss, 250-1; HID, 7053; Wyman, 112-4.
20 Voss, 249-51.
21 HID, 7053-4; FDR to Ickes, 10/10/ 42, Ickes to FDR, 1/13/43, FDR, OF 3186; BLD, 258-60; GCM, 11/12/42; Wise to Frankfurter, 9/16/42, SW, Corresp, Frankfurter.
22 JMJ, 9/20/42; JTA, 10/6/42, 4.
23 NJM, 10/42, 36-7.
24 NYT, 10/30/42, 2.
25 Mds, 5/68, 62, 10/82, 6-7; JF, 11/42, 3.
26 JF, 11/42, 3.
27 Ibid.
28 Hull to Bern, 9/23/42, SD, EW/ 597A; FR 1942, v 3, 775-7; document from Taylor at Vatican City, 11/23/42, SD, EW/726.
29 MD 688II/223Q; Harrison to SS, 9/ 26/42, SD, EW/599.
30 MD 688II/223Q; Harrison to SS, 11/23/42, SD, EW/653.
31 Squire to SS, 9/28/42, with enclosures, SD 862.4016/2242; CW, 12/4/42, 8.
32 Date stamps on Squire to SS, 9/28/ 42, SD 862.4016/2242.
33 Squire to SS, 10/29/42 (not sent), SD 862.4016/10-2942; Harrison to SS, 11/23/42, SD, EW/653; Squire to Harrison, 11/9/42, Squire's memo of 11/7/ 42 interview with Burckhardt, 11/9/42, both in files of Gerhart Riegner, Geneva; Morse, 18-21.
34 NYT, 11/25/42, 10; CW, 12/4/42; Wise, 275; Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/ 27/42, AJC, Genl Record, Germany Nazism 42-43.
35 Wise, 275-6; Mins of Sub-Com of Special Cf on Eur Mfs, 11/30/42, AJC, JEC; MD 688II/243; Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/27/42, AJC, Genl Record, Germany Nazism 42-43.
36 Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/27/42, is especially convincing. It is notes of Wise's meeting with other Jewish leaders on the morning following the conference with Welles.
37 NYHT, 11/25/42, 1.
38 NYT, 11/25/42, 10, 11/26/42, 16; Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/27/42, AJC, Genl Record, Germany Nazism 42-43; WP, 11/26/42, 19B.
39 NYT, 11/24/42, 10, 11/25/42, 10; Smolen, 193-4.
40 NYT, 11/25/42, 10.
41 NYT, 11/26/42, 16, 11/28/42, 7; CW, 12/4/42, 14-5.
42 Hilberg, 337; Shoah, spr 1981, 20.
43 Hilberg, 266; also NYT, 10/1/42, 8.
44 Yehuda Bauer in Mds, 4/68, 51-8.
45 Eg, Dimensions in Am Judaism, spr 1968, 11.
46 EHR, 93; GCM, 11/12/42.
47 Wyman, passim.
48 Legis 15924; Emanuel Celler, You Never Leave Brooklyn (1953), 90-2; Celler to FDR, 10/10/42, FDR, OF 3186.
49 CW, 10/23/42, 4; NYT, 10/4/42, 17; Reconstructionist, 10/30/42, 7; J Forum, 10/42, 162; Celler to Dickstein, 10/21/42, Clerk to Celler, 11/10/42, Legis 15924; RYP, 10/1/42.
50 NYT, 11/4/42, 1, 11/5/42, 1; Burns, 280-1.
51 CD, 1/43, 10; Newsweek, 11/30/42, 11.
52 NYT, 11/3/42, 1, 11.
53 CD, 1/43, 6-9.
54 NYT, 11/4/42, 22, 11/19/42, 1; CD, 1/43, 10; CT, 12/13/42, 1; DP, 11/ 29/42, 2.
55 BLD, 270; RCA, "Question of Bringing ... , " 1/29/43, BLP, B 212, Genl (VD); NYT, 11/22/42, 1, 20, 11/ 29/42, 24, 12/2/42, 1, 12/5/42, 7, 12/ 11/42, 48.
56 BLD, 270.
57 Ibid; Newsweek, 11/30/42, 11.
58 Wyman, 212-3 & passim.
59 Hilberg, 718.
[b]CHAPTER 4. FIRST STEPS[/b]
1 The 19 newspapers include the 10 listed in ch 2, source note 12, along with Atlanta Constitution, Boston Herald, Christian Science Monitor, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Miami Herald, New Orleans Times-Picayune, New York Herald Tribune, New York Post, and PM. Those providing page-1 notice were Dallas News, Denver Post, Miami Herald, NY Herald Tribune, and PM. Those that did not carry the story were Kansas City Star and New Orleans Times-Picayune.
2 Based on analysis of the 10 newspapers listed in ch 2, source note 12. The time covered was Nov 27 through Dec 31, 1942.
3 The single first-page report appeared on 12/18/42.
4 PC/FDR. The brief comment made by FDR on Nov 5, 1943, touched only obliquely on the Holocaust. The first clear comment on mass killing of Jews came on March 24, 1944.
5 Eliyho Matzozky, unpublished study, "American Jewish Press Reaction to the Mass Killing, Nov 24, 1942 to Mar 4, 1943" (1978).
6 Based on a sampling of California J Voice (LA), Every Friday (Cincinnati), Intermountain J News (Denver), J Examiner (Brooklyn), J Review (NYC); and an unpublished study by Edward Mainzer, "The Ohio Jewish Chronicle [Columbus] 1941-43" (1980).
7 Eg, J Forum, 12/42, 193; CW, 12/ 18/42, 4.
8 Nation, 12/19/42, 668-9; NR, 12/7/ 42, 728.
9 Am Mercury, 2/43, 194-203; RD, 2/ 43, 107-10; Time, 12/28/42, 24; Newsweek, 12/28/42, 46.
10 NYT, 11/29/42, 44, 12/24/42, 6, 12/26/42, 4.
11 Mtg of PC, 12/17/42, WJC, U185/ 3; draft of fund appeal hr, 12/28/42, SW, AJCg, L. Shultz.
12 PC Mtg Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, UI85/2.
13 NYT, 12/28/42, 5, 13; PC Mtg Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, UI85/2; draft of fund appeal ltr, 12/28/42, SW, AJCg, L. Shultz.
14 Wyman, 74; Commonweal, 12/11/ 42, 204-5, 12/18/42, 220.
15 CW, 1/8/43, 7. The Church Peace Union publicized the extermination situation in its World Alliance News Letter, especially 12/42, 9/43, 1/44, 6/44, 12/ 15/44.
16 Moss to Miller, 10/27/42, FCC, B 144, L. B. Moss files, Cleveland mtg, 12/ 42; "The Christian Church and the Jews in Europe, " 3/16/43, JM, P67; NYT, 12/21/42, 17.
17 CC to SD, 11/25/42, SD, EW/656.
18 McDermott to CC, 11/25/42, SD, EW/656.
19 CC, 1/13/43, 53.
20 CC, 12/9/42, 1518-9.
21 CC, 12/30/42, 1611.
22 CC, 3/3/43, 253, 3/10/43, 284, 5/5/ 43, 533, 9/8/43, 1005, 5/24/44, 636; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78; Robert Ross, So It Was True (1980), 5.
23 Eg, CC, 2/11/42, 173, 6/17/42, 772, 1/13/43, 53, 4/12/44, 453; Voss, 256; NP, 6/15/45, 229.
24 WP, 11/26/42, 19B.
25 Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/27/42, AJC, Genl Record, Germany Nazism 42-43; NYT, 11/25/42, 10, 11/26/42, 16; Bulletin of the WJC, 1/43, 1; GCM, 11/12/42; PM, 11/26/42, 12.
26 This and the following seven paragraphs are based on information in AJYB, v 45.
27 Am J Archives, 6/55, 203-9; Wise, 216.
28 Wise, 216-32.
29 Ibid; Wise to Easterman, 1/25/43, WJC, UI42/19.
30 Voss, 251; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78.
31 Dimensions in Am Judaism, fall 1968, 36; Who's Who in Am, v 22 (1942-43); Carl Voss, Rabbi and Minister (1964), 317.
32 Mins of Sub-Com of Special Cf on Eur Affs, 11/30/42, AJC, JEC; Gottschalk to Waldman, 11/27/42, AJC, Genl Record, Germany Nazism 42-43.
33 Same as preceding note.
34 Same as preceding note. Also, CW, 12/4/42, 15-6, 12/11/42, 8-11; qR, 2/ 43, 34-5.
35 WP, 11/30, 8, 12/1, 10, 12/2, 10, 12/5, 8, 12/15, 8, 12/18, 12 (all in 1942).
36 CW, 1/8/43, 2, 13. This step seems to have been the only outcome of a plan to convene a conference of prominent American Christians to help find ways to publicize the mass murder and press the government to act (GCM, 11/12/42).
37 AJYB, v 45, 193; CW, 12/4/42, 16; Mins of Sub-Com of Special Cf on Eur Affs, 11/30/42, AJC, JEC.
38 Mins of Sub-Com of Special Cf on Eur Affs, 11/30/42, AJC, JEC; JLC, Mins of Mtg, 12/2/42 (in Yiddish), JLC Archives.
39 AJYB, v 45, 193; CW, 12/18/42, 13.
40 DN, 12/3/42, II, 1.
41 Several documents (11/30-12/4/ 42) on arranging the meeting are in FOR, OF 76e. Included is Wise's letter to FOR, 12/2/42. GCM, 11/12/42.
42 NYT, 12/9/42, 20; CW, 12/11/42, 2. Rabbi Israel Goldstein (Synagogue Council of Am) was scheduled to attend the meeting but was unable to do so (NJM, 1/43, 146). FDR did see the seven Jewish congressmen on Apr 1, 1943. He also saw Wise alone (but Holocaust issues were involved only incidentally) on Jul 22, 1943. On four other occasions (Mar 9 & Oct 11, 1944, & Jan 22 & Mar 16, 1945), he saw Wise, alone or with Abba Hillel Silver, but the topic was the issue of Palestine statehood.
43 Adolph Held, "Report on the Visit to the President" [12/8/42], JLC Archives, Pt 3, Sect 1 #15, Communication with the White House 1942; Wise et al to FDR, 12/8/42, FDR, OF 76C.
44 Wise et al to FDR, 12/8/42, FDR, OF 76C.
45 Held, "Report, " JLC Archives; "Blue Print for Extermination, " 12/8/ 42, FOR, OF 76C.
46 Held, "Report, " JLC Archives.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 MD 688II/243; WP, 12/9/42, 18; CW, 12/11/42, 1-2.
50 Based on analysis of the 10 newspapers listed in ch 2, source note 12. Four did not mention the event; the others placed their reports well inside their issues. NYT, 12/9/42, 20; WP, 12/9/42, 18.
51 GCM, 12/10/42; Jt Emerg Com on Eur J Affs, 9/28/43, AJC, JEC.
52 FR 1942, vi, 66-7; EHR, 98-103; Barou & Easterman to Perlzweig, 12/ 17/42, WJC, 177A150; Easterman to Per1zweig, 1/15/43, WJC, UI42/13.
53 Eddy to Gordon, 1217/42, SD 862.4016/2251.
54 Reams to Hickerson & Atherton, 12/10/42, SD, EW/674; Eerle, Memo of Convsn with Vahervuori, 12/8/42, SD, R/3495-1/2.
55 Reams to Hickerson & Atherton, 12/9/42, SD, EW /694. Concerning Reams's repeated assertions that the State Department had not confirmed the extermination reports, see the footnote on page 51.
56 Reams to Hickerson & Atherton, 12/10/42, SD, EW/694.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid; FR 1942, v 1, 68.
59 Text in NYT, 12/18/42, 10; EHR, 82.
60 Barou & Easterman to Per1zweig, 12/17/42, WJC, 177A150; MD 68811I 244; FR 1942, v 1, 70.
61 Based on analysis of the 10 newspapers listed in ch 2, source note 12.
62 NYT, 12/20/42, 23. Same sample as in preceding note.
63 CW, 12/25/42, 3; NYT, 12/18/42, 26.
64 NYT, 12/18/42, 26; CW, 12/25/42, 3; NYP, 12/18/42, 37.
65 Op, 1/43, 5, 16; J Forum, 12/42, 193; CC, 1/6/43, 26.
66 NYT, 12/5/42, 16.
67 GCM, 12/3/42; "Proposals" [12/ 10/42], WJC, 264/1; Bulletin of the WJC, 1/43, 2.
68 "Proposals" [12/10/42], WJC, 264/1; GCM, 12/10/42.
69 Same as preceding note. Also, PC outline of projects, 12/14/42, WJC, U186/A; Shultz, Memorandum, 12/10/ 42, WJC, UI85/3; Activities of AJCg & WJC with Respect to Hitler Program [1/ 43], WJC, UI85/2.
70 PC, outline of projects, 12/14/42, WJC, VI86/A; Special Com on Eur Situation, Mins, 12/14/42, Mtg of PC, 12/ 17/42, WJC, VI85/3. For an example of OWI's unwillingness to emphasize the Jewish situation, see NYT, 2/14/43, 37.
71 PC Mtg Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, UI85/2.
72 GCM, 1/12/43, 12/3/42, 12/10/42; Rpt of PC, 1/12/43, AJCg; Activities of AJCg & WJC [1/43], WJC, VI85/2; Special Com on Eur Situation, Mins, 12/ 14/42, WJC, VI85/3. For an insider's perspective, see Mds, 3/64, 8-9.
73 Burns, 123-4; John H. Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 3rd edn (1969), 578-9.
74 NYT, 11/28, 11, 11/29, 46, 11/30, 11, 12/5, 9, 12/7, 32, 12/16, 14 (all in 1942); FR 1942, v 4, 550; CW, 12/11/ 42, 12; NP, 1/8/43, 3, 1/22/43, 4; RW 2/23; Mds, 3/64, 5-10; YV Bulletin, 4/ 57, 4.
[b] CHAPTER 5. STRUGGLE FOR ACTION[/b]
1 Cantril, 383.
2 MD 688II/244.
3 Mds, 3/64, 5-10; GCM, 1/12/43, 2/ 4/43; CW, 2/26/43, 4-7; Memo to Wise, Goldmann, et al, 1/19/43, WJC, V285/2; JF, 3/43, 15-17. The courier, who was unnamed in these reports, was Jan Karski.
4 MD 68811/99, 223R-S; Riegner & Lichtheim to Wise, 1/19/43, WJC, 267/ 8.
5 Welles to Wise, 2/9/43, WJC, 267/ 8.
6 MD 68811/100, 223-T.
7 MD 688IV207; Josiah E. DuBois, Jr., The Devil's Chemists (1952), 188.
8 MD 688II/100, 223L-M, 247, 694/ 199-200, 813/63-8; Hull (by Welles) to Bern, 4/10/43, SD 862. 4016/2266A.
9 Covered in ch 10.
10 Pr Rel, 2/14/43, WJC, V222/3; NYT, 2/14/43, 37.
11 NYT, 2/13/43, 5. Value of lei based on Hilberg, 503-6.
12 Mins of ZOA Exec Com, 2/20/43, SW, ZOA Exec Com; MD 609/39, 610/ 208.
13 Hull to Ankara, 2/17/43, SD, R/ 3603; MD 611/276-7.
14 MD 611/275; Welles to Wagner, 3/ 10/43, RW 2/23; Welles to Davis, 3/11/ 43, SD, R/3608.
15 Proposals for Relief and Evacn of Refs [7/43], BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups.
16 Hilberg, 504; Julius Fisher, Transnistria: The Forgotten Cemetery (1969), 130-1; Proposals for Relief [7/43] (section on Rumania), BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups.
17 In late spring 1943, overtures again came out of Rumania for the release of thousands of Jews. Again, the chance was not pursued. (AI Rpt, 4th, 4.)
18 NYT, 2/16/43, 11; H Con Res 60, 11/28/41, Legis 15912; Ans, 2/46, 10-11 van Paassen to Daniels, 7/31/42, Josephus Daniels Papers (Le), B 816, Folder P; JV, 5/42, 5; Aaron Berman, "The HCNL and the Rescue of the European Jews, " Hampshire College thesis (1975), 16. Same sources apply to following paragraph.
19 Yehuda Bauer, Flight and Rescue: BRICHAH (1970), 62; Howard Sachar, A History of Israel (1979), 232-3; J Affairs, 10/41, 6.
20 J Affairs, 10/41, 2-10; NYT, 2/5/ 42, 12, 2/11/42, 11, 3/22/42, 45, 9/20/ 44, 12; Sachar, Israel, 230-2; Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance (1970), 202, 355; Bauer, Flight, 63-6, 96-101.
21 Berman to Wise, 4/29/42, SW, Zm; NYT, 12/7/42, 15; J Affairs, 10/41; Ans, 2/46, 4, 11; Kook-Cohen interview, 9/ 26/68, 11-13, PSC 11/33.
22 Kook.Cohen interview, 9/26/68, 11- 18; Kook-Wyman interview, 5/5/73. Wartime conditions blocked contact between the Irgun in the US and the Irgun in Palestine from late 1940 until late 1943. Even in Jan 1945, the FBI and the British Intelligence reported that no connection between the two existed. Actually, a very few contacts did take place during 1944 and 1945, and a small amount of money was sent to Palestine. (Kook-Cohen interview, 9/26/68, 15-18; Wright to Baxter, 1/31/45, Russell to Hill, 1/31/45, PRO, FO 371/45398/8385.) Also see footnote on page 149.
23 Ans, 6/15/44, 9, 11; NYP, 7/11/44, 29; Kook-Wyman interview, 4/14/73.
24 Bauer, From Diplomacy, 236, 313, 316; Sachar, Israel, 188; Robert Silverberg, If I Forget Thee O Jerusalem (1970), 207; Bergson to Wise, 5/7/41, Wise to Bergson, 6/4/41, PSC 1/5. Also see below, appendix B.
25 Bauer, From Diplomacy, 14, 315, 319; Berman, "The HCNL and Rescue, " 13; NYT, 2/26/44, 4, 3/5/44, 19, 8/24/44, 7, 9/29/44, 8.
26 Ans, 3/45, 6, 20-1, 2/46, 8; Nemzer, Memo for the Files [3/1/44], PSC 3/64; Kook-Cohen interview, 9/26/ 68, 12, 15-8; Lubinski to Ziff, 5/20/39, 6/30/39, PSC 1/1; Bergson to Wise, 5/ 7/41, Bergson to Silver, 5/25/41, PSC 1/ 5.
27 Ans, 2/46, 11; Merlin to Shubow, 3/20/43, AJHS, AJCg, Uncatalogued Box, F:CJA
28 NYT, 12/5/42, 16.
29 Ans, 6/15/44, 11; AJHQ, 9/77, 57.
30 NYT, 2/8/43, 8; J Review & Observer (Cleveland), 2/19/43, PSC, Reel 18; Stmt by Sen Edwin e. Johnson, 2/ 24/43, PSC 4/8.
31 NYT, 2/16/43, 11. Same source for the following two paragraphs.
32 Op, 3/43, 14; NP, 3/5/43, 4; Mins of ZOA Exec Com, 2/20/43, 3/11/43, SW, ZOA Exec Com; B'nai B'rith Messenger, 4/9/43, PSC, Reel 18; JF, 3/43, 8; CW, 2/26/43, 16. The advertisement remains, even today, a source of sharp controversy in some circles.
33 NYHT, 2/22/43, 16. Eg, LAT, 2/ 22/43, 8; Phila Inquirer, 2/23/43, 15; NYT, 3/10/43, 10; Phila Evening Bulletin, 4/23/43, 12,
34 Op, 4/43, 7; PC Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, U185/2; Smolar in J Times (Phila), 2/26/43, J Times (Baltimore), 2/12/43, J Chronicle (Columbus, O), 2/26/43, PSC, Reel 18; J News (Detroit), 3/12/43, PSC, S 13; Merlin to Ziff, 4/23/43, PSC 1/8; NYT, 2/27/43, 5.
35 GCM, 1/12/43; PC Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, U185/2; Deutsch in J Times (Baltimore), 2/12/43, PSC, Reel 18.
36 AJCg Pr ReI, 2/22/43, WJC, U222/ 3; NYT, 2/26/43, 14.
37 NYT, 3/2/43, 1, 4, 39.
38 CW, 3/5/43, 15; NYT, 3/2/43, 4; CR, v 89, 1571-6.
39 NYT, 3/2/43, 4; CW, 3/5/43, 16.
40 NYT, 3/3/43, 22.
41 NYT, 12/18/42, 26, 3/3/43, 22; NYP, 3/6/43, 21; NY Sun, 3/3/43, 20; NYHT, 3/7/43, II, 3.
42 L.C., Memorandum, 3/4/43, SD, R/ 3739; NYT, 3/4/43, 9; MD 68811/247- 9; CW, 3/12/43, 3-4; FR 1943, v 1, 140-4.
43 Wise to FDR, 3/4/43, FDR to Wise, 3/23/43, FDR, PPF 5029; Wise to Hull, 3/5/43, SD, EW/815; Wise to Dear Editor, to Dear Senator, to Dear Congressman, 3/9/43, WJC, U185/3.
44 Nation, 3/13/43, 366-7.
45 Ans, 4/43, 6, 9; NY Sun, 2/9/43, PSC, Reel 18; NYT, 2/25/43, 26; LJ, 6/ 43, 57 .
46 Rose to Niles, 2/22/43, Pringle to Hassell, 3/3/43, Early to Rose, 3/4/43, FDR, OF 76C.
47 Hecht to Waldman, 1/26/43, Trager to Rosenblum, 2/1/43, AJC, Emerg Com file; Voss, 257.
48 PC Mins, 12/29/42, WJC, U185/2; Merlin to Ziff, 4/23/43, PSC 1/8; Voss, 257.
49 NYT, 3/10/43, 12, 37; Variety, 3/ 10/43, Radio Daily, 3/11/43, PSC, S 13; J Standard (Jersey Cy), 4/16/43, PSC, Reel 18; PM, 3/8/43, 17.
50 NYT, 3/10/43, 12; JTA, 3/10/43.
51 LJ, 6/43, 63; Rose to Niles, 2/22/ 43, FDR, OF 76C.
52 NYT, 3/10/43, 12, 4/13/43, 17; PSC, Folio 6, S 13 & 16, Reels 18 & 20; "We Will Never Die" (pamphlet), PSC 10/15; Ans, 5/43, 9, 2/46, 17.
53 Miami Herald, 4/17/43, 10A.
54 Smolar in J Ledger (Syracuse), 3/19/ 43, J Chronicle (Chicago), 4/2/43, PSC, Reel 18; PSC, S 13. Magazines that did not report on the pageant included CW, J Forum, JF, JO, JV, NJM, NP, Op.
55 Rpt on Attempts to Stage "We Will Never Die" [early 1944], PSC 13/57; Variety, 3/10/43, PSC, S 13.
56 Rpt on Attempts to Stage "We Will Never Die" [early 1944], PSC 13/57; Taslitt in] Review & Observer, 4/23/43, PSC, Reel 18.
57 Eg, Smolar in J Ledger, 3/19/43, PSC, Reel 18; Op, 4/43, 7. Also see below, appendix B.
58 Voss, 257; EmC; Mtg of JEC, 3/15/ 43, Jt Emerg Com on European J Affairs [9/28/43], Mtg of JEC, 11/5/43, AJC, JEC; AI Rpts, 4th, 5, and 5th, 10. Not affiliated, but represented by observers, were the JDC and the United Palestine Appeal (Rosenblum to Trager and Rothschild, 3/17/43, AJC, JEC).
59 Mtg of JEC, 3/15/43, 3/22/43, Instructions for Organizing Public Mtgs [3/43], Trager to Schultz, Epstein, & Pat, 5/10/43, Proskauer to Gerstenfeld, 3/25/43, AJC, JEC.
60 CW, 3/26/43, 13, 4/2/43, 16, 4/16/ 43, 16, 4/30/43, 21; CJR, 8/43, 394; CT, 4/15/43, 1; NYT, 3/31/43, 12; Trager to Schultz, Epstein, & Pat, 5/10/43, AJC, JEC.
61 Instructions for Organizing Public Mtgs [3/43], Waldman to Members of AJC, 3/25/43, Levy to Hexter, 5/5/43, Proskauer to Gerstenfeld, 3/25/43, AJC, JEC; Voss, 257.
61 EmC; Shultz to J. W. Wise, 1/6/43, WJC, 268N; Activities of AJCg & WJC with Respect to Hitler Program [1/43], WJC, UI85/2; Shultz to Levy, 2/24/43, RW 2/23.
63 Berlin, Confidential Memorandum, 2/24/43, AHS, Ma 1-62. Same source for following 2 paragraphs.
64 NYT, 4/12/80, 30.
65 CR, v 89, 1570-1.
66 EmC; CR, v 89, 1723, 2184; NYT, 3/19/43, 11.
67 NYT, 3/10/43, 12, 3/19/43, 11.
68 EmC; Braunstein to Silver, 3/23/43, AHS, Ma I-81; Proskauer to Gerstenfeld, 3/25/43, Rosenblum to Trager & Rothschild, 3/17/43, AJC, JEC.
69 EmC; Program (Action on Rescue by Jt Com) [3/43], Braunstein to Silver 3/23/43, AHS, Ma 1·81; Goldmann to Taylor, 3/24/43, SD, EW/959; Wise to Taylor, 3/22/43, SD, R/3860; Mtg of JEC, 3/22/43, AJC, JEC.
70 Braunstein to Silver, 3/23/43, AHS, Ma 1·81; Mtg of JEC, 3/22/43, AJC, JEC; Proskauer & Wise to Taylor, 3/22/. 43, SD, R/3860.
71 Min of Mtg of Jt Com, 3/29/43, AHS, Ma 1·81; 58th Mtg of PAC, 3/30/ 43, JM, P67; AI Rpt, 4th, 5.
72 Min of Mtg of Jt Com, 3/29/43, AHS, Ma I-81.
73 FR 1943, v 3, 38.
74 NYT, 4/8/43, 18. The transportation issue is analyzed below, in ch 16.
75 MD 688II/48-9; Cabinet Com on Refs, 5/31/44, PRO, CAB 95/15/32 (cited in Wasserstein, 252).
76 FR 1941, v 2, 875-6; Alexander to Long, 5/7/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups.
77 Reams to Stettinius, 10/8/43, BLP, B 202, Refs.
78 Mtg of Steering Com of JEC, 4/2/ 43, Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, AJe, JEC; Silverman to Montor, 4/7/43, AHS, Ma I· 81.
79 Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, Mtg of Steering Com of JEC, 4/2/43, AJC, JEC; Wise to Early, 4/9/43, Watson to SS, 4/ 10/43, Hull to Wise, 4/14/43, SD, EW/ 858.
80 Rpts on phone calls from Celler, 3/ 29/43 & 3/30/43, E.M.W. to Long, 4/1/ 43, FDR, OF 3186; Mtg of JEC, 3/15/ 43, 4/10/43, AJC, JEC.
81 E.M.W. to Long, 4/1/43, FDR, OF 3186; Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, AJC, JEC; AI Rpt, 4th, 15.
82 JF, 1/43, 4; CW, 2/5/43, 4-5.
83 Goldstein to Clinchy, 3/3/43, Israel Goldstein Archives Oerusalem), Corresp file, Clinchy.
84 Clinchy to Goldstein, 3/4/43, I. Goldstein Archives, Corresp, Clinchy.
85 To be discussed below, in ch 16. Examples of Christian support appear in CW, 6/25/43, 19; "Cincinnati Church Council, " 3/11/43, Cavert to Straus, 12/ 11/43, FCC, B 48 & 49, Genl Secy's Files (Cavert); Brautigam & Sachs to Waldman, 3/27/43, AJC, Imgn Series, Refs-Rescue of.
86 Proskauer to Gerstenfeld, 3/25/43, AJC, JEC; "The Christian Church and the Jews in Europe, " 3/16/43, JM, P67; NYT, 3/17/43, 8.
87 Information Service (FCC), 4/24/43; NYT, 4/26/43, 17; Mtg of JEC, 3/15/ 43, 3/22/43, Rosenblum to Trager & Rothschild, 3/17/43, Mtg of Steering Com of JEC, 4/2/43, AJC, JEC; Cavert to Rothschild, 3/17/43, Cavert to Straus, 12/11/43, FCC, B 49, Genl Secy's Files (Cavert); Silverman to Montor, 4/7/43, AHS, Ma I-81.
88 Levy to Galkin, with enclosures, 5/ 5/43, Levy to Hexter, 5/5/43, AJC, JEC.
89 NYT, 5/3/43, 20; CC, 6/2/43, 669; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78; Jacob M. Price to David Wyman, 9/21/78.
90 Shultz, Memorandum, 12/10/42, WJC, U185/3; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78; Cavert to Rothschild, 3/17/43, Heller to Tucker, 3/19/43, Cavert to Straus, 12/11/43, FCC, B 48 & 49, Genl Secy's Files (Cavert); NYT, 12/21/42, 17.
[b]CHAPTER 6. BERMUDA[/b]
1 EHR, 101; Jour of Ecclesiastical Hist, 7/78, 357; Stmt by Shertok, 2/24/43, RW 2/23; NYT, 12/13/42, 11, 12/18/ 42, 10, 12/21/42, 17, 1/24/43, 26; CW, 1/1/43, 2, 4/2/43, 13.
2 EHR, 101; CW, 2/5/43, 4, 4/2/43, 13; NYT, 12/13/42, 11, 1/24/43, 26, 1/ 29/43, 9; Reams to Hickerson & Atherton, 12/10/42, SD, EW/694; Achilles to Welles, 3/4/43, SD, EW/848; FR 1943, v 1, 138.
3 Parliamentary Debates, Lords, v 126, 811-21.
4 FR 1943, v 1, 134-7. Same source for following 2 paragraphs.
5 Long to Brandt, Travers, & Keeley, 1/25/43, SD, R/3633; FR 1943, v 1, 138- 44; BLD, 316.
6 FR 1943, v 1, 140-4; Wyman, 217- 9.
7 Memorandum on Ber Cf on the Ref Problem (nd), W 3, Ber Cf. Re abundance: Commonweal, 7/28/44, 349; PM, 12/14/42, 1-5.
8 FR 1943, v 1, 143-4.
9 Wyman, ch 3.
10 FR 1943, v 1, 143.
11 Emanuel Celler speech, 10/23/75, at J Hist See of NY; Lawrence Fuchs, The Political Behavior of American Jews (1956), 99; Pepper-Wyman interview, 4/ 10/81; Wayne Cole, America First (1953, 1971), 138-9; Israel, 307.
12 NYT, 3/4/43, 9; L.C., Memorandum, 3/4/43, SD, R/3739; FR 1943, v 1, 144-5.
13 FR 1943, v 1, 144-6; NYT, 3/5/43, 5; L.C., Memorandum, 3.14/43, SD, R/ 3739; FR 1943, v 3, 29; Pickett to Frawley & Vail, 3/5/43, AF, GF, US Govt, SD; Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948 (1982), 130-7.
14 NYT, 3/7/43, 30, 3/11/43, 2, 3/28/ 43, 5; BLD, 308, 310; Memo of Phone Convsn, Long & FDR, 3/19/43, BLP, B 202, Refs; Min of Mtg of Jt Com on Eur Affairs, 3/29/43, AHS, Ma I-81.
15 Israel, 306; Long to Welles, 3/18/ 43, SD 548.G1/112; FR 1943, v 1, 147; Taylor to Welles, 4/43, Taylor to Emerson, 7/28/44, MT; MD 711/260, 262, 712/5.
16 FR 1943, v 1, 147; Roberts to FDR, 4/8/43, Hull to FDR, 4/12/43, FDR, OF 3186; Hull to Seymour, 4/10/43, SD 548.Gl/20B; Seymour to Hull, 4/13/43, SD 548.G1/19; Israel, 306.
I7 FR 1943, v1 , 147, 151; BLD, 308; Memo of Phone Convsn, Long & FDR, 3/19/43, BLP, B 202, Refs.
18 FR 1943, v 1, 176-9, 185; BLD, 334.
19 Roberts to FDR, 4/8/43, FDR to Roberts, 4/10/43, FDR, OF 3186; WP, 4/13/43, 4.
20 CW, 3/19/43, 3, 4/2/43, 2; NR, 4/ 26/43, 548.
21 Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, & attached rpt by Proskauer, AJC, JEC.
22 Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, AJC, JEC; Proskauer to Welles, 4/12/43, AJC, Proskauer File; FR 1943, v 1, 151; 58th Mtg of PAC, 3/30/43, JM, P67.
23 CW, 6/4/43, 5; Op, 6/43, 5; Israel, 306; Celler speech, 10/23/75, at J Hist Soc of NY; IJPS, 5/21/43; Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, 4/18/43, AJC, JEC; Proskauer to Bloom, 4/16/43, AJC, PEC.
24 Dickstein to FDR, 4/2/43, Long, undated draft reply for Dickstein, FDR, OF 3186.
25 Wise (for JEC) to Welles, 4/14/43, SD 548.Gl/38; CW, 4/30/43, 11-14; Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, AJC, JEC; Proskauer to Bloom, 4/16/43, AJC, PEC.
26 Mtg of JEC, 4/18/43, AJC, JEC; NYT, 4/19/43, 4.
27 Long to Wise, 4/20/43, AJC, JEC.
28 McDonald & Warren to Welles, draft, 3/11/43, JM, P67.
29 Berle to Hull & Long, 4/20/43, Brandt to Long, 4/23/43, BLP, B 202, Refs.
30 CR, v 89, 3434; Ans, 6/5/43, 18; WP, 4/20/43, 10.
31 Emerson, Note on Measures for Rescue of Refs, 3/24/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Cf-Ber Cf.
32 Ibid.
33 Proskauer rpt, attached to Mtg of JEC, 4/10/43, AJC, JEC.
34 FR 1943, v 1, 148, 151; KCS, 4/19/ 43, 16; BC Mins, 4/22, AM, 4/23, AM; Jabotinsky to Johnson, 5/6/43, PSC 1/8.
35 For Reams, see above, ch 4. Alexander to Long, 5/7/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups.
36 FR 1943, v 1, 151; Kunz to Clarkson, 4/12/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Cf-Ber Cf; BC Mins, 4/20, AM; 59th Mtg of PAC, 5/17/43, JM, P67; Schauffler to Branson, 11/6/44, AF, RS, Mign Servs, US Govt Contacts; Schauffler, Re Visa Policy, 12/21/43, AF, GF 4; AJYB, v 45, 455, 470; CJR, 6/43, 277.
37 FR 1943, v 1, 149; Jabotinsky to Johnson, 5/6/43, PSC 1/8.
38 FR 1943, v 1, 152; Kunz to Clarkson, 4/12/43, BLP, B 203, Ref Cf-Ber Cf.
39 Memorandum on Ber Cf on the Ref Problem (nd), W 3, Ber Cf; Views of the Govt of the US [3/43], BLP, B 203, Ref Cf-Ber Cf. Same sources for following 2 paragraphs.
40 Fuller discussion in ch 16.
41 BC Mins, 4/20, AM; FR 1943, v 1, 155.
42 BC Mins, 4/20, AM; Wasserstein, 192.
43 FR 1943, v 1, 49-133; FR 1944, v 1, 1076.
44 BC Mins (all).
45 BC Mins, 4/20, AM, 4/21, PM.
46 BC Mins, 4/21, PM.
47 BC Mins, 4/21, AM; BC Rpt; FR 1943, v 1, 157, 176.
48 BC Mins, 4/21, AM.
49 FR 1943, v 1, 155; BC Mins, 4/20, AM.
50 Shown in ch 16.
51 BC Rpt.
52 BC Mins, 4/20, AM, 4/20, PM, 4/ 21, AM, 4/24, AM.
53 BC Mins, 4/24, AM; FR 1943, v 1, 165.
54 BC Mins, 4/24, AM; BC Rpt.
55 BC Rpt; BC Mins, 4/21, AM, 4/25, AM; FR 1943, v 1, 157-9, 295-6.
56 FR 1943, v 1, 157-61; BC Mins, 4/ 21, AM.
57 Israel,
309; FR 1943, v 1, 164, 176,
295-9; Long, Memorandum, 4/22/43,
SD 548.G1/4-2243; Hull to Deane, 4/
23/43, SD 548.G 1144; Long, Memorandum,
4/26/43, SD R/4
58 BC Rpt; FR 1943, v 1, 179, 307-25, 332-5; FR 1943, The Conferences at Washington and Quebec (1970), 342-6. More detail is in "Proposals for Relief and Evacn of Refs" [7/43] (N Africa section), BLP, B 203, Ref Mvt & Natl Groups.
59 FR 1944, v 1, 992; Blickenstaff, Evacn of Stateless Refs to N Afr, 12/27/ 44, Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/ 16/44, AF, RS 5 .
60 BC Rpt; A Rpt Drawn Up for the Am Embassy [8/44], Conard, Rpt on Visit to Spain, 10/16/44, AF, RS 5.
61 BC Mins, 4/22, AM, 4/23, AM; BC Rpt; FR 1943, v 1, 165-6, 175-6, 184- 9, 196, 214-7, 224-5, 236-7; Explanation of Changes in Proposed Message, u/c Stettinius to FDR, 6/8/44, FDR, OF 3186.
62 BC Rpt; BC Mins, 4/22, AM, 4/23, AM; FR 1943, vi, 163, 170. From 1939 through 1943, the US had contributed a total of $70, 000 to the ICR (Grew to Rayburn, 6/19/45, SD, Rl6-1945).
63 FR 1943, v 1, 171, 186; BC Mins, 4/ 25, AM.
64 FR 1943, v 1, 177-82, 186-7, 190- 5, 199-200, 213-4, 232-3, 237, 247-8.
65 BC Rpt.
66 FR 1943, vi, 173-4.
67 Office Com Mtg, 5/7/43, WJC, U185/2
68 Based on the 10 newspapers listed in ch 2, source note 12.
69 NYT, 4/25/43, 19.
70 CT, 4/18, 12, 4/23, 9; NYT, 4/20, 1; DP, 4/19, 3, 4/23, 7; SFE, 4/20, 10; WP, 4/30, 1; PM, 4/30, 8. All in 1943.
71 DP, 4/19, 3; ST, 4/19, 3; SFE, 4/ 22, 11; CT, 4/23, 9; NYT, 4/25, 19; WP, 4/30, 1. All in 1943.
72 AJYB, v 45, 361; CJR, 6/43, 278, 8/ 43, 393; NJM, 6/43, 314; JF, 5/43, 3; Op, 6/43, 5, 5/43, 4; NYT, 5/4/43, 17.
73 JO, 5/43, 6; Wise & Proskauer to Welles, 5/13/43, Mtg of JEC, 5/24/43, AJC, JEC.
74 AI Rpts, 4th, 5 & 5th, 1; Rosenheim to McDonald, 5/26/43, JM, P40; Shultz to Wise, Goldmann, et ai, 6/3/43, SW, AJCg, L. Shultz; Pat to Shultz, 6/24/43, Proskauer to Held, 6/29/43, AJC, PEC.
75 NYHT, 4/28/43, 2; NYT, 4/28/43, 6; Thomas to Hull, 6/17/43, SD 548.G1/165; Niebuhr, Poling, Oxnam, et al to FDR, 8/6/43, SD, R/4164.
76 CR, v 89, A2154, A2329; Celler to Wise, 5/14/43, AJC, PEC.
77 NYT, 5/24/43, 15; Op, 6/43, 5; Celler, "Once Bitten, Twice Shy, " 7/15/ 43, AJC, Imgn Series, Refs-Rescue of.
78 Bloom to Anathan, 6/14/43, SB, Corresp with Constituents; Celler speech, 10/23/75, at J Hist Soc of NY.
79 Morse, 63.
80 NYT, 4/29/43, 9; NYHT, 4/29/43, 8.
81 Travers to Niebuhr, 8/26/43, SD, R14164.
82 Israel, 316; Brandt, Memorandum, 6/22/43, SD 548.Gl/198; FR 1943, v 1, 310.
83 Niebuhr,
Poling, Oxnam, et al to
FDR, 8/6/43, SD, R/4
84 NYT, 5/22/43, 4, 6/4/43, 7; NJM, 7/43, 352; CR, v 89, A3363.
85 NYT, 4/22/43, 1; WP, 4/22/43, 6.
86 JF, 6/43, 4.
[b]CHAPTER 7. PAPER WALLS AND PAPER PLANS[/b]
1 Wyman, 43, 49, 168-82, 194.
2 Ibid, 193-4, 199, 200, 204; "Quota Immigrants Admitted" (nd), NRS, 506.
3 Wyman, 193-6, 202.
4 Ibid, 200-1.
5 Ibid, 201-2.
6 Ibid, 203; Mayerson to Sapper, 12/ 24/41, NRS 991; Welles to McDonald, 2/17/42, JM, P50.
7 Bernstein & Dijour to Taylor, 4/24/ 42, JM, P55; McDonald & Warren to Welles (draft), 3/11/43, JM, P67; NYT, 5/14/42, 6; FR 1942, v 1, 450-7; BC Mins, 4/25, AM; Office of Censorship, Daily Rpt #7000 [9/42], SD, R/3489.
8 Cohu's ltr of 6/3/42 from Marseille, . AF, RS 1. Several other examples in McClelland to Rogers, 3/14/42, AF, RS 1.
9 Niles, Case Com Rpt, 10/13/42, USC, Case Com.
10 The obstruction is clearly seen in the archives of AFSC, JDC, and NRS. Warren's remarks: CEP Jour, 5/5/42; JPC 3050.
11 JPC 3274, 3379, 3436-7; Kaplan, MASC Mtg, 1/12/43, NRS 326; [1st] Draft Mins Mign & Alien Status Sub- Com, 2/17/43, NRS 325; Schauffler, Re Visa Policy, 12/21/43, AF, GF 4; Vail, Trip to Wn, 3/12/43, AF, FS 3.
12 JPC 3340; Mins of MASC, 5/11/43, Kaplan draft, NRS 326; IR, 10/28/43, 327; Rogers to Hiatt, 10/2/42, AF, RS 3; JPC 3282.
13 IR, 10/28/43, 309-55.
14 CR, v 90, 666.
15 Excerpts & Summary of Rpt on Spain from Conard, 11/20/43, AF. RS 6.
16 Schauffler to Heath, 1/5/43, 2/12/ 43, Heath to Vail, 1/19/43, AF, RS 2; Heath to Wriggins, 1/18/43. AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Fr Morocco, Casa; Schauffler to Hartley, 6/18/43, AF, RS 7; Mins of Mtg on 12/30/43 with Katzki, JDC, G/ E, Germany-NRS; Schauffler to Pickett, Vail. et ai, 4/13/43, AF, FS, C/O, HIAS; Translation-Excerpts, 8/9/43. u/ c Dijour to Schauffler. 10/7/43, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Genl.
17 Mayerson to Abrahamson, Monthly Rpt, 10/7/42, NRS 459; numerous individual cases in NRS 575; Schauffler to Judkyn, 11/9/43, AF, RS 3.
18 Pickett to Warren, 5/27/42, AF, GF 1; 54th Mtg of PAC, 6/18/42, JM, P66; [lst] Draft Mins Mign and Alien Status Sub-Com, 2/17/43, NRS 325; Mins of MASC, 5/11/43, Kaplan draft, NRS 326; Rogers, Rpt, Ref Div, For Serv Section, lan-May 1942, AF, RS, Rpts & Discussions.
19 Rogers to Vail, 5/20/42, with enclosure, Rogers to Warren, 6/4/42, AF, GF 1; Detzer to Baer, 6/16/42, WIL, Ref Com, 1938-43, Cases, Schottlaender.
20 JPC 3379; Chamberlain to Schauffler, 3/12/42, AF, GF, For Serv, Switz; Warren to PAC, with enclosures, 5/8/ 42, Warren to PAC, 5/11/42, 54th Mtg of PAC, 6/18/42, JM, P66.
21 DSB, 9/10/44, 277-8; ]PC 3379; "Keppel Study, " 8/23/43, NRS 570; anon memo (probably Keppel to Berle), 8/3/42, Travers to Long, 8/4/42, BLP, B 211, Visa Bd of Appeals; ]PC 3340- 4.
22Visa Bd of Appeals, Rpt, 11/9/42, BLP, B 211, Visa Bd of Appeals.
23 BKR Rpt, 13; Summary of Proceedings- Special Mtg NRS, 1/23/43, AF, RS, ClO, NRS (Mins); Schauffler/Rogers to Conard, 3/27/42, AF, RS, Ctry Port, Ltrs to; NYT, 9/9/43, 25.
24 DSB, 9/10/44, 274; SIB, 6/16/44, NRS 1391; Rescue, 6/44, 3; IR, 7/18/44, 228-9; Petluck to Mign Staff, 8/2/44, NRS 587.
25 Maurice Davie, Refugees in America (1947), 194; Loewenstein, Suggestions for a Better Verification, 9/14/42, SD, R/3179; Elisabeth A. Dexter, "Last Port of Freedom, " draft MS (1942), ch I, p 9; Chr R, 9/42, 331.
26 BKR Rpt, 14.
27 MD 694/191; Warren-Jarvik interview, 1/22179.
28 NYT, 10/15/42, 9; Teleg No. 78 from Tangier to MILID, Wn, 2/23/43, BLP, B 195, Foreign Territories; ltr from War Dept, 5/1/43, SD, R/3805.
29 Schmidt file in AF, OF, N Afr; memo by Heath, 9/22/43, AF, RS 2; Heath to Kimberland, 5/9/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs to; Schauffler, memo re Schmidt, 11/16/43, AF, FS 3.
30 Office of Censorship, Daily Rpt #7000 [9/42], SD, R/3489. The actual facts concerning HICEM are found in Warren, memo on HIAS-ICA, U/C McDonald to Hull, 3/13/42, JM, P50. SD views concerning subversives among refugees are seen in FR 1942, v 1, 450- 6.
31 Standish to Lesser, 3/27/44, W 10, Imgn Memos; NYT, 6/28/42, 1, 7/30/ 42, 1, 34, 7/1/42, 1, 7/10/42, 1, 12/6/42, 59, 7/26/43, 32, 7/16/44, 7, 12/31/44, 16, 3/19/45, 19, 12/8/45, 3; Louis de Jong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (1956), 215-21.
32 Greenstein, Summary of Invitation Cf, 10/18/41, AF, GF, C/O, NRS; MD 693/217-8.
33 Ch 2. Baerwald to Beckelman, 9/8/ 42, JDC, Refs, Children; Notes, Mtg of US Com, 9/21/42, Hyman to Levy, 10/ 22/42, JDC, France, Children. Even here, though, the Visa Division raised several technical difficulties (Stmt by Warren, 9/14/42, AF, GF, US Govt, PAC).
34 Schwartz to Leavitt, 12/21/42, 1/ 13/43, Leavitt to Hayes, 1/29/43, Mc- Donald & Warren to Welles, 12/1/42, JDC, Refs, Children; Conard to Pickett, 11/21/42, AF, OF, Port, 1000 Group.
35 Frawley to Pickett & Vail, 12/8/42, AF, GF 3; Mtg of MASC, 12/9/42, NRS 452; JPC 3223, 3283; USCOM, Rpt of Exec Dir to Bd of Dirs, 5/12/43, AF, RS, C/O, USCCEC, Rpts; Radio Script, 517/43, JDC, Refs, Children.
36 Mtg of MASC, 12/9/42, NRS 452; BC Mins, 4/25, AM; Frawley to Pickett, Vail, et ai, 12/24/42, AF, GF 5; SS to Lisbon, 12/26/42, W 44, Evacn of Children from France; Frawley to Pickett, Vail, et aI, 1/6/43, AF, RS 10; Schwartz to Leavitt, 1/4/43, 1/18/43, JDC, Refs, Children; Frawley to Leavitt, 1/13/43, JDC, France, Children; Ben Schauffler to Lang, 1/6/43, AF, OF, Port, USCCEC; Rpt by Escort of 21 on Serpa Pinto, 3/20/43, AF, RS 8; JDC, loose- Leaf Memo #32, 3/22/43, NRS 1302.
37 Katzki to Leavitt, 2/27/43, Wriggins to AF, 4/2/43, 4/6/43, JDC, Refs, Children.
38 JDC, Loose-Leaf Memo #34, 5/21/ 43, NRS 1302; Katzki, Lisbon, to JDC, 4/28/43, AF, RS 10.
39 Memo of telephone message from Warren, 4/12/43, HW to MF, 6/10/43, Olsen to Frawley, 9/30/43, Conard to Lang [12/43], AF, RS 8; Conard to Pickett, 9/24/43, AF, RS, Children, US Com, Case Lists; Thompson to Welles, 5/20/43, ER 894170; Welles to Thompson, 5/28/43, ER 1703/100; Katzki to Leavitt, 9/24/43, JDC, Refs, Children.
40 Olsen to JDC (Leavitt), 6/14/45, JDC, Refs, Children; Conard, Rpt to AF for Dec 1943 to Aug 1944, 8/15/44, AF, RS 4; Gallagher to Olsen, 4/25/45, AF, FS, DP Servs, Children, USCCEC; BC Mins, 4/25, AM.
41 Conard & Wriggins, AF Lisbon Office Mid-Aug Rpt, 8/13/42, along with several letters also in this file, AF, RS 4 (1942); Conard to Vail, 6/10/43, Conard to Schauffler, 8/25/43, Wriggins to Schauffler, 8/10/43, AF, RS 4 (1943).
42 Rpt of the Secy to Exec Com Mtg of JDC, 10/22/41, JDC, Rpts; Katzki to Leavitt, 2/26/43, 2/27/43, 4/14/43, JDC, Refs, Children; Schauffler to Conard, 6/22/43, AF, RS 6.
43 Schauffler to Pickett, Vail, et al, 6/ 11/43, AF, GF 4; Schauffler to Conard, 6/22/43, Schauffler to Rogers, 7/26/43, Rogers to Travers, 8/10/43, Excerpts & Summary of Rpt on Spain from Conard, .11/20/43, AF, RS 6.
44 Brandin, memo on JDC, 6/28/43, CH, B 6, Ref Orgzns.
45 Ibid; BKR Rpt, 23.
46 Notes on Lois Jessup's talk with Mrs. Carlton]. H. Hayes, 4/28/44, AF, FS, AF, Wn Trips.
47 IR, 6/14/45, 154-6.
48 Based on 26 nations with annual quotas totaling 60, 888 (Status of Quotas as of 10/31/45, NRS 502). Statistics from Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (1946), 72. An estimated 5, 000 entered during the portion of fiscal 1942 that followed American entry into the war (Kovarsky to Levy, 7/13/42, NRS 505; IR, 2/27/42, 83). The total eligible from Pearl Harbor to V-E Day was 208, 000.
49 MR, 4/44, 13, 6/45, 158, 8/45, 189.
50 BLD, 399.
51 NYT, 12/30/45, IV, 10.
52 Pell to Taylor, 3/2/41, 3/3/41, 3/7/ 41, MT.
53 Pell to Taylor, 3/2/41, 3/7/41, 31 11/41, 4/5/41, MT; 47th Mtg of PAC, 4/14/41, JM, P65.
54 Talk by Malin to AF Staff, 4/28/44, AF, RS9; Pell to Taylor, 3/3/41, 3/7/41, 3/25/41, 1/29/42, 7/1/42, MT; Wyman, 163; 54th Mtg of PAC, 6/18/42, JM, P66.
55 Taylor to
Emerson, 5/25/43, 7/28/
44, Suggestions for Reorganization of ICR, 5/17/43, Taylor to Welles, 6/11/
43, 7/23/43, FDR to Taylor, 7/7/43, 7/
28/43, 6/5/44, Taylor to FDR, 7/13/43,
7/14/43, 8/31/43, 5/25/44, Taylor to
Hull, 8/31/43, Taylor to Winant, 3/20/
44, Emerson to Randall, 4/22/44, MT;
Taylor, Confidential Memo Regarding
Refs 1938-47, 7/30/47, MT, B 8; FR
1943, v 1, 190; MD 712/5; McDermott
to Brandt, 7/20/43, Taylor to Pell, 7/22/
43, SD, R/4
56 LEH, Memorandum, 2/22/44, W 3, Ber Cf.
57 FR 1943, v 1, 177, 180-2, 186-7, 190-5, 199-200, 213-4; Record of Proceedings of Mtg of Exec Com of ICR, 8/ 4/43, BLP, B 203, Refs, Intergovt Com on; NYT, 3/16/45, 17; Taylor to Welles, 7/23/43, MT.
58 Warren to Fuerst, 5/22/42, IMS, Appeals to NY Fndn; Travers to Bloom, 11/16/43, SB, B 45, Selected Ltrs A-J; ICR, Summary of Activities since Aug 1943, 11/23/43, MT.
59 Suggestions for Reorganization of ICR, 5/17/43, Taylor to Emerson, 5/25/ 43, Taylor to Welles, 6/11/43, 7/23/43, Taylor to FDR, 3/3/44, Taylor to Hull, 4/19/44, MT; MD 700/189-90.
60 Emerson to Taylor, 8/6/43, MT.
61 Emerson to Taylor, 3/5/42, 8/11/ 42, ICR, Summary of Activities since Aug 1943, 11/23/43, MT; 55th Mtg of PAC, 9/9/42, JM, P66; Foreign Affairs, 1/43, 211-20.
62 Interview with Emerson, 4/25/44, AJC, Imgn Series, Imgn 1944-40; Talk by Malin to AF Staff, 4/28/44, Marcuse to Schauffler, 5/18/44, AF, RS 9.
63 Interview with Emerson, 4/25/44, AJC, Imgn Series, Imgn 1944-40; Emerson to Taylor, 3/5/42, MT.
64 W. A. Visser 't Hooft, Memoirs (1973), 169; ICR, Summary of Activities, 11/23/43, MT; Relief& Evacn Projects, 1/27/44, W 50, SD; FR 1943, v 1, 218- 23, 227, 229, 233-4; ICR, Mins of Fourth Plenary Session (8/44), 6; Intl Labour Review, 11/44, 656-7; ICR, Rpt of Fourth Plenary Session (8/44), 9, 26; Emerson, Memorandum, 4/18/44, MT.
65 Ltr 1toBranson on Italian operations, 2/15/45, AF, FS 2; Malin to Dejean, 7/4/44, AF, RS 9.
66 ICR, Rpt of Fourth Plenary Session (8/44), 5; Jones to Branson, 7/16/44, AF, FS, Ctry Italy, Ltrs to.
67 CEP Jour, 10/26/44; Wriggins to Vail, 9/7/44, Wriggins to AF, 10/4/44, Wriggins to Branson, 10/30/44, Branson to Moore, 11/24/44, AF, FS 1; Wriggins to Branson [recd 6/8/44], AF, RS 9; Ltr to Branson on Italian operations, 2/15/ 45, AF, FS 2; Ltr from A. Greenleigh, 9/7/44, JOC, G/E, Austria, ICR; Pehle to Mann, 10/31/44, 12/18/44, Mann to Pehle, 11/14/44, 12/9/44, W 16, Mann; Louise Wood, "Italy Program: 1940- 1941, 1944-1962" (7/70), 14-18, AF files; ICR, Rpt 01 Fourth Plenary Session (8/44), 23.
68. Ltr to Branson on Italian operations, 2/15/45, AF, FS 2; Wriggins to Vail, 9/7/44, AF, FS 1; Mann to Pehle, 10/23/44, 11/14/44, 12/9/44, Pehle to Mann, 10/31/44, W 16, Mann; Ltr from A. Greenleigh, 9/7/44, JOC, GIE, Austria, ICR.
69. Kimberland to Frawley, 6/16/44, 8/ 29/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Algeria, Ltrs from; Frawley to Pickett et aI, 9/11/44, AF, RS, Ctry FNA, Genl; Biehle to Leavitt, 11/6/44, JOC, G/E, Austria, ICR.
70 ICR, Rpt of Fifth Plenary Session (11/45), 22-4; Pehle to Baerwald, 7/22/ 44, JOC, France, Conf 36.
71 Pehle to Stettinius, 11/11/44, W 49, ICR 3; Schauffler to Branson, Jessup, et al, 11/6/44, AF, RS 11; Sumner Welles, Where Are We Heading? (1946), 280.
72 ICR, Mins of Sixth Plenary Session (12/46); ICR, Mins of Seventh Plenary Session (6/47); ICR, Seventh Plenary Session Resolutions (6/47).
[b]CHAPTER 8. THE EMERGENCY COMMITTEE[/b]
1 CR, v 89, 4139.
2 NYT, 5/4/43, 17; CR, v 89, 4044-7, 4139-41; Truman to Bergson, 5/7/43, PSC 1/8.
3 CR, v 89, 4139, 8125.
4 Ans, 8/43, 4.
5 Perlzweig to Wise, 6/16/43, SW, AJCg, Perlzweig; Tucker to Wise, 6/17/ 43, AJC, PEC; Welles to Taylor, 6/23/ 43, MT.
6 Bromfield to Taylor, 6/21/43, Taylor to Welles, 6/23/43, Welles to Taylor, 6/ 23/43, Taylor to Bromfield, 6/24/43, MT; Hyman to Pickett, 7/13/43, AF, RS 10.
7 Daily Worker, 7/12/43, Morning Freiheit, 7/12/43, PSC, S 16.
8 Lerner to FOR, 7/14/43, Hassett to SS, 7/15/43, Hull to Lerner, 7/17/43, Berle to FOR, 7/20/43, FOR to Lerner, 7/22/43, FOR, OF 76C; Reams to Ounn, 7/15/43, SD, EW/1008; Ans, 2/ 12/44, 10; NYT, 7/25/43, 30.
9 Bromfield to ER, 6/21/43, ER to Bromfield, 6/25/43, ER 1674/100.
10 Potter to ER, 7/15/43, ER 1694/ 100.
11 Lerner to ER, 7/17/43, ER to Lerner, 7/23/43, ER 1689/100.
12 ER to Potter, 7/26/43, ER 1694/ 100.
13 Ans,
7/5/43, 10, 8/43, 14, 2/46, 18;
NYT, 7/13/43, 12, 7/21/43, 13; NYP,
7/22/43, 6; MD
14 MD 688I147-67; Ans, 8/43, 6-14.
15 Ans, 8/43, 22-3. Same source for following 2 paragraphs.
16 The heavy media exposure is shown in PSC 4/10 and S 16, with a summary in ] Review & Observer, 7/30/43, in S 16. For editorials, eg, NYP, 7/26/43, 26, 27; Nation, 7/31/43, 114; NR, 8/2/43, 124. Lerner: PM, 7/22/43, 2.
17 NYT, 8/12/43, 10, 8/30/43, 10, 9/ 7/43, 16, 9/14/43, 12.
18 NYT, 8/30/43, 10, 8/21/43, 9; FR 1943, v 1, 469-83.
19 Merlin to New Zionist Political Office, Jerusalem, 8/27/43, PSC 1/10; Merlin-Wyman interview, 4/19/73. Examples: NYJA, 8/24/43, 18, 9/2/43, 14, 9/4/43, 4.
20 Additional random examples: SFE, 5/17/44, 9, 8/1/44, 14, 8/22/44, 14, 8/ 25/44, 7, 5/1/45, 14. Merlin-Wyman interviews, 4/19/73, 3/22/79. Quote from NYJA, 8/24/43, 18, 9/4/43, 4.
12 Ans, 2/12/44, 5; Margoshes in Day, 11/25/43, 1.
22 My Day, 8/13/43 release, ER, B 3148; Bergson to ER, 8/11143, with enclosures, FDR to Thompson, 8/16/43, ER 2899/190.
23 Bergson to ER, 10/13/43, Thompson to Bergson, 10/18/43, ER 297/30.9; Bergson to Thompson, 10/19/43, Thompson to Bergson, 10/29/43, with attachment, ER 84/30.1. Mrs. Roosevelt's message was 250 words long.
24 Bergson to Thompson, 1113/43, text of speech: ER 84/30.1.
25 Joseph Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (1972), ch. 5.
26 Lerner to
FDR, 7/31/43, Watson to
Lerner, 8/10/43, 8/30/43, Early to Lerner,
8/22/43, FDR, OF 76C; Lerner to
Early, 8/21/43, Bergson to Early, 8/23/
43, SD, R/4
27 CJR, 10/43, 503-4; Long to Brandt, 8/12/43, Long, Memo of Convsn with Bergson and Hirschmann, 9/1143, BLP, B202, Refs; YSH, 5-6; Ans, 11/1/43, 5; A1fangeto Travers, 1117/44, W29, WJC l.
28 Ans, 6/15/44, 9, 3/45, 14, 3/46, 17, 29; YSH. 6-7; Wilf to Niv, 10/26/70, PSC, Reel 11; Kook-Wyman interview, 5/5/73; Kook-Cohen interview, 9/26/68, 17, PSC 11133; Menachem Begin, The Revolt (1951), 63-4; Berman, "The HCNL and Rescue, " 23.
29 Kook-Cohen interview, 9/26/68, 17- 18; FBI, File # 100-316012-29, Item II NY 100-61870 [3/45], pp. 6-7, 14-8, 34-5, 72-3; HCNL, 5/2/45, FBI, File II 100-316012-36; Strickland to Ladd, 3/ 3/45, FBI, File # 100-316012-31.
30 YSH, 6; Ans, 11/1/43, 5; Long, Memo of Convsn with Bergson and Hn, 9/1143, BLP, B 202, Refs; Hn to Bergson, 12/1143, PSC 1/10; A1fange to Travers, 1/17/44, W 29, WJC 1; MD 688V77-8; Hn to Pehle, 1125/44, W 53, Hn.
31 MD 688I/32, 35-6.
32 Niebuhr to Dear Friend, 8/10/43, Open Ltr, 8/10/43, FCC, B 49, Genl Secy's Files (Cavert); NR, 8/30/43, 304; World Alliance News Leiter, 9/43, 1-2; CC, 9/8/43, 1004-5.
33 NYT, 9/10/43, 26, 9/25/43, 6; JF, 11/43, 10-12; Stmt to Accompany ]t Resolution, u/c Phiebig to Beck, 9/20/ 43, NRS 505.
34 Celler proposal: see ch 3. Dickstein! Barbour: HJ Res 154 & S] Res 85 (printed in JF, 11/43, 9); Ans, 10/15/43, 23.
35 Ans, 10/15/43, 23; Cavert to Dickstein, 9/28/43, FCC, B 9, Genl Secy's Files (Cavert), Immig; RYP, 9/24/43; CW, 9/24/43, 4, 10/8/43, 4; NJM, 11/ 43, 84, 97; JF, 11143, 3; Biddle to Dickstein, 1114/43, Legis 16453; Stettinius to Dickstein, 10/30/43, SD, R/4490; CR, v 89, index pp. 676, 782.
36 Mohler, Memo for Record, 10/20/ 43, BI 83, Refs-Restrictions on Admission as Visitors, R-4; RR, 63-4; ch 3 above; IR, 6/21/43, 169-75; CR, v 89, 5837.
37 NYT, 10/5/43, 29; WP, 10/6/43, 13; YSH, 9; Kook-Wyman interview, 11/20/78.
38 Proclamations by Union of Orthodox Rabbis and by Union of Grand Rabbis [late 9/43], FDR, OF 76C; Jabotinsky to Altman, 10/12/43, PSC 11 10. The ]TA estimated the number of rabbis at 300; the NYP and the EC stated 400; while several others reported 500 (WP, WTH, Time, and the Yiddish-language dailies Day and Forward).
39 NYT, 10/7/43, 14; WTH, 10/6/43, 25, 10/7/43, 3; ]M], 10/7/43, 1, 2, 10/8/ 43, 3; Forward, 10/7/43, 1, 9; JTA, 10/ 7/43, 4; Wn Star, 10/7/43, 6; Ans, 11/11 43, 4, 11; Time, 10/18/43, 21.
40 WP, 10/6/43, 13; NYT, 10/7/43, 14; Jabotinsky to Altman, 10/12/43, PSC 1/10; Ans, 11/1/43, 4.
41 Bergson to Early, 9/20/43, AW to RR (nd), Lerner to McIntyre, 9/29/43, Levovitz to Early, 10/3/43, MHM to Watson, 10/4/43, Watson to Levovitz, 10/5/43, FDR, OF 76C; WTH, 10/7/43, 3; President's Appointment Diaries, 10/ 6/43, FDR, PPF 1-0(1), B 186; Diary of the President 1943, FDR, PPF 1-0(3), B 19'5; NG, Interview with Rosenman, 10/ 6/43, AHS, Ma 1-93, Rosenman; WP, 10/6/43, 13; NYT, 10/7/43, 9.
42 Ans, 11/1/43, 7-10; JMJ, 10/7/43, 2, 10/8/43, 3, 4; Watson to Gray, 10/5/ 43, FDR, OF 76C; William Hassett, Off the Record with FDR (19'58), 209. For Jewish opposition to the pilgrimage, see a bitter attack in Bitzaron (in Hebrew), 10/43, 67-9, and negative reactions in Am Hebrew, 11/26/43, 9, and Op, 11/ 43, 4.
43 Jabotinsky to Altman, 10/12/43, PSC 1/10.
44 Wn newspapers for 10/7/43: WP, I & B1; Star, 6; WTH, 3; Daily News, 22. In NYC: NYT, 10/7/43, 14; NYP, 10/ 6/43, 5; NYHT and PM had nothing. Time, 10/18/43, 21.
45 Thomas to SS, 10/1/43, Long to Thomas, 10/27/43, SD, R/4521; Current Biography 1942 (1942), 830.
46 Long to Thomas, 10/27/43, SD, RI 4521.
47 CR, v 89, 8125 .
48 Hilberg, 362-3; J Comment, 10/15/ 43.
49 NYT, 10/21/43, 18, 10/26/43, 18, 11/1/43, 5; NY Sun, 10/19/43, 19; WP, 10/28/43; NR, 12/20/43, 866.
50 PC/FDR, 11/5/43, 196-7; FR 1943, v 1, 513-781; Hull, Memoirs, 1252- 1318; NYT, 11/2/43, 1, 14.
51 NYT, 11/19/43, 4.
52 Eg, NYT, 11/5/43, 14; NYHT, 11/ 7/43, II, 2; WP, 11/8/43, 9; Chicago Times, 11/22/43, 20.
53 NYT, 11/10/43, 19; RR, 16.
54 Stettinius to Long, 11/11/43, SD, R/4843.
55 NG, Interview with Rosenman, 10/ 6/43, AHS, Ma 1-93, Rosenman; Kook- Wyman interview, 4/14/73; ERS to The Secretary, 11/17/43, SD, R/4796.
56 Stettinius to Long, 11/11/43, SD, R/4843; ERS to The Secretary, 11/17/ 43, SD, R/4796; FR 1943, v 1, 222-3, 238; Winant to SS, 12/24/43, SD, R/ 4900; Winant to SS, 1/10/44, SD, R/ 4978.
[b]CHAPTER 9. THE ZIONISTS[/b]
1 CW, 4/30/43, 17; Wyman, 37.
2 Alling to Reams, 4/14/43, W 17, Pal; Howard Sachar, The Course of Modern Jewish History (1958), 392, 460.
3 Esco Fndn for Palestine, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies (1947), II, 943-8; AJYB, v 43, 332- 3; CJR, 9/39, 100, 6/42, 316; WLB, 4/ 62, 33; Rpt on S.S. Darien, 2/11/42, JM, P35; Bauer, From Diplomacy, 117; Wasserstein, 74, 77; AECZA, Memo on Sinking of Ref Ship, 3/42, RW 1/14; Institute of J Affairs, Institute Anniversary Volume (1962), 143.
4 FR 1944, v 1, 1012; MD 763/109; CJR, 6/43, 29'5; Esco Fndn, Palestine, II, 9'52; AME 32; Dobkin speech, attached to AME 15; NYT, 2/14/42, II, 11/19/ 42, 3, 11/11/43, 4.
5 Dobkin speech, attached to AME 15; Wasserstein, 49-52, 147.
6 CJR, 4/42, 199, 6/42, 316; JDC, Aiding Jews Overseas (1942 annual rpt), 10-11; NYT, 2/25/42, 7, 2/28/42, 2; Wasserstein, 143-53. A second passenger survived because she was in an Istanbul hospital when the tragedy occurred (Wasserstein, 156).
7 J Week, 9/10/82, 12; G. I. Vaneev, Chernomortsy v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine (1978), 299.
8 NYT, 3/11/42, 7, 3/13/42, 2, 18, 3/ 21/42, 16; JF, 4/42, 7; ER to Welles, 3/ 9/42, ER 853/70; WLB, 4/62, 33; CW, 3/6/42, 2.
9 Time and Tide, 3/14/42, 211; CW, 3/6/42, 2; Foreign Office, Sinking of M/S Struma, 3/14/42, MT. 392
10 Winterton to Taylor, 5/28/42, MT; Wasserstein, 52-7, 60-1, 78, 145, 148- 50, 156-60; Alling to Reams, 4/14/43, W 17, Pal.
11 Wasserstein, 162; FR 1943, v 1, 350.
12 Even the adamantly anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism opposed the White Paper (NYT, 1/12/44, 15).
13 INN, 175, 203; Halperin, 148, 220- I, 381-3; Goldmann, 221-2; Transactions 45th Annual Convention ZOA, 10/ 42, 479-504, ZAL; Silver, 41, 48, 63-4; AJYB, v 45, 207.
14 Goldmann, 221-2; Halperin, 210, 220-2, 381-2; Emanuel Neumann, In The Arena (1976), 168-9, 213; AJYB, v 45, 207; NP, 5/15/42, 6.
15 AJYB, v 45, 207; Halperin, 210, 220-2.
16 Wise to Richards, 12/10/41, SW, AJCg; Reconstructionist, 5/29/42, 4-5; Neumann, Arena, 190, 213; Halperin, 147-9, 223, 382-3; INN, 148, 175, 203, 383; Goldmann, 222; NJM, 10/43, 42; GCM, 1/12/43.
17 INN, 175, 203, 383; Halperin, 148, 383; Goldmann, 222; Kp I, 15-6, 319, 325, 332-3; GCM, 1/12/43.
18 Kp I, 15-6, 41, 319; Halperin, 130- 2, 226; AJYB, v 45, 213; Proskauer to Gerstenfeld, 3/25/43, AJC, JEC; CBA 2.
19 Kp I, 325, 332-3.
20 Ibid, 47-8; RYP, 6/11/43, 6/25/43, 7/1/43, 7/9-22/43, 8/27/43; CBA 3-5, 12; LJ, 10/43, 1; NP, 9/10/43, 17; G~M, 4/27/43, 5/6/43; JO, 6/43, 12.
21 Kp I, 44-7, 334-44; Halperin, 152, 228-32, 383; Heller to Wise, 1/28/43, SW, VS Govt, Anti-Zm; NP, 5/21/43, 6/11/43, 7/16/43, 8/20/43; Hadassah Handbook on AJCf (nd), ZAL, AZEC unsorted papers; JO, 6/43, 7; JF, 6/43, 5, 29, 7/43, 3; INN, 249, 303.
22 RYP, 7/8/43, 7/9-22/43, 8/27/43; CBA 3, 8, 10; AI Rpts, 4th, 7, 8, & 5th, 9; AJCf, Stmt of Orgzn of Cf and Summary of Resolutions Adopted at 1st Session [1944], 10.
23 AI Rpt, 4th, 7; GCM, 4/27/43; RYP, 7/9-22/43, 8/27/43; Jt Mtg Exec Corns AJCg & WJC, 7/8/43, AJHS, 1- 77, B 6; CM, Exec Com, 7/14-15/43, 8/ 12/43, 10/17/43; INN, 248-50; NP, 8/ 20/43, 2.
24 NYT, 8/30/43, 6; Halperin, 233-4, 237-8, 384; INN, 310-4; Neumann, Arena, 190-2; RYP, 9/24/43.
25 Kp I, 57-8, 67-76, 87-98; NJM, 10/43, 44, 78-80; Op, 10/43, 8-11; INN, 315; Halperin, 233-4; CfR 3.
26 Silver, 13-4; Neumann, Arena, 191; Halperin, 234-6; INN, 316-8; NP, 9/ 10/43, 2.
27 AJH, 3/81, 311-21; Melvin Urofsky, "Rifts in the Movement, " in Urofsky (ed), Essays in Am Zionism: The Herd Year Book (1978), v 8, 196. Silver was associated with the JEC, but he had attended only one of its meetings and had not taken part in its rescue activities (Braunstein to Silver, 3/23/43, AHS, Ma 1-81; mins of the several JEC mtgs, in AJC files).
28 Silver, 14-21.
29 Kp I, 131-4, 139-75, 356; Halperin, 239-40; INN, 319-20. Goldman's remarks: Mins of Pal Com, AJCf Sessions held Aug 31-Sep I, 1943, 73- 7, ZAL, as cited by Aaron Berman in AJH, 3/81, 327.
30 Kp I, 139-77, 180, 279-80; Stmt of AJCf on the Withdrawal of AJC, 11/7/ 43, 13; NYT, 9/2/43, 1; CfR 4; NP, 9/ 10/43, 19.
31 Kp 1, 203-6; NYT, 9/3/43, 13; CW, 9/24/43, 6.
32 Rescue earn, esp pp 80-93, AJHS, 1-67, B 3.
33 Ibid, 148-9, 239-40.
34 Kp I, 61, 125-9, 220-1, 370-1; CJR, 10/43, 503.
35 NP, 9/24/43, 6.
36 RYP, 9/3/43; NP, 9/10/43, 17; Forward, 9/4/43, 6; Day, 9/4/43, I, 9/5/43, 1; JMJ, 9/9/43, 4.
37 AJYB, v 46, 583-7; NYT, 10/25/ 43, 17; cm 10; Admin Com Mtg, 6/23/ 44, pp 158-9, AJHS, 1-77, B 3; Pat to AJCf, 1/12/44, AHS, Ma II-3; Pr Rel, 1/ 10/45, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; CBA 41, 46; CM, Admin Com, 8/24/44. Besides B'nai B'rith, the Union of Am Hebrew Congregations, Central Cf of Am Rabbis, Natl Fedn of Temple Sisterhoods, and Natl Council of Jewish Women did not endorse the Palestine statement (Halperin, 242-4; L], 2/44, 37).
38 Summary of Position of AJC [11/8/ 43], AJC, PEC; Naomi Cohen, Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906-1966 (1972), 240-9, 536, 552, 555.
39 AI Rpt, 5th, 10.
40 Rauch to Wise, 2/2/44, SW, US Govt, Anti-Zm; How Do Communities Respond to Request for Funds? 3/20/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; LJ, 7/44, 28-9. The 3 were Joseph Rauch, Julius Gordon, Maurice Eisendrath.
41 Mins of AECZA Ex Com, 9/20/43, Mins of AECZA, 9/20/43, AHS, 4-2 AZEC; Mins of Exec Com, 10/17/43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; CM, Int Com, 10/17/ 43; AM 2.
42 Kp II, 42-52; CM, Exec Com, 1/ 25/45, 3/1/45; GCM, 10/4/44; Rescue Com, pp 33, 90-4, AJHS, 1-67, B 4; Digest of Mins of Int Com, 3/21/44, 5/12/ 44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; CM generally, eg, Pal Com, 3/20/45.
43 Mtg of JEC, 8/10/43, AJC, JEC; CW, 8/20/43, 23.
44 Exec Com Mins, 10/31/43, 11/6/ 43, Int Com Mtg, 11/7/43, AJHS, I-67, B 6; AM 2; NYT, 12/31/43, 10.
45 Exec Com Mtg, 11/6/43, Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11/23/43, 12/15/43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6. See ch 11 for more about developments mentioned in this and the preceding paragraph.
46 Mtg of JEC, 5/24/43, JEC to Welles, 6/1/43, AJC, JEC; Welles to Wise, 6/24/43, WJC, 264/7; Pat to Shultz, 6/ 24/43, AJC, PEC; Mtg of JEC, 7/15/43, 8/10/43, 9/24/43, AJC, JEC; AI Rpts, 4th, 5 & 5th, I; INN, 250.
47 Mtg of JEC, 3/15/43, 7/15/43, 91 24/43, AJC, JEC; Pat to Shultz, 6/24/ 43, AJC, PEC.
48 Shultz to Wise, 3/29/43, SW, AJCg, L Shultz.
49 Mtg of JEC, 9/24/43, 11/5/43, 3/ 15/43, 3/22/43, AJC, JEC; AI Rpt, 5th, 10; Braunstem to Silver, 3/23/43, AHS, Ma 1-81; Isaac Lewin, Churban Europa (1948), 78-83; HaPardes, 12/43, 31-2. In favor of Wise's motion: AJCg, AZEC, B'nai B'rith, Synagogue Council of Am, Hadassah. Against it: AJC, AI, JLC, UOR. (Of these, only JLC affiliated with the Rescue Commission.) Nowhere in the many listings of the organizations represented on the JEC is Hadassah ever mentioned (eg, Kp II, 215; CfR 7; CW, 11/12/43, 20).
50 Cf Rpt, 16; Memo on Functions of AJCf, attached to CM, Digest of Mins of Int Com, 12/15/43; Kp II, 209-20; CM, Exec Com, 1/18/45, 1/25/45; Digest of Mins of Int Com, 3/21/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; Rescue Com, pp 33, 90-4, AJHS, 1-67, B 4; Hyman to Warburg, 4/6/44, JDC, Rpts; NYT, 4/20/44, 10, 8/1/44, 17; CBA 21.
51 Cf Rpt, 40-1; Wise, Monsky, Goldstein to Hyman, 11/16/43, Baerwald to Wise, Monsky, Goldstein, 12/7/43, W 2, AJCf; Hyman to Warburg, 4/6/44, JDC, Rpts.
52 INN, 340-4; Digest of Mins of Int Com, 12/15/43, 5/12/44, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; AME 2; Mins of AECZA (#63), 9/ 20/43, AHS, 4-2, AZEC; Mins of AZEC (#1), 10/18/43, AHS, AZEC. Mins Book. Further proof of AZEC's relationship to the Palestine Commission is in Cf Rpt, 67-8; CM, Int Com, 6/29/44, Admin Com, 7/6/44, 7/27/44, 8/10/44 .
53 Pat to AJCf, 1/12/44, AHS, Ma II- 3, AJCf; CM, Exec Com, 10/17/43.
54 Halperin, 246; Western Political Qtrly; 3/72, 109-24.
55 Halperin, 268-70; Cf Rpt, 66; Western Political Qtrly. 3/72, 109-24; AZEC, A Rpt of Activities 1940-46 (nd); Annual Rpt to ZOA, 47th Annual Convention (10/44), 59-63; ACB 4; AJHQ, 9170, 87; Urofsky, "Rifts in the Movement, " 203; AM 2; AME 32; Mins of AECZA, 9/20/43, AHS, 4-2 AZEC.
56 Halperin, 270-1, 391; Urofsky, "Rifts in the Movement, " 201.
57 Halperin, 260, 272-7, 392; Am Zionist, 11/67, 18; Cf Rpt, 66.
58 Halperin, 183-5, 260, 272-7, 392; Am Zionist, 11/67, 18; AJHQ, 9170, 98-9.
59 Halperin, 182-4; AJHQ, 9170, 92- 4; Neumann, Arena, 150-5; NP, 3/31/ 44, 339-40; Carl Hermann Voss, "The Am Christian Pal Com, " in Urofsky (ed), Essays in Am Zionism: The Herzl Year Book (1978), v 8. APC and CCP merged in 1946 to become Am Christian Pal Com.
60 NYT, 10/12/43, 20, 11/2/43, 19; AJYB, v 46, 172; CW, 10/29/43, 2, 11/ 5/43, 2.
61 NYT, 11/11/43, 4. The British decision had been made in July 1943 (Wasserstein, 339).
62 Silver, 55-6; Ben Halpern (intro), The Jewish National Home in Palestine (1944, 1970), xxiii-iv, 1-2, 505; NYT, 1/28, 10, 2/2, 25, 2/9, 14, 2/10, 16, 2/ 16, 10, 2/17, II, 3/5, I, 3/6, I, 3/18, 4 (all in 1944); Marks to Luxford, 2/12/ 44, W 6, Cong Records; Stimson to Connally, 217/44, Legis 16433; FR 1944, v 5, 560-657; FR 1945, v 8, 6680; Hull, Memoirs, 1535; MD 708/44, 709/16-8; Informal Mtg at Statler Hotel, Wn, 3/9/ 44, SW, Zm; AM 8; HSD, v 46, 52-6.
63 AME 18, 19, 20; AM 6, 7; Stone to Silver, 2/22/44, AHS, Ma II-21, Bloom; MD 709/18; 16-page transcript entitled "H. Res. 418" [12/5/44], P II, Legis 16433; NR, 3/20/44, 366; NYP, 3/8/44, 23, 3/20/44, 19; Pehle to Stettinius, 3/ 20/44, W 17, Pal.
64 MPD, v 5, 1339; MD 709/18; Pehle to Stettinius, 3/20/44, W 17, Pal.
65 NYT, 3/10, 1, 6/28, 14, 7/21, 12, 10/13, 15, 10/16, 19, 11/30, 5 (all in 1944); AJYB, v 46, 174; Informal Mtg at Statler Hotel, Wn, 3/9/44, SW, Zm; Silver to Wise, 6/28/44, Wise to Silver, 6/ 29/44, SW, Corresp, Silver; Wise to Frankfurter, 7/26/44, 10/16/44, SW, Corresp, Frankfurter; J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner (1968), 306; FR 1944, v 5, 616; Stimson to Taft, 10/10/44, RT 819.
66 Wise to Stettinius, 11/16/44, Stettinius to FDR, 11/17/44, FDR to Stettinius, 11/20/44, Stettinius to FDR, 12/8/ 44, FDR, File Memo, 12/9/44, FDR, OF 700; NYT, 12/12/44, 16, 2/21/45, 8, 3/ 17/45, 13, 8/28/45, 15, 10/19/45, 4; JTA, 12/12/44, I; FR 1944, v 5, 640-6; Memo of Cf of Silver and Sack with Connally, 11/27/44, AHS, Ma 11-30, Connally; AM 16; Wise to Silver, 11/15/ 44, Silver to Wise, 11/22/44, SW, Corresp, Silver; Wise to Stettinius, 12/1/44, SW, US Govt, SD; Neumann, Arena, 199-202.
67 Neumann, Arena, 202-3; NYT, 12/ 26/44, 19; AME 33; AM 17; Wise to Frankfurter, 10/28/44, SW, Corresp, Frankfurter; Goldstein, Stmt Relating to Pal Resolution (nd), Stmt submitted by Silver to JTA, 12/29/44, SW, Zm; Mins of ZOA Exec Com, 12/19/44, Mins of Special Mtg of ZOA Exec Com, 12/26/ 44, SW, ZOA Exec Com; Voss, 267; NP, 1/19/45, 82-3.
68 AZEC, A Rpt of Activities 1940-46 (nd), 14-5; Urofsky, "Rifts in the Movement, " 206-9; NYT, 6/26/45, 10.
69 NYT, 11/3D, 10, 12/2, IV, 3, 12/13, 10, 12/18, 1, 12/20, 12 (all in 1945); CR, v 91, 12138; IR, 12/31/45, 323-4; Truman to Wagner, 12/10/45, RW 2/32; Huthmacher, Wagner, 331-2; J Social Studies, 1173, 42-72.
70 Neumann, Arena, 212-3; Am Zionist, 11/67, 20.
71 For several sources on this question, see Reviews in Am History, 3/81, 138- 43. Also see sources in preceding note.
72 Digest of Mins of Int Com, 11/23/ 43, AJHS, 1-67, B 6; AME 22; CJR, 8/ 44, 430-1; GCM, 6/1/44; Day, 6/28/44, 1; JO, 9/44, 8; LJ, 7/44, 26-32, 9/44, 56; CBA 14-17, 19-21, 27-8, 30; Admin Com Mtg, 6/23/44, p 156, AJHS, 1-77, B 3.
73 NJM, 7/44, 360-1, 1/45, 150-1, 167; INN, 347-53; NYT, 12/4/44, 15, 12/6/44, 6; Mins of Int Com, 2/25/45, . AHS, 4-2-23, AZEC-AJCf; Pr Rel, 11/ 17/48, AJHS, 1-67, B 6.
74 Halperin, 249-50; Cantril, 385; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/78.
75 Commentary, 3/62, 264; Reconstructionist, 6/23/44, 32; Selig Adler, "Am Jewry and That Explosive Statehood Question, " in B. Korn (ed), A Bicentennial Festschrift for Jacob R. Marcus (1976), 12, 16-7. Adler's essay also relates to several other aspects of the present chapter. 76 CW, 9/24/43, 3; Neumann-Wyman interview, 11/20/78; Neumann, Arena, 186-7; Voss-Wyman interview, 2/11/ 78.
77 Voss, 249-50; Transactions 45th Annual Convention ZOA, 10/42, 479- 504, ZAL; Noah Lucas, Modern History of Israel (1975), 187; Silver, 41, 48, 63- 4.
78 AECZA Mins, 5/3/43, ZAL.
79 Yalkut Moreshet, 6/71, 71-7, 95.
80 Silver, 14-21, 48-52. This view is also seen in AM 9.
81 A few examples of Zionist support for opening other countries (besides Palestine) to Jews; Op, 1/44, 14-5, 10/44, 14; JF, 8/42, 13-16, 11/43, 3-4, 9, 12/ 43, 9-10; CW, 9/24/43, 4; Wise to Goldmann, Kubowitzki, et al, 4/16/43, WJC, U185/2; J Affairs, 11/41; J Agency to WRB, 2/20/44, W 14, J Agency for Pal; Bulletin (Am Christian Pal Com), 10/46, 2-3, 4/48, 2; MD 720/293; Wise to Pehle, 8/13/44, TH 5.
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