Title |
(PDF: 121 K) |
Contents |
|
COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action
Programs Against American Citizens |
(PDF: 5931 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction and Summary |
|
A. "Counterintelligence
Program": A Misnomer... |
|
B. Who Were the Targets? |
|
C. What Were the Purposes of
COINTELPRO? |
|
D. What Techniques Were Used? |
|
E. Legal Restrictions Were
Ignored |
|
F. Command and Control |
|
G. Termination |
|
II. The Five Domestic Programs |
|
A. Origins |
|
B. The Programs |
|
III. The Goals of COINTELPRO:
Preventing or Disrupting the Exercise... |
|
A. Efforts to Prevent Speaking |
|
B. Efforts to Prevent Teaching |
|
C. Efforts to Prevent Writing
and Publishing |
|
D. Efforts to Prevent Meeting |
|
IV. COINTELPRO Techniques |
|
A. Propaganda |
|
B. Efforts to Promote Enmity
and Factionalism Within Groups or Between Group |
|
C. Using Hostile Third Parties
Against Target Groups |
|
D. Disseminating Derogatory
Information to Family, Friends, and Associates |
|
E. Contacts with Employers |
|
F. Use and Abuse of Government
Processes |
|
G. Exposing "Communist
Infiltration" of Groups |
|
V. Command and Control: The
Problem of Oversight |
|
A. Within the Bureau |
|
B. Outside the Bureau:
1956--1971 |
|
C. Outside the Bureau:
Post--1971 |
|
VI. Epilogue |
|
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Case
Study |
(PDF: 8346 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
II. The Cominfil Investigation |
|
III. Concern Increases in the
FBI and the Kennedy Administration... |
|
A. The Justice Department
Warns Dr. King About... |
|
B. Allegations About Dr. King
During Hearings on the Public Accomodations Bill... |
|
C. The Attorney General
Considers a Wiretap of Dr. King... |
|
D. The Attorney General Voices
Concern Over Continuing FBI Reports... |
|
E. The FBI Intensifies Its
Investigation of Alleged Communist Influence... |
|
IV. Electronic Surveillance of
Dr. Martin Luther King and the SCLC |
|
A. Legal Standards Governing
the FBI's Duty to Inform... |
|
B. Wiretap Surveillance of Dr.
King and the SCLC... |
|
C. Microphone Surveillance of
Dr. King... |
|
V. The FBI's Effort to
Discredit Dr. Martin Luther King: 1964 |
|
A. The FBI Disseminates the
First King "Monograph"... |
|
B. The FBI Plans Its Campaign
to Discredit Dr. King: December 23, 1963 |
|
C. William Sullivan proposes a
plan to promote a new negro leader... |
|
D. FBI Headquarters Orders the
Field Offices to Intensify Efforts to Discredit... |
|
E. Steps Taken by the FBI in
1964 to Discredit Dr. King |
|
F. The Question of Whether
Government Officials Outside of the FBI Were Aware... |
|
VI. The Hoover-King
Controversy Becomes Public and a Truce is Called... |
|
A. First Steps in the Public
Controversy April--November 1964 |
|
B. Tapes are Mailed to Dr.
King: November 21, 1964 |
|
C. Attempts by the FBI to
"Leak" to Reporters Tape Recordings... |
|
D. Roy Wilkins of NAACP meets
with DeLoach to discuss allegations... |
|
E. Dr. King and Director
Hoover Meet: December 1, 1964 |
|
F. Civil Rights Leaders
Attempt to Dissuade the FBI... |
|
VII. The FBI Program Against
Dr. King: 1965--1968 |
|
A. Major Efforts to Discredit
Dr. King: 1965--1968 |
|
B. COINTELPRO Operations
Against Dr. King and His Associates |
|
C. The FBI's Efforts to
Discredit Dr. King During His Last Months |
|
D. Attempts to Discredit Dr.
King's Reputation After His Death |
|
VIII. Conclusion |
|
The FBI's Covert Action Program to
Destroy the Black Panther Party |
(PDF: 2819 K) |
Contents |
|
Introduction |
|
A. The Effort to Promote
Violence Between the Black Panther Party... |
|
1. The Effort to Promote
Violence Between the Black Panther Party... |
|
2. The Effort to Promote
Violence Between the Blackstone Rangers... |
|
B. The Effort to Disrupt the
Black Panther Party by Promoting Internal Dissension |
|
1. General Efforts to Disrupt
the Black Panther Party Membership |
|
2. FBI Role in the
Newton--Cleaver Rift |
|
C. Covert Efforts to Undermine
Support of the Black Panther Party... |
|
1. Efforts to Discourage and
to Discredit Supporters... |
|
2. Efforts to Promote
Criticism of the Black Panthers in the Mass Media... |
|
D. Cooperation Between the FBI
and Local Police... |
|
The Use of Informants in FBI Domestic
Intelligence Investigations |
(PDF: 3536 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction and Summary |
|
A. Summary of Facts |
|
B. Policy and Constitutional
Issues Raised by... |
|
C. The Lack of Judicial
Treatment of Intelligence Informant Issues |
|
D. The Scope of the
Committee's Investigation |
|
II. The Nature of the
Intelligence Informant Technique |
|
A. Case Histories of
Particular Informants |
|
B. Examples of Intelligence
Informant Coverage of Groups... |
|
C. Special FBI Informant
Programs |
|
D. The Use of Informants at
Colleges and Universities |
|
III. The Intelligence
Informant Program--Size, Scope and Standards |
|
A. The Number of Intelligence
Informants |
|
B. The FBI Administrative
System for Intelligence Informants |
|
C. Standards for the Use of
Intelligence Informants |
|
Warrantless FBI Electronic
Surveillance |
(PDF: 6618 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
II. Presidential and Attorney
General Authorization for Warrantless Wiretapping |
|
A. Pre--1940 |
|
B. 1940 to 1968 |
|
C. The Omnibus Crime Control
Act of 1968 |
|
D. Justice Department Criteria
for Warrantless Wiretaps: 1968--1975 |
|
III. Presidential and Attorney
General Authorization for Warrantless Microphone Surveillance |
|
A. Pre--1952 |
|
B. 1952 to 1965 |
|
C. 1965 to the Present |
|
IV. An Overview of FBI
Electronic Surveillance Practices |
|
A. Extent of FBI Electronic
Surveillance: 1940--1975 |
|
B. Requests, Approvals, and
Implementation |
|
C. The ELSUR Index |
|
D. Congressional Investigation
of FBI Electronic Surveillance Practices... |
|
V. Warrantless FBI Electronic
Surveillance of Foreign Intelligence... |
|
A. Purpose and Value as an
Investigative Technique |
|
B. Foreign Surveillance Abuse
Questions |
|
VI. Warrantless FBI Electronic
Surveillance of American Citizens |
|
A. Electronic Surveillance
Predicated on Subversive Activity |
|
B. Electronic Surveillance
Predicated on Violent Activity |
|
C. Electronic Surveillance
Predicated on Leaks of Classified Information |
|
D. Electronic Surveillance
Predicated on Other Grounds |
|
VII. Domestic Surveillance
Abuse Questions |
|
A. Questionable and Improper
Selection of Targets |
|
B. Procedural Violations |
|
C. Collection and
Dissemination of Information Irrelevant to... |
|
Warrantless Surreptitious Entries:
FBI "Black Bag" Break-Ins... |
(PDF: 1363 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
A. FBI Policy and Practice |
|
B. The Legal Context: United
States v. Ehrlichman |
|
II. Operational Procedure,
Authorization, and Targeting |
|
A. Internal Procedure and
Authorization |
|
B. Targets:
Counterintelligence and Domestic subversives |
|
C. Operations Directed Against
the Socialist Workers Party |
|
III. FBI Policy and the
Question of Authorization Outside the Bureau |
|
A. FBI Policy: The Hoover
Termination of "Black Bag Jobs" |
|
B. Presidential and Attorney
General Authorization |
|
Appendix: Surreptitious
Entries for the Installation... |
|
The Development of FBI Domestic
Intelligence Investigations |
(PDF: 14948 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
A. Scope of the Report |
|
B. Issues Presented |
|
II. Historical
Antecedents--World War I, ... |
|
A. Pre-World War I Programs |
|
B. Domestic Intelligence in
World War I |
|
C. The Post-War "Red Scare"
and the "Palmer Raids" |
|
D. Attorney General Stone's
Reforms |
|
III. The Establishment of a
Permanent Domestic Intelligence Structure, 1936--1945 |
|
A. The 1936 Roosevelt
Directive |
|
B. The Original Legal
Authority for Domestic Intelligence |
|
C. The FBI Intelligence
Program 1936--1938 |
|
D. FBI Intelligence Authority
and "Subversion" |
|
E. Congress and FBI
Intelligence |
|
F. The Scope of FBI Domestic
Intelligence |
|
G. The Custodial Detention
Program |
|
H. FBI Wartime Operations |
|
IV. Domestic Intelligence in
the Cold War Era: 1045--1963 |
|
A. The Anti-communist
Consensus |
|
B. The Post-War Expansion of
FBI Domestic Intelligence |
|
C. The Federal
Loyalty-Security Program |
|
D. The Emergency Detention
Program, 1946--1950 |
|
E. The Emergency Detention Act
of 1950 and... |
|
F. The Scope of FBI
"Subversion" Investigations |
|
G. The Justice Department and
FBI Intelligence Investigations |
|
H. FBI Investigations of "Hate
Groups" and "Racial Matters" |
|
I. Legal Authority for
Domestic Intelligence |
|
J. FBI Intelligence and
International Tension, 1961--1963 |
|
V. FBI Intelligence and
Domestic Unrest, 1964--1974 |
|
A. Klan Intelligence |
|
B. FBI Intelligence and the
Black Community |
|
C. COMINFIL
Investigations--"Racial Matters" |
|
D. COMINFIL
Investigations--The Antiwar Movement and Student Groups |
|
E. Civil Disturbance
Intelligence |
|
F. The Justice Department and
the IDIU |
|
G. "New Left" Intelligence |
|
H. Target Lists and the
Security Index |
|
I. Investigations of "Foreign
Influence" on Domestic Unrest |
|
J. Intensifications After the
1970 "Huston Plan" |
|
K. The 1971 Inspection Reports |
|
L. The "New" Internal Security
Division and Turmoil in the FBI, 1971 |
|
M. The "Administrative Index" |
|
N. Curtailment of FBI Domestic
Intelligence |
|
O. Re-Authorization of FBI
Domestic Intelligence |
|
Domestic CIA and FBI Mail Opening
Programs |
(PDF: 9380 K) |
Contents |
|
Part I: Summary and Principal
Conclusions |
|
Part II: CIA Domestic Mail
Opening |
|
I. Introduction and Major
Facts |
|
II. New York City Mail
Intercept Project |
|
III. Other CIA Domestic Mail
Opening Projects |
|
Part III: Project Hunter |
|
I. Introduction and Major
Facts |
|
II. FBI "Discovery" of the
CIA's New York Mail Intercept Project: 1958 |
|
III. Requests Levied by the
FBI on the CIA's New York Mail Intercept Project |
|
IV. Product Received by the
FBI from the CIA's New York Mail Intercept Project |
|
V. Termination of the Project |
|
VI. Internal Authorization and
Controls |
|
VII. External Authorization |
|
Part IV: FBI Mail Opening |
|
I. Introduction and Major
Facts |
|
II. Description of FBI Mail
Opening Programs |
|
III. Nature and Value of the
Product |
|
IV. Internal Authorization and
Controls |
|
V. External Authorizations |
|
VI. Termination of the FBI
Mail Opening Programs |
|
VII. Legal and Security
Considerations Within the FBI |
|
CIA Intelligence Collection About
Americans: CHAOS and the Office of Security |
(PDF: 4069 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
A. CHAOS |
|
B. MERRIMAC and RESISTANCE |
|
C. Special Security
Investigations |
|
D. The Investigation |
|
E. Summary of the Issues |
|
II. History and Operation of
CHAOS |
|
A. Background |
|
B. Authorization of CHAOS |
|
C. The November 1967 Peace
Movement Study |
|
D. Operation of the CHAOS
Program and Related CIA Projects |
|
E. 1969 Expansion of CHAOS |
|
F. Reduction, Limitation and
Termination of CHAOS |
|
III. Issues Raised by CHAOS
and Related Projects |
|
A. The Propriety of the CHAOS
Mission |
|
B. Domestic Intelligence
Collection |
|
C. Assistance to FBI Internal
Security Investigations |
|
D. Maintenance of Files on
Americans |
|
E. Approaches to Determining
Foreign Direction of Domestic Dissent |
|
IV. Office of Security
Programs |
|
A. Project RESISTANCE |
|
B. Project MERRIMAC |
|
C. Special Security
Investigations |
|
D. Issues Raised by the Office
of Security Programs and Investigations |
|
National Security Agency
Surveillance Affecting Americans |
(PDF: 4043 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction and Summary |
|
A. NSA's Origins and Official
Responsibilities |
|
B. Summary of Interception
Programs |
|
C. Issues and Questions |
|
II. NSA's Monitoring of
International Communications |
|
A. Summary of the Watch List
Activity |
|
B. History |
|
C. Types of Names on Watch
Lists |
|
D. Overlapping Nature of
Intelligence Community Requests |
|
E. Drug Watch Lists: United
States--South American Intercepts |
|
F. Termination of the Civil
Disturbance Watch List Activity |
|
G. Authorization |
|
H. Conclusions |
|
III. A Special NSA Collection
Program: SHAMROCK |
|
A. Legal Restrictions |
|
B. The Committee's
Investigation |
|
C. The Origins of SHAMROCK |
|
D. The Participation of the
Companies |
|
E. NSA's Participation |
|
F. Termination of SHAMROCK |
|
IV. NSA Personnel Security and
Related Matters |
|
A. Background |
|
B. Questionable Activities |
|
Improper Surveillance of Private
Citizens by the Military |
(PDF: 3982 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction and Summary |
|
A. Traditional and Legal
Restraints |
|
B. Summary of Improper
Surveillance Activities |
|
C. Effect of 1971 Departmental
Directive |
|
D. Issues Presented |
|
E. Conduct and Scope of
Investigation |
|
F. Organization of Report |
|
II. The Collection of
Information About the Political Activities of Private Citizens... |
|
A. Legal Authorities |
|
B. Origins and Development of
the Army's Domestic Surveillance Program |
|
C. The Army's Domestic
Surveillance Program |
|
D. Questionable Activities on
the Part of Army Agents |
|
E. Termination of the Army's
Civil Disturbance Collection Program |
|
III. Monitoring Private Radio
Transmissions in the United States: 1967--1970 |
|
A. Legal Authorities and
Restrictions |
|
B. Origins of Domestic Radio
Monitoring by ASA |
|
C. Domestic Radio Monitoring
by ASA: 1967--1970 |
|
D. The Termination of Domestic
Radio Intercepts |
|
IV. Investigating Civilian
Groups Considered "Threats" to the Military... |
|
A. Investigations of Civilian
Groups Within the United States |
|
B. Investigation of Civilian
Groups Overseas |
|
V. Assisting Law Enforcement
Agencies in Surveillance of Private Citizens and Organizations |
|
A. Legal Authority |
|
B. Nature of Assistance |
|
VI. Current Departmental
Restraints Upon Surveillance of Civilians |
|
A. Curbing Past Abuses |
|
B. Preventing Surveillance in
the Future |
|
VII. Current Statutory
Restrictions Upon Military Surveillance |
|
The Internal Revenue Service: An
Intelligence Resource and Collector |
(PDF: 6987 K) |
Contents |
|
Introduction and Summary |
|
Summary of Results of
Investigation |
|
Introduction and Disclosure |
|
I. The Statutory and
Regulatory Setting |
|
II. IRS Practice |
|
III. FBI Use of Returns in
COINTELPRO |
|
IV. Disclosures to the Central
Intelligence Agency |
|
V. Analysis |
|
Selective Enforcement for
Non-Tax Purposes |
|
I. The Historical Development
of IRS Intelligence Activities |
|
II. Selective Enforcement
Against Political Activists: Special Service Staff |
|
III. The Ideological
Organizations Project |
|
IRS Information Gathering
Procedures |
|
I. The Information Gathering
and Retrieval System |
|
II. Operation Leprechaun |
|
National Security, Civil Liberties,
and the Collection of Intelligence... |
(PDF: 4984 K) |
Contents |
|
I. Introduction |
|
A. The Scope of the
Investigation |
|
B. A Precis |
|
C. Issues |
|
II. Background: A Time of
Turbulence |
|
A. Frustrations in the White
House |
|
B. The Huston-Sullivan
Alliance |
|
C. The "New" Hoover |
|
D. The Pressure of Events |
|
III. The Meetings: The Writing
of the Special Report |
|
A. Who, What, When and Where |
|
B. A the White House, June
5th... |
|
C. In Hoover's Office, June
8th... |
|
D. The Langley Meetings:
Drafting the Intelligence Report |
|
E. The Signing Ceremony |
|
IV. An Intelligence Report for
the President: The Options |
|
A. Category One:
Communications Intelligence |
|
B. Category Two: Electronic
Surveillance and Penetrations |
|
C. Category Three: Mail
Coverage |
|
D. Category Four:
Surreptitious Entry |
|
E. Category Five: Development
of Campus Sources |
|
F. Category Six: Use of
Military Undercover Agents |
|
G. Category Seven: Budget and
Manpower |
|
H. Category Eight: Permanent
Interagency Committee |
|
I. Category Nine (Removed):
Surreptitious Optical Surveillance |
|
J. Category Ten (Removed):
Investigations of Diplomatic Personnel |
|
V. The Huston Plan |
|
A. Huston Plan, Phase One:
Advice for the President |
|
B. Huston Plan, Phase Two: The
President's Policy |
|
VI. Recision of the Huston
Plan: A Time for Reconsideration |
|
A. The President Takes a
Second Look |
|
B. Huston Leaves the White
House |
|
VII. The Hidden Dimensions of
the Huston Plan |
|
A. Duplicity |
|
B. Lawlessness |
|
C. Mixed Motives |
|
D. "Credit Card
Revolutionaries" |
|
VIII. Aftermath: The End--or
the Beginning? |
|
A. The Intelligence Evaluation
Committee |
|
B. Secret Meeting with Hoover |
|
IX. Summary and Conclusions |
|
A. Accountability, Authority,
and the Law |
|
B. The Quality and
Coordination of Intelligence |
|
C. Public Policy Implications |
|
Appendix: "Chronology of Huston Plan
and Intelligence Evaluation Committee"... |
(PDF: 205 K) |
Appendix |
|
Staff List |
(PDF: 147 K) |